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Reciprocating internal combustion engine From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Lotus-Ford Twin Cam is an inline-four petrol engine developed by Lotus for the 1962 Lotus Elan. A few early examples displaced 1.5 litres, but the majority were 1.55-litre (1557cc) engines. It used a Ford 116E iron cylinder block and a new aluminium cylinder head with dual overhead camshafts. The Twin Cam was used in a variety of vehicles until Lotus stopped production in 1973.[1] It was succeeded by the Lotus 907 engine.
| Twin Cam | |
|---|---|
| |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Lotus Cars |
| Also called | Lotus TwinCam, Cosworth TA |
| Production | 1962–1975 |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Naturally aspirated Inline-4 |
| Displacement | 1.5 L; 91.4 cu in (1,498 cc) 1.6 L; 95.0 cu in (1,557 cc) 1.6 L; 97.3 cu in (1,594 cc) |
| Cylinder bore | 80.96 mm (3+3⁄16 in) 82.55 mm (3+1⁄4 in) 83.5 mm (3.29 in) |
| Piston stroke | 72+3⁄4 mm (2.86 in) |
| Cylinder block material | Cast iron (Ford 116E) |
| Cylinder head material | Aluminium |
| Valvetrain | Chain driven DOHC, 2 valves per cylinder |
| Compression ratio | 9.5:1, 9.8:1, 10.5:1 |
| Combustion | |
| Fuel system | Dell'Orto, Weber or Stromberg carburettors |
| Fuel type | Petrol |
| Oil system | Wet sump, Dry sump |
| Cooling system | Water-cooled |
| Output | |
| Power output |
|
| Torque output | 102–113 lb⋅ft (138–153 N⋅m) |
| Chronology | |
| Successor | Lotus 907 |
For the Lotus Elan, Lotus founder Colin Chapman wanted to find a less expensive engine than the costly all-alloy Coventry Climax FWE used in the original Lotus Elite.[2] He felt that basing his new power-plant on an engine built in large volumes would keep costs down.[3]: 18
Chapman initially chose the Ford 105E inline four used in the Ford Anglia as the basis of this new engine. The 105E displaced 1.0 L; 60.8 cu in (997 cc) and had a cast iron block produced with Ford's thin-wall casting process, resulting in a relatively light part. While the 105E block only provided three main bearings for the crankshaft, the oversquare design kept piston speeds down and gave room for larger valves in the new cylinder head. When the larger 1.3 L; 81.7 cu in (1,339 cc) 109E for the Ford Consul Classic was released, it became the platform for most of the development of the new Lotus engine.
Engine designer Harry Mundy had been working on two projects for Jean Daninos' Facel S.A. One design was an all-new quad-cam V6 displacing under 3.0 litres.[4] The other was a new DOHC cylinder head to replace the failure-prone original on the 1.6-litre inline four Pont-à-Mousson engine used in the Facellia. Financial problems at Facel kept either engine from reaching production, but when Chapman found out about the smaller engine he commissioned Mundy to adapt the Facellia design to the Ford engine block.[5] Mundy's design for Lotus comprised an aluminium cylinder head and an aluminium front cover and its back plate assembly containing the water pump and the camshaft drive chain.
After the initial design was finished, outside consultant Richard Ansdale produced detailed drawings of the new cylinder head. Lotus employee Steve Sanville headed the production engineering team that included Mike Costin, Neil Francis and Bob Dance. Harry Weslake conducted a flow bench analysis on the early head. Early Twin Cam prototypes had problems at the head joint. Keith Duckworth, who had already left Lotus for Cosworth Engineering, was brought back to look at the new cylinder head. Duckworth made several design changes, reshaping the ports and adding structure to the head.[6]: 38
The first Lotus Twin Cam engine was fired up on a test bench on October 10, 1961.[7] This engine broke a crankshaft during testing; a failure blamed on the three main-bearing block. The first test vehicle to receive a Twin Cam was a left hand drive Ford Anglia, and the engine was installed on 18 January 1962. This Anglia is reported to have overtaken a Jaguar at well over 100 mph (160 km/h) in the hands of Jim Clark on his way home to Scotland from Goodwood.[8]
In May 1962 Ford announced the 116E engine.[7] This engine first appeared in the Consul Capri in August 1962, and then in the Cortina Super in January 1963. The 116E had a taller deck height than the earlier Kent engines, and with a bore and stroke of 3+3⁄16 in × 2.864 in (80.96 mm × 72.75 mm), capacity was 1.5 L; 91.4 cu in (1,498 cc). The 116E's crankshaft was carried on five main-bearings. Power output was about 60 bhp (45 kW) at 4600 rpm. As soon as a block could be obtained work began to convert the Lotus cylinder head to the 116E block. Duckworth assembled the first two production-specification engines, one of which powered a Lotus 23 on its racing debut at the Nürburgring.[9] After building a limited number of 1.5 L Twin Cams, the bore was increased to 82.55 mm (3+1⁄4 in), raising the capacity to 1.56 L.
Assembly of the first 50 engines was contracted out to J.A.Prestwich. Prestwich also machined the raw cylinder head castings (cast by William Mills) on these early twin cam engines.
The Twin Cam had its official debut at the Earls Court Motor Show in October 1962. Total production of the engine was approximately 34,000 units, in 24 different varieties.[9]: 183, 222
Chapman named the engine the "Lotus Twin-Cam" at its introduction in 1962 and Lotus continued to use that name. When production switched from the Cortina-Lotus to the Ford Cortina Mark II-based Cortina Twin Cam in 1967, Ford began to call the engine the "Lotus-Ford Twin Cam". The engine is also known informally as the "Lotus TC" or the "Twink".[10][1]
Although the Twin Cam's displacement is usually listed as 1,558 cc (1.6 L), its bore and stroke are 82.55 mm × 72.75 mm (3+1⁄4 in × 2.864 in) respectively, for an actual displacement of 1,557.46 cc (1.6 L; 95.0 cu in). This allowed the Twin Cam to be over-bored by up to 1 mm (0.04 in) and still remain below the 1600 cc class limit permitted by FIA regulations. The displacement error goes back to 27 May 1963 when the FIA homologation papers were submitted on 1962-model (Series 1) Lotus Elan by Lotus Cars Ltd. and accepted by Royal Automobile Club for FIA. The papers listed the engine capacity as 1558 cc with the correct bore and stroke sizes. Ironically, the over-bore limit of 1 mm is also stated in the paper with the correct resultant displacement of 1,595 cc (83.55 mm x 72.75 mm, 1,595.42 cc).[11]
The cylinder head has hemispherical combustion chambers (correct statement would have been "pear shaped chambers" since this has implications on the angle of the valves). Valve sizes are 1.53 in (39 mm) diameter inlet and 1.325 in (33.7 mm) diameter exhaust on all engines except the later "Big Valve" engines. The valve stem axis is inclined 27° from vertical on both intake and exhaust. Initial cam timing was 15/53/53/15 with the same cam profile as the ET418 Coventry Climax FWE cam, which resulted in 100 bhp (75 kW; 101 PS) at 5700 rpm for the 1,498cc engine with a 9.5:1 compression ratio. 1,557cc production engines had 22/62/62/22 cam timing with 0.349 in (8.9 mm) lift (developed by Cosworth as 'CPL1' -Cosworth Production Lotus) with 9.8:1 compression ratio.
The water pump used the engine front cover as its housing, making water pump replacement difficult. The intake manifold was a series of short tubular stubs cast as an integral part of the cylinder head. The heads for 175CD Zenith-Stromberg carburettor had two siamesed stubs (part of the head casting), making them not interchangeable with earlier heads using Dell'Orto DHLA40 or 40DCOE Weber carburetors, whose intake was four individual tubes (also part of the head casting).[3]: 84 Exhaust gases were handled either by a cast-iron manifold or a fabricated tubular header, depending on application.[3]: 31–33
The original in-block camshaft was retained and, as in the original 116E, drove the side-mounted distributor and nearby external oil pump/filter assembly, minimizing modifications to the mass-produced iron block. The original cam along with the DOHC cam sprockets were driven by a long front-mounted, single-row 3⁄8-inch (9.5 mm) Reynolds roller timing chain.[12]
Early Lotus blocks were simply standard Ford production line items selected for having the thickest cylinder walls, and were identified by an "A" stamped into the timing cover mating face. Later blocks were specially cast with Twin Cam production in mind and identified by an "L" cast into the block under the engine mount.[10] Twin Cam blocks came from 6 basic casting versions. Prior to 1968 the first 4 digits were often ground off the block and "3020" was stamped in its place.
Early engines used a crankshaft, connecting rods and pistons from Lotus. The crank was cast iron, and the pistons had a slight crown and were fly-cut to clear the valves.[3]: 27–28 A revised Twin Cam was released in 1966. In this version the fly-cuts were smaller, and the con-rods were Ford 125E parts. The flywheel was also attached to the crankshaft by six bolts, an increase of two over the previous model. The Twin Cam had a problem with oil surge, and the attachment of the starter motor was subject to flexing when trying to spin the high-compression engine.
Early engines had the word "Lotus" in script cast in raised letters on the cam cover above each camshaft. Later engines had a raised border across the front of the cam cover with the word "Lotus" cast in raised text set within it. The portion of the cover over the cams was smooth.[1]
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Lotus began to offer more highly tuned Special Equipment engines as options in their cars. The parts for these engines could also be bought from Lotus Components Ltd. At first, these were Cosworth developed and assembled engines with cast cranks and Cosworth name plates on the cam cover. Duckworth was responsible for the design of the Special Equipment cams. Cosworth later distanced themselves from this business, and Lotus started selling ' equivalents. BRM Phase I consisted of BRM camshafts and high compression cast pistons, and BRM Phase II added Mahle forged pistons, BRM forged conrods, small-end bushes and big-end bolts to the Phase I. When offered in assembled form, these engines carried a BRM name plate on a specially cast 'BRM' cam cover, but the actual assembly of these high performance 'BRM' road engines was carried out by Rubery Owen & Co. Ltd., an affiliated company of BRM through its ownership, not by BRM itself. The Special Equipment ('S/E') engines had 26/66/66/26 cam timing.
Originally applied to tuned Elans and Lotus Cortinas, the term "Special Equipment" was later used by Lotus to designate those Series 2 and later Elans with higher output motors, and are referred to as Elan S/Es.
In 1968 Sanville began building a series of Twin Cams using a new camshaft called the Super Special Equipment cam, or D-Type, that was based on the Coventry Climax FWA 3060 cam.[9]: 35 Heads used in SSE engines were shaved by 0.04 in (1.0 mm), boosting the compression ratio to 10.3:1. The ignition was advanced slightly, and larger chokes and different jets were fitted to the Weber carburettors. Power was estimated to be 124–126 bhp (92.5–94.0 kW), fully three years prior to the release of the Big Valve engine. Some SSE engines are said to have left the factory in Super Weber S/E Elans.
The Big Valve Twin Cam was a project of Lotus' Engineering Director Tony Rudd.[1] Rudd reduced the deck height by 0.04 in (1.0 mm) to raise the compression ratio to 10.5:1, increased the diameter of the inlet valves to 1.565 in (39.8 mm), modified the inlet runners' shape for the larger valves and installed Super Special Equipment D-type camshafts. Power was increased 20% over the regular engine's 105 to 126 hp (78.3 to 94.0 kW). Big Valve engines were offered in the Elan Sprint, Elan +2 130, and Lotus Europa Twin Cam Special models.[13][14]: 28 Cam covers for Big Valve engines had the words "Lotus" and "Big Valve" cast in raised letters across the front of the cam cover. The portion of the cover over the camshafts had raised ribs cast in.
Big Valve engines had the same 26/66/66/26 timing as the S/E engines but with 0.360 in (9.1 mm) lift. "Special" spec engines had 26/66/66/26 timing with 0.362 in (9.2 mm) lift.
The larger inlet valves are compatible with earlier non Big Valve cylinder heads with very little modification, however increasing intake valve size by itself will not produce a measurable increase in power. The majority of the power gain comes from modifying the size and shape of the intake runners (porting) and fitting uprated camshafts.
| Engine model | Bore | Stroke | Displacement | Power1 | Torque | Year(s) | Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1500 | 80.96 mm (3+3⁄16 in) | 72.75 mm (2.864 in) | 1.5 L; 91.4 cu in (1,498 cc) | 100 bhp (75 kW) at 5700 rpm |
102 lb⋅ft (138 N⋅m) at 4500 rpm |
1962 | Elan 1500 |
| 1600 | 82.55 mm (3+1⁄4 in) | 1.6 L; 95.0 cu in (1,557 cc) | 105 bhp (78 kW) at 5500 rpm |
108 lb⋅ft (146 N⋅m) at 4000 rpm |
1962-1964 | Elan 1600 | |
| 1964-1965 | Elan S2 | ||||||
| 1965-1968 | Elan S3 | ||||||
| 1968-1971 | Elan S4 | ||||||
| 1963-1964 | Lotus Cortina | ||||||
| 1964-1966 | Ford Cortina Lotus | ||||||
| 1966-1970 | Ford Cortina Twin Cam | ||||||
| 1968-1971 | Ford Escort Twin Cam | ||||||
| 1971-1972 | Europa Twin Cam | ||||||
| 1973 | Seven Twin Cam | ||||||
| 1973-1974 | Caterham 7 | ||||||
| Special Equipment | 115 bhp (86 kW) at 6250 rpm |
108 lb⋅ft (146 N⋅m) at 5000 rpm |
1964-1965 | Elan S2 S/E | |||
| 1965-1968 | Elan S3 S/E | ||||||
| 1968-1970 | Elan S4 S/E | ||||||
| 118 bhp (88 kW) at 6000 rpm |
112 lb⋅ft (152 N⋅m) at 4600 rpm |
1970-1971 | Late Elan S4 S/E | ||||
| 1967-1972 | Elan +2, +2S[3]: 105 | ||||||
| Big Valve | 126 bhp (94 kW) at 6500 rpm |
113 lb⋅ft (153 N⋅m) at 5500 rpm |
1971-1974 | Elan Sprint | |||
| 1972-1975 | Europa Twin Cam Special | ||||||
| Elan +2S 130, +2S 130/5 | |||||||
Different sources report different, sometimes conflicting information with regard to naming, power outputs, and other items. Some of these are listed below.
Cosworth founders Keith Duckworth and Mike Costin were both former employees of Lotus. Their new company developed the Twin Cam for competition use under Cosworth Project Code TA, with specific versions designated with an 'Mk.' prefix.[17]: 237–239 [6]: 212, 213, 240 One of the initial batch became the experimental Cosworth Mk.X in 1962. This was followed in 1963 by the dry-sump Mk.XII with racing camshafts designated the 'CPL2' (26/66/66/26) and high compression Cosworth pistons, used actively by Team Lotus in Lotus 20B, 22, 23 and 23B.
The Mk.XII was developed into the Mk.XIII for Formula racing with the addition of a Cosworth 12-bolt forged steel crankshaft, Cosworth forged conrods, wilder camshafts and 45DCOE Weber carburetors. The use of the original Ford camshaft as jackshaft is abolished and Cosworth-made jackshaft was installed. Although all Mk.XIII was dry-sump requiring externally-driven scavenge/pressure pumps, this bespoke jackshaft retained the oil pump drive cam to keep the interchangeability with the wet-sump Mk.XV. The Mk.XIII became a big seller in 1965 when the SCCA created the Formula B category in America. The dominance of the Mk.XIII in Formula B was nearly absolute against its main rivals the Satta/Hruska-designed Alfa Romeo 105/115 1.6 L (1,570 cc) DOHC unit, and the Alex von Falkenhausen-designed SOHC 1.6 L (1,573 cc) BMW M116 engine. This in turn allowed the now-viable engineering firm to reduce its previous near-total dependence on Lotus. The proliferation of the Mk.XIII triggered the establishment of new European-style racing-engine builders in the US performing rebuilding and maintenance work needed on the Mk.XIII while also contributing to Cosworth's revenue.
Other Cosworth engines based on the Lotus-Ford Twin Cam include the Mk.XV for the Lotus 26R and Lotus Cortina (almost all for Team Lotus and affiliated teams) and the Mk.XVI, a version of the Mk.XIII for the 1.5 Liter Class.
Cosworth designed its own aluminium reverse-flow 2-valve gear-driven SOHC cylinder head for the same Ford 116E block. This head shared many basic design attributes with the Coventry Climax FWE head and was used with a short-stroke forged steel crank for a 1 Liter Formula 2 engine named the SCA in 1964. This was followed by a gear-driven DOHC 4-valve cross-flow aluminium head on the same block with a Mk.XIII forged crank for a new 1.6 Liter Formula 2 engine named the FVA in 1966. This is when Cosworth's involvement in the development of the Lotus TwinCam ended.
| Designation | Bore | Stroke | Displacement | Horsepower | Application | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mk.X | 80.96 mm (3+3⁄16 in) | 72+3⁄4 mm (2.86 in) | 1.5 L; 91.4 cu in (1,498 cc) | n/a | Lotus 23 | Experimental prototype racing Twin Cam |
| Mk.XII | 83.5 mm (3.29 in) | 1.6 L; 97.3 cu in (1,594 cc) | 140|hp|kW|1} at 6500 rpm | Lotus 20B, 22, 23 | Dry sump, stock crank and rods | |
| Mk.XIII | 140–150 hp (104.4–111.9 kW) at 6500 rpm | Formula B, Lotus 22, 23B, 23C, Lotus 47 | Mk.XII with steel crank and rods, dry sump | |||
| Mk.XV | 130–140 hp (96.9–104.4 kW) | Lotus 26R, Lotus Cortina | Wet sump, steel crank and rods | |||
| Mk.XVI | 80.96 mm (3+3⁄16 in) | 1.5 L; 91.4 cu in (1,498 cc) | 140–150 hp (104.4–111.9 kW) | Formula 1 and Australasian open-wheel classes. | Dry sump. | |
The Twin Cam made its racing debut in May 1962 as a Cosworth Mk.X in a Lotus 23 driven by Jim Clark at the Nürburgring. Clark led the field until being overcome by exhaust fumes.[9]
Twin Cam made several appearances in Formula 1 in the Cosworth Mk.XVI form during the 1+1⁄2-litre (92 cu in) formula that ran from 1961-65.[18]: 316 Its first appearance was at the 1963 South African Grand Prix in a Brabham BT6 driven by David Prophet. The engine appeared in two cars in the 1964 British Grand Prix, one being the Gerard Racing Cooper T73 driven by John Taylor and the other the John Willment Automobiles Brabham BT10. The only recorded finish was ninth place at the 1965 South African Grand Prix, again in the Willment Brabham.
Cosworth Mk.XV powered the Elan 26R of the Willment Team and driver John Miles to 15 seasonal wins and the 1966 Autosport Championship title.[19]
Third-party engine builders continued development after 1966 for the Elan and Cortina as well as for Formula 2, 3 and other classes. Early tuners included Holbay, Vegantune, and Novamotor, joined later by Brian Hart, Richardson, Wilcox and others who focused mainly on the Formula classes.
Roger Barr won the 1968 US Formula B National Championship using a Twin Cam, with numerous modifications made to both it and the Crossle chassis.
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