Judaism by country

"Jewish world" redirects here. For other uses, see Jewish world (disambiguation).

At the end of 2023, the world's Jewish population was estimated at 15.7 million, which is approximately 0.2% of the 8 billion worldwide population. Israel hosts the largest Jewish population in the world, with 7.1 million, followed by the United States with 6.3 million.^[1] Other countries with core Jewries above 100,000 include France (440,000), Canada (398,000), the United Kingdom (312,000), Argentina (171,000), Russia (132,000), Germany (125,000), Australia (117,000)^[1] and Brazil (107,000).^[2] The number of Jews worldwide rises to 18 million with the addition of the "connected" Jewish population, including those who say they are partly Jewish or that have Jewish backgrounds from at least one Jewish parent, and rises again to 21 million with the addition of the "enlarged" Jewish population, including those who say they have Jewish backgrounds but no Jewish parents and all non-Jewish household members who live with Jews. Counting all those who are eligible for Israeli citizenship under Israel's Law of Return, in addition to Israeli Jews, raised the total to 25.5 million.^[3][4]

Jews and those of sufficient Jewish descent to be eligible for Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return by country in proportion to the general population (per million people in each country, 2018)

The percentage of the eligible Jewish population that is living in each country (top 13, 2018)

   United States (51%)

   State of Israel and  West Bank combined (30%)

   France (3%)

   Canada (3%)

   Russia (3%)

   United Kingdom (2%)

   Argentina (1%)

   Germany (1%)

   Australia (1%)

   Brazil (1%)

   Mexico (1%)

   Ukraine (1%)

   Hungary (1%)

  Other (1%)

Two countries account for 81% of those recognized as Jews or of sufficient Jewish ancestry to be eligible for citizenship in Israel under its Law of Return: the United States with 51%^{[citation needed]} and Israel with 30% along with population centers in Israeli settlements in the West Bank with 2%. An additional 16% is split between France (3%), Canada (3%), Russia (3%), UK (2%), Argentina (1%), Germany (1%), Ukraine (1%), Brazil (1%), Australia (1%), and Hungary (1%), while the remaining 3% are spread around approximately 98 other countries and territories with less than 0.5% each. With over 7 million Jews, Israel is the only country that Jews control and the only explicit Judaic-country.^[5]

In 1939, the core Jewish population reached its historical peak of 16.6 million. Almost half the Jewry of the World lived in the Americas and Poland.^[6] Due to the murder of approximately six million Jews during the Holocaust, this number was reduced to 11 million by 1945.^[7][8][9] The population grew to around 13 million by the 1970s and then recorded almost no growth until around 2005, due to low fertility rates and assimilation of Jews.^[8] From 2005 to 2018, the world's Jewry grew 0.63% annually on average, while world's population overall grew 1.1% annually in the same period.^[10] This increase primarily reflected the rapid growth of Haredi and some Orthodox sectors, who remain a growing proportion of Jews.^[11]

Trends

Israel

Recent Jewish population dynamics are characterized by continued steady increase in Israeli Jewry and flat or declining numbers in other countries (the diaspora). Aliyas to Palestine began in earnest following the 1839 Tanzimat reforms; between 1840 and 1880, Palestinian Jewry rose from 9,000 to 23,000.^[12] In the late 19th century, 99.7% of the world's Jews lived outside the region, with Jews representing 2–5% of the Population of Palestine.^[13][14] Through the first five phases of Aliyah, the Jewish population rose to 630,000 by the inception of Israel in 1948. By 2014 this had risen to 6,135,000,^[15] while the population of the diaspora has dropped from 10.5 to 8.1 million over the same period.^[16] Current the Demographics of Israel are characterized by a relatively high fertility rate of 3 children per woman and a stable age distribution.^[17] The overall growth rate of Jews in Israel is 1.7% annually.^[18] The diaspora countries, by contrast, have low Jewish birth rates, an increasingly elderly age composition, and a negative balance of people get out off Judaism versus strangers to Judaism.^[16] Immigration trends also favor Israel ahead of diaspora countries. Palestine has a positive immigration balance (called aliyah in Hebrew). Israel saw its Jewish numbers significantly buoyed by a million-strong wave of Jews from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s,^[19] and immigration growth has been steady (in the low tens of thousands) since then.^[20]

Rest of the world

In general, the modern English-speaking world has seen an increase in its share of the diaspora since the Holocaust and the foundation of Israel, while historic diaspora Jewish populations in Eastern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East have significantly declined or disappeared.^[21] France continues to be home to the world's third largest Jewish community, at around 500,000,^[22][23] but has shown an increasingly negative trend. As a long-term trend, intermarriage has reduced its "core" Jewish population and increased its "connected" and "enlarged" Jewries. More recently, migration loss to Israel amongst French Jews reached the tens of thousands between 2014 and 2017, following a wave of anti-Semitic attacks.^[24][25] According to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, over the next four decades the number of Jews around the world is expected to increase from 14.2 million in 2015 to 16.4 million in 2060.^[26]

Debate over American numbers

The number of Jews in the United States has been much debated because of questions about counting methodology. In 2012, Sheskin and Dashefsky put forward a figure of 6.72 million based on a mixture of local surveys, informed local estimates, and US census data. They qualified their estimate with concern over double counting and suggested the real figure may lie between 6 and 6.4 million.^[27] Drawing on their work, the Steinhardt Social Research Institute released their estimate of 6.8 million Jews in the United States in 2013.^[28] These figures are in contrast to Israeli demographer Sergio Della Pergola's number of 5,425,000, also in 2012.^[29] He has called high estimates “implausible” and “unreliable”. However, he revised the United States Jewish number to 5.7 million in subsequent years.^[30][29] This controversy followed a similar debate in 2001 when the National Jewish Population Survey released a United States Jewish estimate as low as 5.2 million only to have serious methodological errors suggested in their survey.^[29] In sum, a confidence interval of a million or more people is likely to persist in reporting the number of Jewish Americans.

In 2020, the Pew Research Center's Jewish Americans 2020 study estimated there were 5.8 million adult Jews in the United States and 1.8 million children of at least one Jewish parent being raised as Jewish in some way, for a total of 7.5 million Jews, 2.5% of the national population.^[31] According to Sergio Della Pergola's narrower definition, which count children and adult Jews without religious affiliation only if they have two Jewish parents, this corresponds to 4.8 million Jewish adults and 1.2 million Jewish children in 2020.^[32] The American Jewry Project at Brandeis University, which synthesizes survey data from the 50 states and DC, estimates there are 7.63 million American Jews, 6 million adults and 1.6 million children.^[33]

By country

Definition

United States  12000 Israel  6778 France  750 Canada  700 Russia  600 West Bank  413 United Kingdom  410 Argentina  350 Germany  275 Ukraine  200 Brazil  180 Australia  155 Hungary  131 Other  805 Total: 23747 Eligible Enlarged Connected Core Jewish population by country (1,000s, 2020)[34]

Below is a list of Jewish populations in the world by country. All data below, except the last column, are from the Berman Jewish DataBank at Stanford University in the World Jewish Population (2020) report coordinated by Sergio DellaPergola at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.^[34] The Jewish DataBank figures are primarily based on national censuses combined with trend analysis:

• Core Jewish population refers to those who consider themselves Jews to the exclusion of all else.
• Connected Jewish population includes the core Jewish population and additionally those who say they are partly Jewish or that have Jewish background from at least one Jewish parent.
• Enlarged Jewish population includes the Jewish connected population and those who say they have Jewish background but not a Jewish parent, and all non-Jews living in households with Jews.
• Eligible Jewish population includes all those eligible for immigration to Israel under its Law of Return.
• National official population is the Jewish population reported by a national source. Note that the "National" results may not be entirely accurate, as other sources may have conflicting accounts of Jewish populations in some countries.

Core, connected and enlarged population

Countries	Core population			Connected population			Enlarged population
	Total	pct	pmp	Total	pct	pmp	Total	pct	pmp
Israel[a]	7,350,000	47	735,000	7,650,000	42	765,000	7,850,000	37	785,000
United States	5,700,000	36	17,320	8,000,000	44	24,309	10,000,000	48	30,386
France[b]	440,000	2.8	6,910	550,000	3.1	8,483	650,000	3.1	10,026
Canada	393,000	2.5	10,500	450,000	2.5	12,023	550,000	2.6	14,695
United Kingdom[c]	292,000	1.9	4,370	330,000	1.8	4,939	370,000	1.8	5,537
Argentina	175,000	1.1	3,990	260,000	1.4	5,779	310,000	1.5	6,891
Russia	155,000	0.99	1,060	320,000	1.8	2,188	460,000	2.2	3,146
Australia	118,000	0.75	4,660	130,000	0.72	5,134	145,000	0.69	5,726
Germany	118,000	0.75	1,420	150,000	0.83	1,805	225,000	1.1	2,708
Brazil	92,000	0.59	440	120,000	0.67	574	150,000	0.71	717
South Africa	52,300	0.33	890	65,000	0.36	1,106	75,000	0.36	1,276
Hungary	47,200	0.30	4,830	75,000	0.42	7,675	100,000	0.48	10,233
Ukraine	45,000	0.29	1,070	90,000	0.50	2,140	140,000	0.67	3,329
Mexico	40,000	0.25	320	45,000	0.25	360	50,000	0.24	400
Netherlands	29,800	0.19	1,250	43,000	0.24	1,563	53,000	0.25	2,188
Belgium	29,000	0.18	2,530	35,000	0.19	3,053	40,000	0.19	3,490
Italy	27,000	0.17	450	34,000	0.19	560	41,000	0.20	676
Switzerland	18,500	0.12	2,160	22,000	0.12	2,569	25,000	0.12	2,919
Uruguay	16,000	0.10	4,690	20,000	0.11	5,685	24,000	0.11	6,822
Chile	16,000	0.10	840	20,000	0.11	1,050	24,000	0.11	1,260
Sweden	15,000	0.096	1,460	20,000	0.11	1,947	25,000	0.12	2,433
Turkey	14,500	0.092	180	19,000	0.11	234	21,000	0.100	259
Spain	13,000	0.083	280	16,000	0.089	345	19,000	0.090	409
Austria	10,300	0.066	1,160	14,000	0.078	1,577	17,000	0.081	1,915
Panama	10,000	0.064	2,370	11,000	0.061	2,607	12,000	0.057	2,844
Iran	9,500	0.061	110	10,500	0.058	122	12,000	0.057	139
Romania	8,900	0.057	460	13,000	0.072	672	17,000	0.081	879
Belarus	8,500	0.054	900	17,000	0.094	1,800	25,000	0.12	2,647
New Zealand	7,500	0.048	1,510	8,500	0.047	1,711	9,500	0.045	1,913
Azerbaijan	7,200	0.046	720	10,500	0.058	1,050	15,500	0.074	1,550
Denmark	6,400	0.041	1,100	7,500	0.042	1,289	8,500	0.040	1,461
Venezuela	6,000	0.038	210	10,000	0.055	350	12,000	0.057	420
India	4,800	0.031	3	6,000	0.033	4	7,500	0.036	5
Latvia	4,500	0.029	2,350	8,000	0.044	4,178	12,000	0.057	6,267
Poland	4,500	0.029	120	7,000	0.039	187	10,000	0.048	267
Greece	4,100	0.026	380	5,200	0.029	482	6,000	0.029	556
Czech Republic	3,900	0.025	370	5,000	0.028	474	6,500	0.031	617
Portugal	3,300	0.021	296	3,500	0.019	334	4,000	0.019	382
China[d]	3,000	0.019	2	3,200	0.018	2	3,400	0.016	2
Uzbekistan	2,900	0.018	90	6,000	0.033	186	8,000	0.038	248
Ireland	2,700	0.017	550	3,600	0.020	733	5,000	0.024	1,019
Slovakia	2,600	0.017	480	3,600	0.020	665	4,600	0.022	849
Kazakhstan	2,500	0.016	140	4,800	0.027	269	6,500	0.031	364
Costa Rica	2,500	0.016	490	2,800	0.016	549	3,100	0.015	608
Lithuania	2,400	0.015	860	4,700	0.026	1,684	7,500	0.036	2,688
Colombia	2,100	0.013	40	2,800	0.016	53	3,500	0.017	67
Morocco	2,100	0.013	60	2,500	0.014	71	2,800	0.013	80
Bulgaria	2,000	0.013	290	4,000	0.022	580	6,000	0.029	870
Moldova	1,900	0.012	540	3,800	0.021	1,080	7,500	0.036	2,132
Estonia	1,900	0.012	1,430	2,700	0.015	2,032	3,500	0.017	2,634
Peru	1,900	0.012	60	2,400	0.013	76	3,000	0.014	95
Croatia	1,700	0.011	420	2,400	0.013	593	3,100	0.015	766
Georgia	1,500	0.0096	380	3,000	0.017	760	5,000	0.024	1,267
Puerto Rico	1,500	0.0096	490	2,000	0.011	653	2,500	0.012	817
Serbia	1,400	0.0089	200	2,100	0.012	300	2,800	0.013	400
Finland	1,300	0.0083	240	1,600	0.0089	295	1,900	0.0090	351
Norway	1,300	0.0083	240	1,600	0.0089	295	2,000	0.0095	369
Paraguay	1,100	0.0070	150	1,300	0.0072	177	1,600	0.0076	218
Tunisia	1,000	0.0064	90	1,200	0.0067	108	1,400	0.0067	126
Japan	1,000	0.0064	10	1,200	0.0067	12	1,400	0.0067	14
Guatemala	900	0.0057	50	1,200	0.0067	67	1,500	0.0071	83
Singapore	900	0.0057	160	1,000	0.0055	178	1,200	0.0057	213
Gibraltar	800	0.0051	22,860	900	0.0050	25,718	1,000	0.0048	28,575
Luxembourg	700	0.0045	1,130	900	0.0050	1,453	1,100	0.0052	1,776
Ecuador	600	0.0038	30	800	0.0044	40	1,000	0.0048	50
Bolivia	500	0.0032	40	700	0.0039	56	900	0.0043	72
Bosnia and Herzegovina	500	0.0032	140	800	0.0044	224	1,100	0.0052	308
Cuba	500	0.0032	40	1,000	0.0055	80	1,500	0.0071	120
U.S. Virgin Islands	500	0.0032	3,810	600	0.0033	5,715	700	0.0033	6,668
Jamaica	500	0.0032	180	300	0.0017	108	400	0.0019	144
Kyrgyzstan	400	0.0025	60	700	0.0039	105	1,000	0.0048	150
Netherlands Antilles	400	0.0025	1,250	500	0.0028	1,563	700	0.0033	2,188
Kenya	300	0.0019	10	500	0.0028	17	700	0.0033	23
Cyprus	300	0.0019	240	400	0.0022	320	500	0.0024	400
Nicaragua	250	0.0016	37	250	0.0014	37	250	0.0012	37
Bahamas	200	0.0013	510	500	0.0028	1,275	700	0.0033	1,785
Suriname	200	0.0013	330	400	0.0022	660	600	0.0029	990
Thailand	200	0.0013	3	300	0.0017	4	400	0.0019	6
Turkmenistan	200	0.0013	30	400	0.0022	60	600	0.0029	90
Zimbabwe	200	0.0013	10	400	0.0022	20	600	0.0029	30
Armenia	100	0.00064	30	300	0.0017	90	500	0.0024	150
Bermuda	100	0.00064	1,540	200	0.0011	3,080	300	0.0014	4,620
Botswana	100	0.00064	40	200	0.0011	80	300	0.0014	120
DR Congo	100	0.00064	1	200	0.0011	2	300	0.0014	3
Barbados	100	0.00064	350	200	0.0011	700	300	0.0014	1,050
Dominican Republic	100	0.00064	10	200	0.0011	20	300	0.0014	30
Egypt	100	0.00064	1	200	0.0011	2	300	0.0014	3
El Salvador	100	0.00064	20	200	0.0011	40	300	0.0014	60
Ethiopia	100	0.00064	1	500	0.0028	4	1,000	0.0048	8
Indonesia	100	0.00064	0	200	0.0011	1	300	0.0014	1
Malta	100	0.00064	200	200	0.0011	400	300	0.0014	600
Namibia	100	0.00064	40	200	0.0011	80	300	0.0014	120
Nigeria	100	0.00064	0	200	0.0011	1	300	0.0014	1
North Macedonia	100	0.00064	50	200	0.0011	100	300	0.0014	150
Madagascar	100	0.00064	3	200	0.0011	7	300	0.0014	10
Philippines	100	0.00064	1	200	0.0011	2	300	0.0014	3
Slovenia	100	0.00064	50	200	0.0011	100	300	0.0014	150
South Korea	100	0.00064	2	200	0.0011	4	300	0.0014	6
Tajikistan	100	0.00064	4	200	0.0011	9	300	0.0014	13
Taiwan	100	0.00064	4	200	0.0011	9	300	0.0014	13
World	15,700,000	100	1,920	18,030,900	100	2,341	21,005,700	100	2,727

Eligible population and national official

Countries	Eligible population			National official
	Total	pct	pmp	Total	Year
United States	12,000,000	50	36,463	6,300,000	2024[35]
Israel[e]	7,742,000	33	779,386	7,200,000	2024[36]
France[f]	750,000	3.2	11,568	—	—
Canada	700,000	2.9	18,702	398,000	2024[37]
Russia	600,000	2.5	4,103	157,673	2010[38]
United Kingdom[g]	410,000	1.7	6,136	312,000	2024[39][40][41]
Argentina	360,000	1.5	8,002	—	—
Germany	275,000	1.2	3,309	83,430	2011[42]
Ukraine	200,000	0.84	4,756	103,878	2001[43]
Brazil	180,000	0.76	861	107,329	2011[44]
Australia	160,000	0.67	6,319	99,956	2021[44]
Hungary	130,000	0.55	13,303	10,965	2011[44]
South Africa	85,000	0.36	1,446	49,469	2016[45]
Mexico	65,000	0.27	520	67,476	2010[44]
Netherlands	63,000	0.26	2,813	0.1%	2016[46]
Italy	48,000	0.20	791	—	—
Belgium	45,000	0.19	3,926	—	—
Belarus	33,000	0.14	3,494	13,705	2019[47]
Sweden	30,000	0.13	2,920	—	—
Switzerland	28,000	0.12	3,269	16,763	2011[44]
Uruguay	28,000	0.12	7,959	—	—
Chile	28,000	0.12	1,470	14,976	2002[44]
Turkey	23,000	0.097	284	—	—
Spain	22,000	0.092	474	—	—
Azerbaijan	20,500	0.086	2,050	9,084	2009[47]
Austria	20,000	0.084	2,252	8,140	2001[44]
Romania	20,000	0.084	1,034	3,519	2011[44]
Latvia	16,000	0.067	8,356	8,210	2019[48]
Venezuela	14,000	0.059	490	9,500	2010[49][50]
Panama	13,000	0.055	3,081	—	—
Iran	13,000	0.055	151	9,826	2016[44]
Poland	13,000	0.055	347	2,488	2011[51]
New Zealand	10,500	0.044	2,114	5,274	2018[44]
Lithuania	10,500	0.044	3,763	1,229	2011[44]
Uzbekistan	10,000	0.042	310	94,689	1989[52]
Moldova	10,000	0.042	2,842	1,601	2014[44]
Denmark	9,500	0.040	1,633	—	—
Kazakhstan	9,500	0.040	532	5,281	2009[44]
India	9,000	0.038	6	4,650	2011[53]
Czech Republic	8,000	0.034	759	1,427	2021[54]
Bulgaria	8,000	0.034	1,160	1,162	2011[55]
Georgia	7,500	0.032	1,900	1,417	2014[44]
Uganda	—	—	—	7,189	2014[56]
Greece	7,000	0.029	649	—	—
Ireland	6,500	0.027	1,324	1,921	2016[57]
Slovakia	6,000	0.025	1,108	601	2019[58]
Portugal	5,000	0.021	478	2,910 – 15,000	2021[59][60]
Colombia	4,500	0.019	86	—	—
Estonia	4,500	0.019	3,387	1,921	2019[61]
Croatia	3,800	0.016	939	536	2011[44]
China[h]	3,600	0.015	3	—	—
Peru	3,500	0.015	111	—	—
Serbia	3,500	0.015	500	578	2011[44]
Costa Rica	3,400	0.014	666	—	—
Morocco	3,100	0.013	89	—	—
Puerto Rico	3,000	0.013	980	—	—
Norway	2,500	0.011	462	761	2021[62]
Ethiopia	2,500	0.011	20	—	—
Finland	2,200	0.0092	406	1,093	2017[63]
Cuba	2,000	0.0084	160	—	—
Paraguay	1,900	0.0080	259	1,100	2002[44]
Guatemala	1,800	0.0076	100	—	—
Tunisia	1,600	0.0067	144	—	—
Japan	1,600	0.0067	16	—	—
Kyrgyzstan	1,500	0.0063	225	455	2018[64]
Singapore	1,400	0.0059	249	—	—
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,400	0.0059	392	262	2013[65]
Luxembourg	1,300	0.0055	2,099	—	—
Ecuador	1,200	0.0050	60	—	—
Gibraltar	1,100	0.0046	31,433	763	2012[44]
Bolivia	1,100	0.0046	88	—	—
Bahamas	900	0.0038	2,295	191	2010[44]
Kenya	900	0.0038	30	—	—
Netherlands Antilles	900	0.0038	2,813	—	—
U.S. Virgin Islands	800	0.0034	7,620	—	—
Suriname	800	0.0034	1,320	181	2012[66]
Turkmenistan	800	0.0034	120	1,537	1995[67]
Zimbabwe	800	0.0034	40	—	—
Armenia	700	0.0029	210	127	2011[68]
Cyprus	600	0.0025	480	—	—
Jamaica	500	0.0021	180	506	2011[44]
Thailand	500	0.0021	7	—	—
Bermuda	400	0.0017	6,160	135	2010[44]
Botswana	400	0.0017	160	—	—
DR Congo	400	0.0017	4	—	—
Barbados	400	0.0017	1,400	103	2011[44]
Dominican Republic	400	0.0017	40	—	—
Egypt	400	0.0017	4	—	—
El Salvador	400	0.0017	80	—	—
Indonesia	400	0.0017	1	—	—
Malta	400	0.0017	800	—	—
Namibia	400	0.0017	160	—	—
Nigeria	400	0.0017	2	—	—
North Macedonia	400	0.0017	200	66	2021[69]
Madagascar	400	0.0017	13	—	—
Philippines	400	0.0017	4	—	—
Slovenia	400	0.0017	200	99	2001[44]
South Korea	400	0.0017	8	—	—
Tajikistan	400	0.0017	18	—	—
Taiwan	400	0.0017	17	—	—
Aruba	—	—	—	354	2018[44]
Nicaragua	250	0.0011	37	181	2017[70]
Iceland	—	—	—	55	2020[71]
Mauritius	—	—	—	43	2018[44]
Syria	—	—	—	38	2020[47][72]
Liechtenstein	—	—	—	26	2020[73]
Anguilla	—	—	—	16	2018[44]
Faroe Islands	—	—	—	12	2020[74]
Montenegro	—	—	—	12	2018[44]
British Virgin Islands	—	—	—	11	2018[44]
Falkland Islands	—	—	—	1	2018[44]
World	23,809,100	100	3,091	—	—

pct = percent of total world Jewish population

pmp = per million people in country

1. Including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, not including the Judea & Samaria.
2. Figures includes France and Monaco. See: History of the Jews in France and History of the Jews in Monaco.
3. Including the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.
4. Figures include mainland China and Hong Kong SAR. See: History of the Jews in China and History of the Jews in Hong Kong.
5. Including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, not including the Judea & Samaria.
6. Figures includes France and Monaco. See: History of the Jews in France and History of the Jews in Monaco.
7. Including the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.
8. Figures include mainland China and Hong Kong SAR. See: History of the Jews in China and History of the Jews in Hong Kong.

Remnant and vanished populations

The above table represents Jews that number at least a few dozen per country. Reports exist of Jewish communities remaining in other territories in the low single digits that are on the verge of disappearing, including in the Islamic/Muslim world, as their reaction to the birth of Israel in 1948 was the persecution of Jews in all Islamic/Muslim countries; these are often of historical interest as they represent the remnant of much larger Jewish populations. For example, Egypt had a Jewry of 80,000 in the early 20th century that numbered fewer than 40 as of 2014, mainly because of the forced expulsion movements to Israel and other countries at that time.^[75] Despite a 2,000-year history of Jewish presence, there are no longer any known Jews living in Afghanistan, as its last Jewish residents Zebulon Simintov and Tova Moradi, fled the country in September^[76] and October 2021,^[77][78] respectively.

In Syria, another ancient Jewish community saw mass exodus at the end of the 20th century and numbered fewer than 20 in the midst of the Syrian Civil War.^[79] The size of the Jewish community in Indonesia has been variously given as 65, 100, or 18 at most over the last 50 years.^[80][81] In Yemen due to the ongoing civil war, Yemen's Jews have faced persecution by Houthis, who have demanded they convert to Islam or face mandatory expulsion from the country. The Israeli military has conducted operations evacuating the population and moving them to Israel.^[82] On 28 March 2021, 13 Jews were forced by the Houthis to leave Yemen, leaving the last four elder Jews in Yemen.^[83][84] According to one report there are six Jews left in Yemen: one woman, her brother, three others, and Levi Salem Marahbi (who had been imprisoned for helping smuggle a Torah scroll out of Yemen).^[85]

See also

• Aliyah
• Historical Jewish population
• Historical Jewish population by country
• Jewish ethnic divisions
• Judaism
• Jewish population by country
• Jewish population by city
• List of Jewish communities by country

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External links

• Israelbooks.com Archived 9 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute Annual Assessment 2004–2005: Between Thriving and Decline. Gefen Publishing House.
• Publications on Jewish population at the Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner
• Jewish Population and Migration, by YIVO Encyclopedia