List of wars involving the United Kingdom

This is a list of conflicts involving the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and its predecessor states (the Kingdom of Great Britain (and Ireland). Notable militarised interstate disputes are included. For a list of wars before the Acts of Union 1707 merging the Kingdom of England and Scotland, please see List of wars involving England & List of wars involving Scotland. For a list of wars involving the predecessors of both states and a broader list of wars fought on the Island of Great Britain, see the list of wars in Great Britain. Historically, the United Kingdom relied most heavily on the Royal Navy and maintained relatively small land forces. Most of the episodes listed here deal with insurgencies and revolts in the various colonies of the British Empire. During its history, the United Kingdom's forces (or forces with a British mandate) have invaded, had some control over or fought conflicts in 171 of the world's 193 countries that are currently UN member states, or nine out of ten of all countries.^[1]

  British victory

  Another result *

  British defeat

  Ongoing conflict

*e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive, inconclusive

Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1801)

Conflict	Britain and allies	Britain's opposition	Outcome
The Great Northern War (1700–1721)	Swedish Empire  Ottoman Empire  United Provinces Brunswick-Lüneburg  Great Britain (After 1717)	Tsardom of Russia Kalmyk Khanate Cossack Hetmanate Denmark–Norway  Electorate of Saxony Poland–Lithuania  Prussia Hanover	Inconclusive for Great Britain Britain did not gain or lose anything from the war and had exited the war a year before it ended due to financial trouble Russian Allied victory: Tsardom of Russia establishes itself as a new power in Europe. Decline of Swedish Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) including Queen Anne's War	Austria  Dutch Republic  Savoy  England (Until 1707)  Great Britain (After 1707)  Prussia Portugal	France Spain Bavaria	British victory Treaty of Utrecht: Philip V recognized as King of Spain by the Grand Alliance Territory in Canada and the West Indies ceded from France Territory in Europe ceded from Spain Indecisive or failure for Britain's various allies
Civil war: Post-Spanish Succession Caribbean Piracy (1715–1726)	Great Britain	Anglo-American-Caribbean privateers Republic of Pirates	Civil war; royal victory Details Piracy outlawed by Treaty of Utrecht Anti-Caribbean Piracy campaign by Royal Navy Disestablishment of the Republic of Pirates in 1718 Defeat of Edward Teach in 1718 Defeat of Calico Jack in 1720 Defeat of Black Bart in 1722 Defeat of Edward Low in 1724 Most outlawed Caribbean privateers captured or killed by 1726, marking the end of the Golden Age of Piracy
Civil war: (1715–1716) Jacobite rising of 1715 including The Jacobite uprising in Cornwall	Great Britain – [Kingdom of Great Britain]	Jacobites	Civil war, Hanoverian victory Jacobite restoration attempt defeated
The War of the Quadruple Alliance including The Nineteen Uprising in Great Britain (1717–1720)	Holy Roman Empire  Great Britain  France  Dutch Republic  Savoy	Spain Jacobites (against the British Crown and government only)	British Allied victory: Royal navy won a battle; a small-scale Jacobite invasion was defeated Treaty of The Hague: Spanish attempt at expansion fails.
Dummer's War (1721–1725)	New England Colonies Mohawk	Wabanaki Confederacy	British victory Britain recognises the rights of the region's indigenous inhabitants.
The War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–1748) Location: New Granada, Caribbean, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Pacific and Atlantic	Great Britain	Spain Spanish Empire	Inconclusive/other outcome Status quo ante bellum British offensive in the Caribbean theatre defeated British invasion of Florida repulsed Spanish invasion of Georgia repulsed Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) leading to Treaty of Madrid (1750)
The War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) including King George's War The War of Jenkins' Ear The First Carnatic War	Austria  Great Britain Hanover  Dutch Republic  Saxony  Sardinia  Russia East India Company	France  Prussia Spain Spanish Empire Bavaria  Saxony Naples and Sicily  Genoa Sweden French East India Company	French Allied victory in Europe but British victory outside of Europe Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle: Defeat
Civil War: Jacobite rising of 1745 (1741–1745)	Great Britain	Jacobites	Civil war, British victory Jacobite restoration attempt defeated
The Second Carnatic War (1749–1754)	East India Company   Forces of Nasir Jang Mir Ahmad   Forces of Mohamed Ali Khan Walajan	French East India Company   Forces of Chanda Shahib   Forces of Muhyi ad-Din Muzaffar Jang Hidayat	British Allied victory Treaty of Pondicherry: Pro-British Mohamed Ali Khan Walajan became Nawab of the Carnatic
Seven Years' War (1756–1763) including Third Carnatic War French and Indian War Pomeranian War Third Silesian War Anglo-Spanish War	Great Britain East India Company British America  Prussia Hanover Iroquois Confederacy Portugal Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Hesse-Kassel Schaumburg-Lippe Cherokee Nation (before 1758) Catawba Mingo Lenape (from 1758) Wyandot of Ohio Country (British supported faction)	France  New France French East India Company  Holy Roman Empire  Russian Empire  Sweden Spain Spanish Empire  Saxony  Sardinia Mughal Empire Wabanaki Confederacy Miꞌkmaq Algonquin Ojibwe Odawa Shawnee Lenape (until 1758) Wyandot of Fort Detroit (French supported faction)	British Allied victory Treaty of Paris: Extensive North American lands (incl. all of Canada) ceded from France Caribbean colonies ceded from France Senegal River colony (excluding Gorée) ceded from France Florida ceded from Spain French trading posts in India administered by British Sumatra ceded from France
Anglo-Cherokee War (1758–1761)	Great Britain	Cherokee	British victory Pro-British Attakullakulla becomes Cherokee leader
Tacky's War (1760–1761)	Great Britain Colony of Jamaica Jamaican Maroons)	Jamaican Cromanty	British Allied victory Slave revolt suppressed Death of Tacky Tacky's men commit suicide
Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–1766)	Great Britain	Native American Coalition: Odawa Potawatomi Ojibwe Mingo Seneca people Wyandot people Miami people Kickapoo people Illinois People	Inconclusive or other outcome British policy change British suzerainty over First Nation Tribes Niagara Falls area ceded from Seneca Nation
First Anglo-Mysore War (1766–1769)	East India Company  Maratha Empire Hyderabad State	Kingdom of Mysore	Mysore victory Hyderabad cedes territory to Mysore
First Anglo-Maratha War (1774–1783)	East India Company	Maratha Empire	Maratha victory Treaty of Salbai.[2][3] Maratha support for Britain against Mysore
American Revolutionary War (1775–83) Anglo-French War (1778–83) Anglo-Spanish War (1779–83)	Great Britain Iroquois Cherokee Hanover Loyalists	United States  France Spain Vermont Republic Oneida tribe Tuscarora tribe Watauga Association Catawba tribe	Civil War / American Allied victory The American Revolution started as a civil war within the British Empire.[a] It became a larger international war in 1778 once France joined.[b] Treaty of Paris: 13 North American colonies recognised as the independent United States of America Territory in North America ceded to the newly independent United States of America Senegal River colony returned to France French recognises British suzerainty over the Gambia river Territory in India returned to France British retention and creation of British North America Menorca ceded to Spain East & West Florida ceded to Spain
4th Anglo-Dutch War (1780–83)	Great Britain	Dutch Republic France	British victory Treaty of Paris[14] Dutch Republic cedes territory in India, Nagapatnam, to Great Britain The Dutch Republic did not enter into a formal alliance with the rebelling American colonies and their allies. Weakening of the Dutch colonial empire, while Great Britain's colonial power increased.
2nd Anglo-Mysore War (1780–1784)	East India Company  Maratha Empire Hyderabad State	Kingdom of Mysore  France	Inconclusive or other outcome Treaty of Mangalore: Status quo ante bellum
3rd Anglo-Mysore War (1789–1792)	East India Company  Maratha Empire Hyderabad State Travancore	Kingdom of Mysore	British Allied victory Treaty of Seringapatam: Half of Mysore territory ceded to East India Company
War of the First Coalition (1793–1797)	Dutch Republic (until 1795)[15]  Great Britain[16]  Holy Roman Empire (until 1797)[17] Hesse-Kassel (until 1795)[18] Württemberg (until 1796)[19] Baden (until 1796)[19] Papal States (until 1797)[20]  Parma (until 1796)  Portugal  Prussia (until 1795)[18] Sardinia (until 1796)[21] Spain (until 1795)[18]  Naples (until 1796) Other Italian states Switzerland	Kingdom of France (until 1792) French Republic (from 1792) French satellites:[22]  Batavian Republic (from 1795)[23] Sister republics[24] Spain (from 1796, naval only)	French victory French annexation of the Austrian Netherlands, the Left Bank of the Rhine, Savoy and other smaller territories Santo Domingo to France Several French "sister republics" established End of millennial Venetian independence Treaty of The Hague, Treaty of Paris, Peaces of Basel, Treaty of Tolentino, Treaty of Campo Formio Establishment and survival of the French Republic Napoleon becomes a political actor Hostilities resume in 1798 with the formation of a Second Coalition against France
War of the Second Coalition (1797–1802)	Holy Roman Empire (until 1801)[c] Tuscany  Bavaria[25]  United Kingdom[26]  Russia[27]  Ottoman Empire[28]  Naples (until 1801)[29]  Portugal[30] Sardinia[31]	French Republic Spain French client republics:[32]  Batavian Republic Cisalpine Republic Helvetic Republic Ligurian Republic	French victory Treaty of Lunéville, Treaty of Amiens Survival of the French Republic Previous annexations by France confirmed Hostilities resume in 1803 with the formation of a Third Coalition against France Territory changes Trinidad, **Ceylon and Malta to Britain Parma and Louisiana to France Tuscany to the House of Bourbon Foundation of the Septinsular Republic Reichsdeputationshauptschluss to France
Ibn Ufaisan's Invasion (1793)	Kuwait  Great Britain British East India Company	Emirate of Diriyah	British Allied victory Saudi retreat from Kuwait.
Second Maroon War (1795–1796)	Great Britain British Jamaica	Jamaican Maroons	British victory Maroon defeat Treaty signed established that the Maroons would beg on their knees for the King's forgiveness, return all runaway slaves, and be relocated elsewhere in Jamaica Breach of treaty caused deportation of several Maroons to Nova Scotia and later to Sierra Leone in Africa
Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars (1795–1816)	Burrberongal Tribe  Great Britain from 1801: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland	Dharug Eora Tharawal Gandangara Irish-convict sympathisers	British victory Displacement of Aborigines from their land
Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) Location: Newfoundland, English Channel, Straits of Gibraltar, Balearic Islands, Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata	Great Britain from 1801:  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland	Spain French Republic	Inconclusive or other outcome
Kandyan Wars (1796–1818)	Great Britain from 1801:  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland	Kingdom of Kandy	British victory End of 2357 years of Sinhalese independence
Irish Rebellion of 1798 (1798)	Kingdom of Ireland  Great Britain	United Irishmen Defenders French Republic	British victory Rebellion defeated 1801 Act of Union
4th Anglo-Mysore War (1798–1799)	East India Company  Maratha Empire Hyderabad State	Kingdom of Mysore	British Allied victory Complete annexation of Mysore by Britain and allies

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)

Conflict	Britain and allies	Britain's opposition	Outcome
Temne War (1801–1807)	Susu tribes	Kingdom of Koya	British Allied victory Northern shore of Sierra Leone ceded by Koya
Second Anglo-Maratha War (1802–1805)	East India Company	Maratha Empire	British victory Extensive territory in India ceded by the Maratha Empire
First Kandyan War (1803–1805)	United Kingdom	Kandy	British victory Territory captured from Kandy
Civil War: Emmet's Insurrection (1803)	United Kingdom	Forces of Robert Emmet	British victory Rebellion defeated
British Expedition to Ceylon (1803)	Dutch Republic  United Kingdom	Chiefdom of Vanni  Kingdom of Kandy	British Allied victory Vanni region lost to the British The last Tamil resistance against colonial rule was crushed.
War of the Third Coalition (1805–1806)	Austrian Empire  Russian Empire Naples and Sicily Portugal  Sweden	French Empire Batavia Italy Etruria  Spain Bavaria Württemberg	French Allied victory Fourth Peace of Preßburg: French victory Austria surrenders to France Pro-French Confederation of the Rhine formed
War of the Fourth Coalition (1806–1807)	Prussia  Russia  Saxony  Sweden Sicily	French Empire Confederation of the Rhine  Bavaria  Württemberg Polish Legions Italy Naples Etruria Holland Swiss Confederation  Spain	French Allied victory Treaties of Tilsit: French victory Half of Prussia ceded to French allies Russia exits the war Anglo-Russian War begins
Ashanti–Fante War (1806–1807)	Ashanti Empire Dutch Empire	Fante Confederacy  United Kingdom	Dutch victory
Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)	United Kingdom	Ottoman Empire	Turkish victory Treaty of the Dardanelles: Turkish military victory Commercial and legal concessions to British interests within the Ottoman Empire Promise to protect the empire against French encroachment
Gunboat War (1807–1814)	United Kingdom	Denmark–Norway	British victory Treaty of Kiel: Denmark and Norway split up Heligoland ceded from Denmark
Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)	United Kingdom	Russian Empire	Inconclusive or other outcome Treaty of Örebro: Anglo-Russian-Swedish pact against France
Peninsular War (1807–1814)	Spain Portugal  United Kingdom	French Empire	British Allied victory Treaty of Paris: Bourbon dynasty restored Tobago, St. Lucia, Mauritius ceded from France All other French possessions restored as per 1792 borders Abolition of French Slave Trade Swiss independence
Travancore rebellion (1808–1809)	East India Company	Travancore Kingdom of Cochin	British victory
War of the Fifth Coalition (1809)	Austrian Empire Tyrol Hungary Black Brunswickers Sicily  Sardinia	French Empire Warsaw Confederation of the Rhine  Bavaria Saxony  Württemberg Westphalia Kingdom of Italy Naples Swiss Confederation Holland	French Allied victory Treaty of Schönbrunn: Complete Austrian surrender Peninsular War continued
Persian Gulf campaign of 1809 (1809)	United Kingdom	Al Qasimi	British victory
4th Xhosa War (1811–1812)	United Kingdom  Cape Colony	Xhosa tribes	British victory Xhosa tribes pushed beyond the Fish River, reversing their gains in the previous Xhosa wars
War of 1812 (1812–1815)	United Kingdom British North America Tecumseh's Confederacy	United States	Inconclusive or other outcome Treaty of Ghent; Status quo ante bellum with no boundary changes United States invasions of British Canada repulsed. All Pre-War borders restored under the Treaty of Ghent British invasions of the United States repulsed. All pre-war borders restored under the Treaty of Ghent
War of the Sixth Coalition (1812–1814)	Original Coalition  Russian Empire  Prussia  Austrian Empire  United Kingdom  Sweden  Spain  Portugal  Two Sicilies  Kingdom of Sardinia After Battle of Leipzig Saxony  Bavaria  Württemberg United Netherlands	First French Empire  Napoleonic Italy  Kingdom of Naples Duchy of Warsaw[d] Until January 1814 Denmark–Norway Confederation of the Rhine (Many member states defected after Battle of Leipzig)	British Allied victory Coalition victory, Treaty of Fontainebleau, First Treaty of Paris Bourbon Restoration; Napoleon's exile to Elba Various territorial changes Beginning of the Congress of Vienna Hostilities resume with the return of Napoleon to power in 1815
Second Kandyan War (1815)	United Kingdom	Kandy	British victory Kandyan Convention: Dissolution of the Kandy royal line British King declared King of Kandy
Hundred Days (1815) War of the Seventh Coalition	United Kingdom  Prussia France Hanover German Confederation  Austria  Russia  Sweden  Netherlands  Spain Portugal  Sardinia  Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Tuscany	French Empire Naples	British Allied victory Treaty of Paris: General French defeat Restoration of the House of Bourbon Abolition of the slave trade (all signatories) ₣100,000,000 compensation from France
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818)	East India Company	Maratha Empire	British victory Virtually all territory south of the Sutlej River controlled by Britain
Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) Battle of Navarino	1821: Filiki Eteria Greek revolutionaries After 1822: Hellenic Republic Supported by: Romanian Revolutionaries (1821) Philhellenes  United Kingdom (after 1826) Russian Empire (after 1826) Kingdom of France (after 1826) Serb and Montenegrin volunteers	Ottoman Empire Egypt Algeria Tripolitania Tunis	British Allied victory First Hellenic Republic established and recognized
First Ashanti War (1823–1831)	British Empire	Ashanti Empire	Inconclusive or other outcome Stalemate after armistice
First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826)	East India Company Native tribes	Burmese Empire	British Allied victory Treaty of Yandabo: Assam, Manipur, Rakhine, and Taninthayi coast south of Salween river ceded from Burmah £1,000,000 compensation from Burma
British attack on Berbera (1827)	United Kingdom Royal Navy East India Company	Isaaq Sultanate Habr Awal	British Allied victory Destruction of large parts of Berbera Indemnity agreed upon for 1825 Habr Awal attack Crucial caravan trade halted temporarily
Revolt of the Mercenaries (1828)	Brazil  United Kingdom France	German Mercenaries Irish Mercenaries	British Allied victory Mutiny suppressed
Baptist War (1831–1832)	United Kingdom Colony of Jamaica	Rebel slaves	British victory Slave defeat Rebellion suppressed
First Carlist War (1833–1840)	Forces of Queen Isabella II French Kingdom Forces of Queen Maria II Auxiliary Legion	Carlists: Forces of Infante Carlos Forces of King Miguel	Inconclusive or other outcome British withdrawal before war's conclusion British mediated Convention of Vergara
The 6th Xhosa War (1834–1836)	Free Khoikhoi	Xhosa tribes	British victory Extensive territorial gains from Xhosa
Rebellions of 1837 (1837–1838)	United Kingdom Province of Upper Canada Province of Lower Canada British Loyalists	Patriotes Hunters' Lodges Reform Movement	British victory Patriote rebellion crushed by loyalist forces; Republic of Canada dismantled Defeat of Hunters' Lodges Unification of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada
Pastry War (1838–1839) also known First Franco–Mexican War	France  United Kingdom	Mexico	British Victory Mexican government accepts to pay the 600,000 pesos
First Anglo-Afghan War (1838–1842)	East India Company Durrani Kingdom Maimana Khanate Khulm (August 1840 for mere days, September 1840-November 1841) Sadozai loyalists	Emirate of Kabul Principality of Qandahar Khanate of Kalat Khulm (August 1840, November 1841 onwards.) Marri Bugti Afghan Tribes Barakzai Loyalists	Barakzai Afghan victory British retreat from Afghanistan
Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata (1845-1850) Battle of Vuelta de Obligado	British Empire Kingdom of France	Argentine Confederation	Argentine Confederation victory Arana-Southern Treaty France and Britain recognize the sovereignty of Argentina on La Plata River and its tributaries.
First Opium War (1839–1842)	United Kingdom	Qing dynasty	British victory Treaty of Nanking: Five Chinese ports open to foreign trade $21,000,000 compensation from the Qing Empire Hong Kong Island ceded from the Qing Empire
Second Egyptian-Ottoman War (1839–1841)	Ottoman Empire  British Empire	Egypt Eyalet Kingdom of the French Spain	British Allied victory Egypt renounced its claim to Syria.
First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846)	East India Company Patiala State	Sikh Empire	British Allied victory Treaty of Lahore: Extensive territory ceded from the Sikh Empire Partial control over Sikh foreign affairs
The 7th Xhosa War (1846–1847) The War of the Axe	United Kingdom  Cape Colony	Xhosa tribes	British victory Territory ceded from Xhosa
Caste War of Yucatán (1847–1901)	Mexico Republic of Yucatán  Guatemala  United Kingdom  British Honduras	Maya	British Allied victory Republic of Yucatán rejoins the United Mexican States in 1848 Mayas achieve an independent state from 1847 to 1883 Mexico recaptures Yucatán Conflict between the Mexicans and the Mayans continued until 1933
Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–1849)	East India Company	Sikh Empire	British victory Complete annexation of the Punjab by the East India Company
Battle of Tysami (1849)	United Kingdom	Chui A-poo's pirates	British victory
The 8th Xhosa War (1850–1853) Mlanjeni's War	United Kingdom  Cape Colony	Xhosa tribes Khoikhoi tribes Native Kafir Police	British victory Xhosa-Khoi attacks defeated Status quo ante bellum
Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864)	Qing dynasty  France  United Kingdom	Taiping Heavenly Kingdom	British Allied victory Qing dynasty victory Fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Weakening of the Qing dynasty
Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852–1853)	United Kingdom	Burmese Empire	British victory Burmese revolution ended fighting Lower Burma annexed
Crimean War (1853–1856)	French Empire  Ottoman Empire  Kingdom of Sardinia	Russian Empire Bulgarian Legion	British Allied victory Treaty of Paris
Second Opium War (1856–1860) Arrow War	French Empire  United States  United Kingdom	Qing dynasty	British Allied victory The Treaty of Tientsin: Kowloon ceded from the Qing Empire Peking opened to foreign trade 11 more Chinese ports opened to foreign trade Yangtze River opened to foreign warships 4,000,000 taels of silver compensation China banned from referring to subjects of the crown as barbarians
Anglo-Persian War (1856–1857)	Afghanistan East India Company	Persia Herat	British Allied victory Persian withdrawal from Herat
Indian Rebellion of 1857 (1857–1858)	East India Company Nepal Jammu and Kashmir Princely states Jaipur Bikaner Marwar Rampur Kapurthala Nabha Bhopal Sirohi Udaipur Patiala Sirmur Alwar Bharathpur Bundi Jaora Bijawar Ajaigarh Rewa Kendujhar Hyderabad	Sepoys of the East India Company   Mughal Empire Awadh Jhansi 7 Princely states	British Allied victory Act for the Better Government of India: Company rule in India dissolved Indian Empire established Ban on Christian missionaries in India
Bombardment of Kagoshima (1863)	British Empire	Satsuma Domain	British victory Tactical stalemate and mitigated British victory
Ambela campaign (1863–64)	British Empire	Yusufzai	British victory
British Expedition to Abyssinia (1867–1868)	United Kingdom	Ethiopia	British victory
Klang War (1867–1874) Selangor Civil War	Forces of Raja Abdullah of Klang British Straits Settlements	Forces of Raja Mahadi	British Allied victory
Third Ashanti War (1873–1874)	United Kingdom	Ashanti Empire	British victory Treaty of Fomena: 50,000 oz of gold compensation from Ashanti Empire Ashanti withdrawal from coastal areas Ashanti banned from practising human sacrifice
Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880)	India Afzalids	Afghanistan	British-Afzalid victory Treaty of Gandamak: Abdur Rahman Khan installed as Emir Afghanistan becomes a British protected state[33] Districts of Quetta, Pishin, Sibi, Harnai and Thal Chotiali ceded to British India[34]
Anglo-Zulu War (1879)	Natal	Zulu Kingdom	British victory Zululand annexed to Natal
'Urabi Revolt (1879–1882)	United Kingdom Khedivate of Egypt	Egyptian and Sudanese forces under Ahmed 'Urabi	British Allied victory 'Urabi forces defeated and exiled
Basuto Gun War (1880–1881)	United Kingdom  Cape Colony	Basuto people	Basuto victory Basuto people maintain their partial autonomy British failure to disarm Basuto people
First Boer War (1880–1881)	United Kingdom	South African Republic	South African victory Pretoria Convention: South African Republic granted self-government
Mahdist War (1881–1899)	United Kingdom Italy Ethiopian Empire  Congo Free State Egypt	Mahdist Sudan	British allied victory Britain and Egypt took over Sudan and turned it into a condominium known as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Kassala temporarily occupied by Italy
Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885)	United Kingdom	Burmese Empire	British victory Upper Burma annexed to India
Sikkim Expedition (1888)	India	Tibet	British victory Tibet recognizes British suzerainty over Sikkim
Anglo-Manipur War (1891)	United Kingdom	Kingdom of Manipur	British victory
First Matabele War (1893–1894)	South Africa Company	Ndebele Kingdom	British victory
Anglo-Zanzibar War (1896)	United Kingdom	Zanzibar	British victory Pro-British Sultan installed
Second Matabele War (1896–1897)	South Africa Company	Matebele	British victory
Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)	Cretan revolutionaries Kingdom of Greece  British Empire  France Italy  Russian Empire  Austria-Hungary (until 12 April 1898)  German Empire (until 16 March 1898)	Ottoman Empire	British victory Establishment of the Cretan State. Withdraw of Ottoman forces from Crete.
Second Samoan Civil War (1898–1899)	Supporters of Tanumafili I  United States  United Kingdom	Supporters of Mata'afa  Germany	Inconclusive or other outcome Tripartite Convention
Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901)	United Kingdom  Russia  Japan France  United States  Germany  Italy  Austria-Hungary	Righteous Harmony Society  Qing dynasty	British Allied victory Boxer Protocol: Anti-foreign societies banned in China
Second Boer War (1899–1902)	United Kingdom	Orange Free State  South African Republic Foreign volunteers	British victory Treaty of Vereeniging: All Boers to surrender arms and swear allegiance to the Crown Dutch language permitted in education Promise to grant Boer republics self-government £3,000,000 compensation "reconstruction aid" to Afrikaners
War of the Golden Stool (1900)	United Kingdom	Ashanti Empire	Inconclusive or other outcome Status quo ante bellum De facto independent Ashanti state under British protectorate Ashanti retained control of the Golden Stool
Mahsud Waziri blockade (1900–1902)	India	Mahsud rebels	British victory
Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902)	United Kingdom	Aro Confederacy	British victory Aro Confederacy destroyed
British expedition to Tibet (1903–1904)	India	Tibet	British victory Status quo ante bellum
Bazar Valley campaign (1908)	India	Rebel tribes	British victory
First World War (1914–1918)	Allied Powers  France  British Empire  United Kingdom  Canada  Newfoundland  Australia  New Zealand  India  South Africa  Russia  United States  Italy  Japan  China  Serbia  Montenegro  Romania  Belgium  Greece  Portugal  Brazil Other Allies	Central Powers  Germany German Empire  Austria-Hungary  Ottoman Empire  Bulgaria	British Allied victory Treaty of Versailles: German demobilisation Treaties of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Trianon: Demise of Austria-Hungary Russia pulls out in 1917 Russian Civil War Creation of the Soviet Union Creation of League of Nations: Mesopotamia ceded from the Ottoman Empire Palestine and Jordan ceded from the Ottoman Empire Tanganyika ceded from Germany Part of Kamerun ceded from Germany Part of Togoland ceded from Germany German New Guinea ceded to Australia German Samoa ceded to New Zealand German South-West Africa ceded to South Africa
Estonian War of Independence (1918–1920)	Estonia  United Kingdom  Latvia White Movement Baltic German volunteers[35] Danish volunteers Finnish volunteers Swedish volunteers	Russian SFSR Baltische Landeswehr	British Allied victory Independence of Estonia Vidzeme gained by the Republic of Latvia
Latvian War of Independence (1918–1920)	Latvia  Estonia White Movement  Poland  Lithuania  United Kingdom	German Empire West Russian Volunteer Army  Russian SFSR  Latvian SSR	British Allied victory Independence of Latvia
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War (1918–1920)	White Movement  British Empire  United Kingdom  Canada  Australia  India  South Africa  United States France  Japan  Czechoslovakia  Greece  Estonia  Serbia  Italy  Poland  Romania  China	Russian SFSR  Far Eastern Republic Latvian SSR Ukrainian SSR Commune of Estonia Mongolian Communists	Bolshevik victory Allied withdrawal from Russia Bolshevik victory over White Army Soviet Union new Russian power
Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923)	Greece  France  Armenia (in 1920)  United Kingdom  Ottoman Empire (until 1922) Kuva-yi Inzibatiye (in 1920) Georgia (in 1921)	Turkish National Movement Grand National Assembly (after 1920) Kuva-yi Nizamiye Kuva-yi Milliye (until 1920) Supported by:  Russian SFSR[36] Azerbaijan SSR Georgian SSR Bukharan PSR Afghanistan All-India Muslim League  Italy	Turkish Allied victory Treaty of Lausanne Overthrow of the Ottoman sultanate Withdrawal of Allied forces from occupied lands of Turkey Establishment of the Republic of Turkey Starting of the series of reforms led by Atatürk
Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)	India	Afghanistan	Afghan victory Treaty of Rawalpindi Reaffirmation of the Durand Line Afghan independence with full sovereignty in foreign affairs
Kuwait–Najd War (1919–1920)	Kuwait  British Empire  India	Sultanate of Nejd Ikhwan[37]	British Allied victory
Irish War of Independence (1919–1921)	United Kingdom	Irish Republic	Inconclusive/Other Anglo-Irish Treaty: Dominion status for 26 counties of Southern Ireland as the Irish Free State 6 counties of Northern Ireland remain part of UK United Kingdom retains the Ports of Berehaven, Spike Island and Lough Swilly
The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922)	United Kingdom	Irish Republic	British victory
Great Iraqi Revolution of 1920 (1920)	United Kingdom	Iraqi rebels	Inconclusive/Other Iraqi political victory Greater autonomy given to Iraq Faysal ibn Husayn installed as King British Mandate for Mesopotamia cancelled
1922 Burao Tax Revolt (1922)	United Kingdom  •  British Somaliland	Habr Yunis tribesmen	Tribal victory Tax policy abandoned

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1922–present)

Conflict	Britain and allies	Britain's opposition	Outcome
Adwan Rebellion (1923)	United Kingdom Emir Abdullah's forces Hashemite allied tribesmen: Sheykh Minwar al-Hadid	Sultan al-Adwan's forces	British Allied victory Sultan al-Adwan's defeat and exile
Ikhwan Revolt (1927–1930)	Kuwait Nejd and Hejaz RAF	Ikhwan	British Allied victory Ikhwan attack on Kuwait repelled. The remnants of the Ikhwan incorporated into regular Saudi units. The Ikhwan leadership was either slain or imprisoned.
Great Arab Revolt in Palestine (1936–1939)	United Kingdom Yishuv	Arab Higher Committee	British Allied victory [38] Revolt suppressed
Palestine Emergency (1939–1948)	United Kingdom	Yishuv	Yishuv victory[39] Hand over to the United Nations British withdrawal from Mandatory Palestine Civil war in Mandatory Palestine begins
S-Plan 16 January 1939 – March 1940	United Kingdom	Irish Republican Army	British victory [40] British victory IRA failed to force the withdrawal of British troops from Ireland
Second World War (1939–1945)	Allied Powers  United States  Soviet Union  United Kingdom  China France Poland  Canada  Australia  New Zealand  British India  South Africa  Yugoslavia  Greece  Denmark  Norway  Netherlands  Belgium  Luxembourg  Czechoslovakia  Ethiopia  Brazil  Mexico Gorkha Kingdom	Axis Powers  Germany  Japan  Italy  Hungary  Romania  Bulgaria  Croatia  Slovakia  Finland  Iraq  Thailand  Manchukuo  Mengjiang	British Allied victory Nazi Germany formally surrenders 8 May 1945, ending the Second World War in Europe. On 15 August 1945, following the dropping of atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan announces its surrender, ending the Second World War British (and Commonwealth), French, American, and Soviet troops occupy Germany until 1955, Italy and Japan lose their colonies, Europe is divided into 'Soviet' and 'Western' spheres of interest.
Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947 (1944–1947)	Afghanistan  • Allied Nuristani tribesmen  British Empire  •  British India	Rebel tribes: Zadran Mangal Safi	Afghan government & British victory Rebel invasion of India in 1944 repelled Rebels fully defeated by Afghan government in January 1947
1944–45 Insurgency in Balochistan (1944–1945)	United Kingdom	Badinzai rebels	British victory Insurgency subsided by March 1945
Northern Campaign 2 September 1942 – December 1944	Royal Ulster Constabulary	Irish Republican Army	British victory IRA campaign failure
Greek Civil War (1946–1948)	Kingdom of Greece  United Kingdom  United States	D.S.E. (Δ.Σ.Ε.)  Albania  Yugoslavia  Bulgaria	British Allied victory Communist forces defeated, many D.S.E. soldiers exiled in Eastern Europe. Battalion of UK troops still in Greece until 1948
1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion (1945)	United Kingdom  •  British Somaliland	Armed Habr Je'lo tribesmen	British Pyrrhic victory Sheikh Bashir killed, unrest continues, anti-colonialist and nationalist sentiment increases in Somaliland
Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949)	United Kingdom  Netherlands  Japan (until 1945)	Indonesia  Japan (volunteers)  India (defectors)	Inconclusive or other outcome Hand over to Dutch in 1946 Netherlands recognises Indonesian Independence
Operation Masterdom (1945–1946)	United Kingdom  India France Empire of Japan	Việt Minh	British victory Hand over to French First Indochina War begins
Corfu Channel incident (1946–1948)	United Kingdom	Albania	Inconclusive or other outcome World Court case concluded in 1949[41] Britain breaks off talks aimed at establishing diplomatic relations with Albania.
Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)	British Commonwealth  United Kingdom Federation of Malaya  Australia  New Zealand  Southern Rhodesia  Fiji  Kenya  Thailand	Malayan Communist Party Malayan National Liberation Army	British Allied victory Destruction of the majority of MNLA guerrilla organisations, Communist leadership retreat to Thailand Preservation of capitalism and British economic interests
Korean War (1950–1953)	United Nations Command  South Korea  United States British Commonwealth Forces Korea  United Kingdom  Canada  Australia  New Zealand  India  Belgium  France  Philippines  Colombia  Ethiopia  Greece  Luxembourg  Netherlands  South Africa  Thailand  Turkey	North Korea  China  Soviet Union	Inconclusive or other outcome Korean Armistice Agreement Communist invasion of South Korea repelled UN invasion of North Korea repelled
1951 Anglo-Egyptian War (1951–1952)	United Kingdom	Egypt Muslim Brotherhood	British victory Ended with the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.
Mau Mau Uprising (1952–1960)	United Kingdom British Kenya	Mau Mau	British victory Defeat of Mau Mau Kenyan independence
Jebel Akhdar War (1954–1959)	Sultanate of Muscat and Oman  United Kingdom	Imamate of Oman Ibadi sect  Saudi Arabia	British Allied victory Dissolution of the Imamate of Oman
Cyprus Emergency (1955–1959)	United Kingdom Cyprus Colony TMT	EOKA	Inconclusive or other outcome [42][43][44] EOKA was not defeated [45] Enosis not achieved[46][47] Cyprus became an independent republic in 1959 with Britain retaining control of two Sovereign Base Areas, at Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
Suez Crisis (1956–1957)	United Kingdom France  Israel	Egypt	Inconclusive or other outcome Coalition military victory[48][49][50] Egyptian political victory[48] Anglo-French withdrawal following international pressure (December 1956) Israeli occupation of Sinai (until March 1957) UNEF deployment in Sinai[51] Straits of Tiran re-opened to Israeli shipping
Border Campaign (1956–1962)	United Kingdom	Irish Republican Army	British victory IRA campaign fails
First Cod War (1958–1961)	United Kingdom	Iceland	Icelandic victory[e] Iceland expands its territorial waters to 12 nautical miles
Upper Yafa disturbances[54] (1959)	British Empire Upper Yafa	Rebels	British victory
Dhofar Rebellion (1962–1975)	Oman  United Kingdom Iran  Jordan	Various insurgents	British Allied victory Insurgency defeated Modernisation of Oman
Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (1963–1966)	Commonwealth of Nations  Malaysia  United Kingdom  Australia  New Zealand	Indonesia	British Allied victory Indonesia recognises Malaysian rule over former North Borneo
Aden Emergency (1963–1967)	Federation of South Arabia  United Kingdom	NLF FLOSY	Yemeni NLF victory People's Republic of South Yemen established
The Troubles (1968–1998)	United Kingdom Loyalist paramilitaries: Ulster Volunteer Force Ulster Defence Association Red Hand Commando Ulster Resistance Loyalist Volunteer Force	Republican paramilitaries: Provisional IRA Official IRA Continuity IRA Real IRA Irish National Liberation Army Irish People's Liberation Organisation	Stalemate Inconclusive or other outcome Good Friday Agreement: Devolution in Northern Ireland Power-sharing deal Cross-border cooperation Disarming of paramilitary groups Police reform Demilitarisation
Second Cod War (1972–1973)	United Kingdom	Iceland	Icelandic victory[e] UK accept Iceland's 50 nautical mile exclusive fishery zone
Third Cod War (1975–1976)	United Kingdom	Iceland	Icelandic victory[e] Iceland expands its exclusive fishery zone to 200 nautical miles
Falklands War (1982)	United Kingdom	Argentina	British victory British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands re-established. End of Argentine occupation of Southern Thule island.
Multinational Force in Lebanon (1982–1984)	United Kingdom  France  United States  Italy	Islamic Jihad Organization Iran  Syria Progressive Socialist Party Amal Movement	Syrian Allied victory[55] Multinational forces fail to prevent collapse of Lebanese Army into Syrian- or Israeli- supported militias[56][57] Multinational forces evacuated after the US embassy and US Marine barracks are bombed by the Islamic Jihad Organization Multinational forces oversee withdrawal of Palestine Liberation Organization Humanitarian crisis in Southern Lebanon Civil war continues until 1990 President Hafez al-Assad continues his occupation of Lebanon until his son and later president Bashar al-Assad orders a withdrawal from the country
Gulf War (1990–1991)	Kuwait  United States  United Kingdom  Saudi Arabia  France  Egypt  Syria Other Allies	Iraq	British Allied victory Kuwait regains its independence
Bosnian War (1992–1995)	UNPROFOR  NATO	Republika Srpska  Serbian Krajina Western Bosnia	Military stalemate Dayton Accords
Operation Desert Fox (1998)	United States  United Kingdom	Iraq	British Allied victory Objectives largely achieved
Kosovo War (1998–1999)	United States  United Kingdom  France  Canada  Denmark  Germany  Italy Kosovo Liberation Army	Yugoslavia	British Allied victory Kosovo occupied by Nato forces Kosovo administered by UNMIK
Sierra Leone Civil War (2000–2002)	Sierra Leone  United Kingdom	Rebels RUF  Liberia	British Allied victory Rebels defeated
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)	Afghanistan  United States  United Kingdom  Canada  Germany  Italy  France  Denmark  Poland  Romania  Turkey  Australia  Spain  Netherlands ISAF	Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan	Taliban victory The Taliban militia, overthrown in 2001. British withdrawal in 2014. Taliban regained power on 15 August 2021, after 20 years of NATO deployment.
Iraq War (2003–2009)	United States  United Kingdom  Iraq after the fall of Saddam Hussein  Australia  Poland  Denmark  Iraqi Kurdistan	Iraq under Saddam Hussein Islamic State of Iraq Various insurgents	British Allied victory: Overthrow of Ba'ath Party government Occupation of southern Iraq Iraqi insurgency, emergence of al-Qaeda in Iraq, and Sectarian Violence[58] Rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the successor of al-Qaeda in Iraq[59][60]
First Libyan Civil War (2011)	Many NATO members acting under UN mandate, including:  United States  United Kingdom  France  Denmark  Italy  Canada and Anti-Gaddafi forces several Arab League states  Sweden	Pro-Gaddafi forces	British Allied victory Fall of Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Muammar Gaddafi killed National Transitional Council take control
Operation Shader (2014–present)	United States  United Kingdom  Iraq Syrian Opposition  Australia  Belgium  Canada  Denmark  France  Germany  Italy  Netherlands  New Zealand  Norway  Portugal  Spain  Turkey  Bahrain  Jordan  Morocco  Qatar  Saudi Arabia  United Arab Emirates  Rojava  Egypt  Libya  Nigeria  Cameroon  Chad  Niger  Russia	Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Boko Haram al-Nusra Front Khorasan Ahrar ash-Sham	Ongoing The UK's Operation Shader is ongoing as part of intervention in Iraq and Syria (2014–present) 3,000+ ISIL fighters killed in 1,700 British airstrikes.[61][62] Ongoing operations by UK Special Forces in Syria. British armed forces provide material and training to Iraqi Security Forces and Peshmerga.[63][64] As part of the American-led interventions in Syria and Iraq, contributes to the loss of all of ISIL's territory in Iraq (by December 2017) and Syria (by March 2019).
Operation Prosperity Guardian (2023–present)	United States  United Kingdom  Canada  France  Greece  Italy  Netherlands  Norway  Spain  Bahrain  Seychelles  Sri Lanka  New Zealand	Supreme Political Council  Houthi movement	Ongoing US-led multinational coalition formed in December 2023 to respond to attacks on shipping in the Red Sea.[65][66]

See also

• List of wars involving England
• List of wars involving Scotland
• List of wars in Great Britain
• Military history of the United Kingdom
• Declaration of war by the United Kingdom

Notes

1. Some historians name the 1861–1865 war the "Second American Civil War", because in their view, the American Revolutionary War can also be considered a civil war (since the term can be used in reference to any war in which one political body separates itself from another political body). They then refer to the Independence War, which resulted in the separation of the Thirteen Colonies from the British Empire, as the "First American Civil War".^[4][5] A significant number of American colonists stayed loyal to the British Crown and as Loyalists fought on the British side while opposite were a significant amount of colonists called Patriots who fought on the American side. In some localities, there was fierce fighting between Americans including gruesome instances of hanging, drawing, and quartering on both sides.^[6][7][8][9]

   • As early as 1789, David Ramsay, an American patriot historian, wrote in his History of the American Revolution that "Many circumstances concurred to make the American war particularly calamitous. It was originally a civil war in the estimation of both parties."^[10] Framing the American Revolutionary War as a civil war is gaining increasing examination.^[11][12][13]. You can read part two of his 1789 book in full here
   • A group of Bristol, England merchants wrote to King George III in 1775 voicing their "most anxious apprehensions for ourselves and Posterity that we behold the growing distractions in America threaten" and ask for their majesty's "Wisdom and Goodness" to save them from "a lasting and ruinous Civil War.". You can read the 1775 petition in full here
   • The "constrained voice" is a good synopsis of how the British viewed the American Revolutionary War. From anxiety to a foreboding sense of the conflict being a civil war,
   • In the early stages of the rebellion by the American colonists, most of them still saw themselves as English subjects who were being denied their rights as such. "Taxation without representation is tyranny," James Otis reportedly said in protest of the lack of colonial representation in Parliament. What made the American Revolution look most like a civil war, though, was the reality that about one-third of the colonists, known as loyalists (or Tories), continued to support and fought on the side of the crown.
2. France entered the American Revolution on the side of the colonists in 1778, turning what had essentially been a civil war into an international conflict.

   • The Revolution was both an international conflict, with Britain and France vying on land and sea, and a civil war among the colonists, causing over 60,000 loyalists to flee their homes.
   • Until early in 1778 the conflict was a civil war within the British Empire, but afterward it became an international war as France (in 1778) and Spain (in 1779) joined the colonies against Britain. Meanwhile, the Netherlands, which provided both official recognition of the United States and financial support for it, was engaged in its own war against Britain.
3. Nominally the Holy Roman Empire, under Austrian Habsburg rule, also nominally encompassed some other Italian states abolished in 1797, as well as other Habsburg states such as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
4. Duchy of Warsaw as a state was in effect fully occupied by Russian and Prussian forces by May 1813, though most Poles remained loyal to Napoleon.
5. Militarised interstate dispute over fishing rights in waters near Iceland;^[52] Iceland has never fought in a full-scale war.^[53]

References

Citations

1. Laycock, S. (2012). All the Countries We've Ever Invaded – And the Few We Never Got Round To. The History Press. ASIN 0752479695.
2. M. R. Kantak (1993), The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles, quote: "Inspite of British superiority in the military science, the British troops could not force a decisive win over the Maratha troops in the First Anglo-Maratha War. The ultimate result of the War showed that the two sides remained evenly balanced.", Popular Prakashan, p. 226, ISBN 9788171546961
3. John Bowman (5 September 2000), Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture, quote: "First Anglo-Maratha War...The war ends inconclusively.", Columbia University Press, p. 290, ISBN 9780231500043
4. Eric Herschthal. America's First Civil War: Alan Taylor's new history poses the revolution as a battle inside America as well as for its liberty Archived 2017-06-26 at the Wayback Machine, The Slate, 6 September 2016.
5. James McAuley. Ask an Academic: Talking About a Revolution Archived 2018-01-07 at the Wayback Machine, The New Yorker, 4 August 2011.
6. Thomas Allen. Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War. New York, Harper, 2011.
7. Peter J. Albert (ed.). An Uncivil War: The Southern Backcountry During the American Revolution. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1985.
8. Alfred Young (ed.). The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.
9. Armitage, David. Every Great Revolution Is a Civil War Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine. In: Keith Michael Baker and Dan Edelstein (eds.). Scripting Revolution: A Historical Approach to the Comparative Study of Revolutions. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015. According to Armitage, "The renaming can happen relatively quickly: for example, the transatlantic conflict of the 1770s that many contemporaries^[who?] saw as a British "civil war" or even "the American Civil War" was first called "the American Revolution" in 1776 by the chief justice of South Carolina, William Henry Drayton."
10. David Ramsay. The History of the American Revolution Archived 2018-07-27 at the Wayback Machine. 1789.
11. Elise Stevens Wilson. Colonists Divided: A Revolution and a Civil War Archived 2016-10-17 at the Wayback Machine, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.
12. Timothy H. Breen. The American Revolution as Civil War Archived 2017-06-24 at the Wayback Machine, National Humanities Center.
13. 1776: American Revolution or British Civil War? Archived 2018-07-27 at the Wayback Machine, University of Cambridge.
14. Edler, F. (2001) [1911], The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution, Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific, pp. 88, 181–189, ISBN 0-89875-269-8
15. Left the war after signing the Treaty of The Hague (1795) with France.
16. Including the Army of Condé
17. Nominally the Holy Roman Empire, under Austrian rule, also encompassed many other Italian states, such as the Duchy of Modena and the Duchy of Massa. Left the war after signing the Treaty of Campo Formio with France.
18. Left the war after signing the Peace of Basel with France.
19. Left the war after signing the Peace of Paris with France.
20. Left the war after signing the Treaty of Tolentino with France.
21. Left the war after signing the Treaty of Paris with France.
22. Including the Polish Legions formed in French-allied Italy in 1797, following the abolition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Third Partition in 1795.
23. The French Revolutionary Army and Dutch revolutionaries overthrew the Dutch Republic and established the Batavian Republic as a puppet state in its place.
24. Various conquered Italian states, including the Cisalpine Republic from 1797
25. Left the war signing the treaty of Paris (August 1801).
26. Great Britain until 1800. Left the war signing the treaty of Amiens.
27. Left the war signing the treaty of Paris.
28. Including the Mamluks and the Barbary Coast. Left the war signing the Treaty of Paris (1802) with France.
29. Left the war signing the Treaty of Florence with France.
30. Left the war signing the Treaty of Badajoz (1801) with Spain and the Treaty of Madrid (1801) with France.
31. Following the refusal to enter in alliance against the Two Sicilies, France declared war on both Naples and Piedmont-Sardinia the same day, 6 December. The Piedmontese Republic was proclaimed on 10 December 1798. The Sardinian king Charles Emmanuel IV fled to Cagliari.
32. And other supporting soldiers as the Polish Legions and some Mamluks in captivity.
33. Onley, James (March 2009), "The Raj Reconsidered: British India's Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa" (PDF), Asian Affairs, 11 (1), archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022, retrieved 24 December 2020
34. Blood, Peter R, ed. (1996). Pakistan: A Country Study. Diane Publishing. pp. 20–21. ISBN 9780788136313.
35. Thomas, Nigel; Boltowsky, Toomas (2019). Armies of the Baltic Independence Wars 1918–20. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 9781472830777.
36. Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans: Twentieth century. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.
37. Reeva S. Simon; Philip Mattar; Richard W. Bulliet (1996). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East – Volume 1. p. 119. Fighting between Kuwait's forces and Wahhabi supporters of Ibn Sa'ud broke out in May 1920, and the former were soundly defeated. Within a few weeks, the citizens of Kuwait constructed a new wall to protect Kuwait City.
38. "Book Review – 'Britain's Pacification of Palestine: The British Army, the Colonial State, and the Arab Revolt, 1936–9' by Matthew Hughes". 31 May 2019.
39. Charters, David A. The British army and Jewish insurgency in Palestine, 1945–47. Springer, 1989, p. X
40. Crowley, pg 809
41. Roselli, Alessandro (2006). Italy and Albania: financial relations in the Fascist period. I.B. Tauris. pp. 136–137. ISBN 9781845112547. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
42. French, David (2015). Fighting EOKA The British Counter-insurgency Campaign on Cyprus, 1955-1959. Oxford University Press. p. 302. ISBN 9780198729341. that no one had emerged after four years of violence as an outright winner
43. Paul, Christopher; Clarke, Colin P.; Grill, Beth; Dunigan, Molly (2013). "Cyprus, 1955–1959". Paths to Victory. RAND Corporation. pp. 94–103. ISBN 9780833081094. JSTOR 10.7249/j.ctt5hhsjk.17.
44. Alexandrou, Haralambos; Kontos, Michalis; Panayiotides, Nikos (30 June 2014). Great Power Politics in Cyprus: Foreign Interventions and Domestic Perceptions. Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 9781443863254.
45. Schofield, Clive H. (31 January 2002). Global Boundaries: World Boundaries Volume 1. Routledge. ISBN 9781134880355.
46. French 2015, p. 302.
47. Novo, Andrew R (2022). The EOKA Cause Nationalism and the Failure of Cypriot Enosis. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 168. ISBN 9780755635344. Defeat of the ENOSIS cause
48. Tal, David (2001). The 1956 War: Collusion and Rivalry in the Middle East ISBN 978-0-7146-4840-8. p 203
49. Mart, Michelle (9 February 2006). Eye on Israel: How America Came to View the Jewish State as an Ally. SUNY Press. p. 159. ISBN 0791466876.
50. Stewart (2013) p 133
51. Kunz, Diane B. (1991). The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 187. ISBN 0-8078-1967-0.
52. Hellmann, Gunther; Herborth, Benjamin (1 July 2008). "Fishing in the mild West: democratic peace and militarised interstate disputes in the transatlantic community". Review of International Studies. 34 (3): 481–506. doi:10.1017/S0260210508008139. ISSN 1469-9044. S2CID 144997884.
53. "From Iceland — Ask A Historian: Has Iceland Ever Been Involved In Any Wars Or Conflicts". The Reykjavik Grapevine. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
54. "Upper Yafa (Disturbances): 7 Jul 1959: House of Commons debates". TheyWorkForYou. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
55. Friedman, Thomas L. (8 April 1984). "America's Failure in Lebanon". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
56. "Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Larry Speakes". 23 September 1982.
57. Brinkley, Joel (11 March 1984). "The Collapse of Lebanon's Army: U.S. Said to Ignore Factionalism". The New York Times.
58. "Sectarian divisions change Baghdad's image". NBC News. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
59. "The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency | Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". Ctc.usma.edu. Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
60. "Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests". U.S. Department of State. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
61. Singh, Arj; Smith, Mikey (20 September 2017). "British air strikes have killed 3,000 ISIS militants over three years". Daily Mirror.
62. "UK Drone Strike Stats". Drone Wars UK. 29 February 2012.
63. "UK troops training Kurdish forces". BBC News. 12 October 2014.
64. Farrell, Stephen (27 February 2007). "British trained Iraqi soldiers gear up to back Baghdad surge". Rustamiyah – via www.thetimes.co.uk.
65. "Austin announces US-led security operation focusing on Red Sea, Gulf of Aden after Houthi attacks on commercial shipping". CNN. CNN. 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
66. "US-led coalition of 10 nations to counter Houthi attacks on vessels in Red Sea". The Times of Israel. The Times of Israel. 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.

Bibliography

• Cavanna, Thomas (2015). Hubris, Self-Interest and America's Failed War in Afghanistan. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. ISBN 9781498506205.
• Lansford, Tom (2017). Afghanistan at War: From the 18th Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598847604.
• Tal, David (2001). The 1956 War: Collusion and Rivalry in the Middle East (Psychology Press). p. 203. ISBN 978-0-7146-4840-8

Further reading

• Barnett, Correlli. Britain and her army, 1509–1970: a military, political and social survey (1970).
• Black, Jeremy. A military history of Britain: from 1775 to the present (2008).
• Bradford, James C. ed. International Encyclopedia of Military History (2 vol. 2006).
• Brownstone, David and Irene Franck. Timelines of War: A Chronology of Warfare from 100,000 BC to the Present (1996), Global coverage.
• Cannon, John, ed. The Oxford Companion to British History (2003)
• Carlton, Charles. This Seat of Mars: War and the British Isles, 1485–1746 (Yale UP; 2011) 332 pages; studies the impact of near unceasing war from the individual to the national levels.
• Chandler, David G., and Ian Frederick William Beckett, eds. The Oxford history of the British army (Oxford UP, 2003).
• Cole, D. H and E. C Priestley. An outline of British military history, 1660–1936 (1936). online
• Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present (1993).
• Fortescue, John William. History of the British Army from the Norman Conquest to the First World War (1899–1930), in 13 volumes with six separate map volumes. Available online for downloading; online volumes; The standard highly detailed full coverage of operations.
• Haswell, Jock, and John Lewis-Stempel. A Brief History of the British Army (2017).
• Higham, John, ed. A Guide to the Sources of British Military History (1971) 654 pages excerpt; Highly detailed bibliography and discussion up to 1970; includes local and naval forces.
• James, Lawrence. Warrior Race: A History of the British at War (Hachette UK, 2010). excerpt
• Johnson, Douglas, et al. Britain and France: Ten Centuries (1980)
• Mulligan, William, and Brendan Simms, eds. The Primacy of Foreign Policy in British History, 1660–2000 (Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 345 pages
• Neville, Peter (2013). Historical Dictionary of British Foreign Policy. Scarecrow Press. pp. xix–xxxi. ISBN 9780810873711. timeline pp xix to xxxi
• Otte, T.G. The Makers of British Foreign Policy: From Pitt to Thatcher (2002)
• Ranft, Bryan. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy (Oxford UP, 2002).
• Rodger, N. A.M. The safeguard of the sea: A naval history of Britain, 660–1649 (Vol. 1. 1998). excerpt
  • Rodger, N.A.M.The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815 (vol 2 2006) excerpt
• Sheppard, Eric William. A short history of the British army (1950). online
• Ward, A.W. and G.P. Gooch, eds. The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1783–1919 (3 vol, 1921–23), old detailed classic; vol 1, 1783–1815 ; vol 2, 1815–1866; vol 3. 1866–1919

Historiography

• Messenger, Charles, ed. Reader's Guide to Military History (2001) pp 55–74 etc.; annotated guide to most important books.
• Schroeder, Paul W. "Old Wine in Old Bottles: Recent Contributions to British Foreign Policy and European International Politics, 1789–1848." Journal of British Studies 26.01 (1987): 1–25.