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Makruh
Discouraged, but not forbidden, action in Islam From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Makruh (Arabic: مكروه, romanized: makrūh) is a term used in Islamic jurisprudence to denote something that is "disliked". It is one of the five categories in jurisprudence, along with fard (obligatory), mustahabb (recommended), mubah (neutral) and haram (forbidden).[1][2]
Makruh is one of the degrees of approval (ahkam) in Islamic law. In the terminology of Islamic jurisprudence, makruh refers to an action that is not forbidden to do, but would be better if avoided.[3] Though a makruh act is not forbidden or subject to punishment, a person who abstains from this act is believed to be rewarded.[1] Muslims are encouraged to avoid such actions when or as possible.
Acts considered makruh can vary between different madhhabs due to differing scholarly interpretations of the Quran and Hadith, with Hanafi scholars in particular differing from the other madhhabs in regard to classification of makruh.[4]
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Actions that are reprehensible are considered to be makruh.[5]
Makruh is considered to be of two types:
- Makruh Tahrimi, مکروہ تَحریمی - Actions disliked in the same vein as haram (forbidden) actions, but does not have definitive proof and instead uses speculative evidence for their prohibition. Unlike haram actions, committing these types of actions does not lead to unfaithfulness. This type of makruh is primarily cited by Hanafi scholars when issuing Fatwa, and is not used by scholars of other madhhabs.[4][5]
- Makruh Tanzihi, مکروه تنزیهی - Not strictly forbidden according to scholars, but is disliked if done. Engaging in actions that are considered this type of makruh will not lead to punishment, but avoiding these types of actions will bring one closer to God. This type of makruh is primarily used by all madhhabs, and is interchangeable with the word makruh in most cases.[4]
The Hanafi school uses the makruh tahrimi classification on the basis that there is doubt (but not extremely significant) in the chain of narration and/or authenticity of a hadith that provides evidence that a particular act is considered haram. All other madhhabs would consider classifying an act as haram in this case.[4]
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Some of the examples of something considered makruh are the use of a great amount of water when performing ritual purifications known as the wudu (partial ablution, or abdest) and ghusl (full ablution) or the consumption of garlic before attending the mosque or socializing with others.[1][6]
An example of a food which is considered makruh for Muslims of the Hanafi school is prawns (but only for the Hanafi school).[7] Hanafis believe in refraining from consuming prawns and therefore choose to eat something else if possible.[8] There are, however, shared attitudes within the Hanafi school of whether shrimp are considered water game and are thereby halal.[9]
Another example that is considered makruh in the Shafi'i school is shaving the beard is considered makruh whereas keeping a beard is mustahabb but not fard.[10] An example in regards to clothing that is considered makruh is wearing garments below the ankle. However, debate among scholars, particularly of the Maliki school, has led to some considering it haram while others maintain it is makruh.[11]
While the wearing of silk garments and gold jewelry by men is considered haram in all other schools, the Hanafi school considers it makruh tahrimi due to doubt in the chain of narration and authenticity of the Hadith in which this evidence is sourced.[4]
Another example of makruh tahrimi is making an offer to buy something that has an offer already placed by another person. Similarly to the rule on men and silk garments, the Hanafi school considers it makruh tahrimi since the Hadith in which the evidence is found has some doubt to the chain of narration.[4]
Other examples of makruh acts in Islam include talking while taking ablutions for prayer and slaughtering an animal for food where other animals of its kind can see it.[5]
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