List of supernovae

A supernova is an event in which a star destroys itself in an explosion which can briefly become as luminous as an entire galaxy. This list of supernovae of historical significance includes events that were observed prior to the development of photography, and individual events that have been the subject of a scientific paper that contributed to supernova theory.

SN 1054 remnant
(Crab Nebula)

List of supernovae

In most entries, the year when the supernova was seen is part of the designation (1st column).

Supernova designation (year)	Constellation	Apparent magnitude	Distance (light years)	Type	Galaxy	Comments
SN 185	Centaurus	−4 (?)[1]	9,100[2]	Ia (?)	Milky Way	Surviving description sketchy; modern estimates of maximum apparent magnitude vary from +4 to −8. The remnant is probably RCW 86, some 8200 ly distant,[3] making it comparable to SN 1572. Some researchers have suggested it was a comet, not a supernova.[4][5]
SN 386	Sagittarius	+1.5	14,700	II	Milky Way	"suggested SN",[6] candidate remnant could be G11.2-0.3.[7][8] There are three suggestions and doubtful if SN at all or classical nova or something else.[9]
SN 393	Scorpius	–0	3,400	II/Ib	Milky Way	"possible SN",[6] could also be classical nova or something else[9]
SN 1006	Lupus	–7.5[10]	7,200	Ia	Milky Way	Widely observed on Earth; in apparent magnitude, the brightest stellar event in recorded history.[11]
SN 1054	Taurus	–6[12]	6,500	II	Milky Way	Remnant is the Crab Nebula with its pulsar (neutron star)
SN 1181	Cassiopeia	0	7,100	sub-luminous Type Iax supernova	Milky Way	Remnant is Pa 30 with its hot stellar remnant[13]
SN 1572	Cassiopeia	–4.0	8,000	Ia	Milky Way	Tycho's Nova
Kepler's Supernova	Ophiuchus	–3	14,000	Ia	Milky Way	Kepler's Star; most recent readily visible supernova within the Milky Way
Cas A, c. 1680	Cassiopeia	+5	9,000	IIb	Milky Way	Apparently never visually conspicuous, due to interstellar dust; but the remnant, Cas A, is the brightest extrasolar radio source in the sky
G1.9+0.3, cal. 1868	Sagittarius	(visible light masked by dust)	25,000	Ia	Milky Way	Located near the Galactic Center; "Posthumously" discovered in 1985; age determined in 2008
SN 1885A	Andromeda	+5.85[14]	2,500,000	Ipec	Andromeda Galaxy	First observation of an extragalactic supernova
SN 1895B	Centaurus	+8.0[15]	10,900,000	Ia	NGC 5253
SN 1937C	Canes Venatici	+8.4[15]	13,000,000	Ia	IC 4182
SN 1939C	Cepheus	+13	25,200,000	I	Fireworks Galaxy
SN 1940B	Coma Berenices	+12.8	38,000,000	II-P	NGC 4725
SN 1961V	Perseus	+12.5	30,000,000	II?	NGC 1058	Potential supernova impostor[16]
SN 1972E	Centaurus	+8.7[17]	10,900,000	Ia	NGC 5253	Followed for more than a year; became the prototypical Type Ia supernova
SN 1983N	Hydra	+11.8	15,000,000	Ib	Messier 83	First observation of a Type Ib supernova
SN 1986J	Andromeda	+18.4	30,000,000	IIn	NGC 891	Bright in the radio frequency range
SN 1987A	Dorado	+2.9	160,000	IIpec	Large Magellanic Cloud	Intense radiation reached Earth on February 23, 1987, 7:35:35 UT. Notable for archival photos of progenitor star and detection of supernova neutrinos. Most recent Local Group supernova
SN 1993J	Ursa Major	+10.7[18]	11,000,000	IIb	M81	One of the brightest supernovae in the northern sky since 1954
SN 1994D	Virgo	+15.2	50,000,000	Ia	NGC 4526
SN 1998bw	Telescopium	?	140,000,000	Ic	ESO 184-G82	Linked to GRB 980425, which was the first time a gamma-ray burst has been linked to a supernova.
SN 1999eh	Lynx	+18.3 +/- 0.3	84,000,000	I	NGC 2770	First supernovae in this galaxy, where 3 more were detected later.
SN 2002bj	Lupus	+14.7	160,000,000	IIn	NGC 1821	AM Canum Venaticorum-type outburst.[19]
SN 2002dd	Ursa Major	+24.0	8,000,000,000	Ia	anonymous galaxy	Furthest supernova observed through Hubble Deep Field.[20]
SN 2003fg	Boötes		4,000,000,000	Ia	anonymous galaxy	Also known as the "Champagne supernova"
SN 2004dj	Camelopardalis		8,000,000	II-P	NGC 2403	NGC 2403 is an outlying member of the M81 Group
SN 2005ap	Coma Berenices		4,700,000,000	II	?	Announced in 2007 to be the brightest supernova up to that point.
SN 2005gj	Cetus		865,000,000	Ia/II-n	?	Notable for having characteristics of both Type Ia and Type IIn.
SN 2005gl	Pisces	+16.5	200,000,000	II-n	NGC 266	Star could be found on old pictures.[21]
SN 2006gy	Perseus	+15	240,000,000	IIn (*)	NGC 1260	Observed by NASA, *with a peak of over 70 days, possibly a new type.
SN 2007bi	Virgo	+18.3		Ia	anonymous dwarf galaxy	Extremely bright and long-lasting, the first good observational match for the pair-instability supernova model postulated for stars of initial mass greater than 140 solar masses (even better than SN 2006gy). The precursor is estimated at 200 solar masses, similar to the first stars of the early universe.[22]
SN 2007uy	Lynx	+16.8	84,000,000	Ibc	NGC 2770	Got overshadowed by SN 2008D.
SN 2008D	Lynx		88,000,000	Ibc	NGC 2770	First supernova to be observed while it exploded.
MENeaC Abell399.3.14.0	Aries	+28.7	1,000,000,000 (z=0.0613)	Ia	anonymous red globular cluster associated with anonymous red elliptical galaxy in cluster Abell 399	Observed in 2009. Supernova associated with a globular cluster[23][24]
SN 2009ip	Piscis Austrinus		66,000,000	IIn	NGC 7259	In 2009 classified as supernova. Redesignated as Luminous blue variable (LBV) Supernova impostor.[25] In September 2012 classified as a young type IIn supernova.[26]
SN 2010lt	Camelopardalis	+17.0	240,000,000	Ia (sub-luminous)	UGC 3378	Discovered by 10-year-old girl, the youngest person to discover a supernova.
SN 2011fe	Ursa Major	+10.0	21,000,000	Ia	M101	One of the very few extragalactic supernovae visible in 50mm binoculars.
SN 2014J	Ursa Major	+10.5	11,500,000	Ia	M82	Closest supernova since SN 2004dj in NGC 2403.
ASASSN-15ga	Virgo		1,000,000,000	Ia	NGC 4866	[27]
ASASSN-15lh SN 2015L	Indus	+16.9	3,800,000,000	Ic	APMUKS(BJ) B215839.70−615403.9	Most luminous hypernova ever observed.
IPTF14hls	Ursa Major	+17.7	509,000,000	unknown	SDSS J092034.44+504148.7 (possible dwarf galaxy)	Unusual supernova
SN 2016aps	Draco	+18.11	3,600,000,000	SLSB-II	?	Most luminous supernova-like event to date.
SN 2018zd	Camelopardalis	+17.8	70,000,000	Ia-csm	NGC 2146	First electron capture supernova ever detected
SN 2019hgp	Boötes	+20.16	920,000,000	Icn		First detected supernova of a Wolf-Rayet star[28][29]
SN 2020fqv	Virgo	+19.0	59,400,000	IIb	NGC 4568	Earliest known observation of an explosion, 26 hours after[30][31][32]
SN 2020tlf	Boötes	+15.89	120,000,000	IIn	NGC 5731	First red supergiant observed before, during and after explosion; earliest known observation, at 130 days before explosion[33][34]
SN 2021yja	Eridanus		750,000,000	II	NGC 1325[35][36]
SN 2022jli	Cetus	+14	75,000,000	type I-c	NGC 157	Type Ic, shows periodicity[37][38][39][40]
SN 2023ixf	Ursa Major	+10.8	21,000,000	type II-L	Pinwheel Galaxy (M101)[41]	Closest and brightest supernova since SN 2014J
SN 2023rve	Fornax	+13.9	450,000,000	II	NGC 1097[42][43][44][45][46]	Brightest Supernova Since SN 2023ixf.
SN 2023vyl	Pegasus		783,000,000	Ia	NGC 7625	[47][48]
SN 2023abdg	Grus		816,000,000	II	NGC 7421	[49]

Supernova statistics

Yearly extragalactic supernovae reported

Year	Total	Type I	Type II	LBV (imposters)	Brighter than apmag 13	Apmag of brightest Supernova of that year
2023[50]	19859	1430	417	7	2	10.9 (2023ixf in M101)
2022[51]	21368	1732	396	7	4	12.3 (2022hrs in NGC 4647)
2021[52]	23665	1849	465	5	8	12.0 (2021aefx in NGC 1566)
2020[53]	21775	1648	451	7	7	11.8 (2020ue in NGC 4636)
2019[54]	18767	1652	485	9	1	13.0 (2019np in NGC 3254)
2018[55]	9525	1206	332	7	5	12.7 (2018pv in NGC 3941)
2017[56]	8293	746	218	4	3	11.5 (2017cbv in NGC 5643)
2016[57]	7737	681	226	3	0	13.0 (2016coj in NGC 4125)
2015[58]	4474	707	214	4	2	12.9 (2015F in NGC 2442)
2014[59]	2243	528	175	2	3	10.1 (2014J in Messier 82)
2013[60]	1922	498	190	7	6	11.3 (2013aa in NGC 5643)
2012[61]	1223	550	152	8	5	11.9 (2012fr in NGC 1365)
2011[62]	1129	439	160	10	7	9.9 (2011fe in Messier 101)
2010[63]	931	279	135	7	2	12.8 (2010ih in NGC 2325)
2009[64]	576	202	137	1	0	13.0 (2009ig in NGC 1015)
2008[65]	511	251	143	1	3	12.4 (2008ge in NGC 1527)
2007[66]	605	442	130	1	3	12.0 (2007it in NGC 5530)
2006[67]	558	418	124	2	3	12.1 (2006dd in NGC 1316)
2005[68]	385	273	94	1	2	12.3 (2005df in NGC 1559)
2004[69]	343	221	79	0	2	11.2 (2004dj in NGC 2403)
2003[70]	384	198	89	1	1	12.3 (2003hv in NGC 1201)
2002[71]	353	163	64	0	1	12.3 (2002ap in Messier 74)
2001[72]	310	108	75	0	2	12.3 (2001e1 in NGC 1448)
2000[73]	199	76	49	1	0	13.1 (2000cx in NGC 528)
2000-2023	147135	16297 (76.5%)	5000 (23.5%)	95	72

See also

• List of most distant supernovae
• List of supernova candidates
• List of supernova remnants
• Lists of astronomical objects

References

1. Modern estimates vary widely; see SN 185 for more detail.
2. Ksenofontov, L. T.; Berezhko, E. G.; Völk, H. J. (2005-04-01). "Magnetic field amplification in Tycho and other shell-type supernova remnants". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 433 (1): 229–240. arXiv:astro-ph/0409453. Bibcode:2005A&A...433..229V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042015. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 16726273.
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5. Zhao FY, Strom RG, Jiang SY (2006). "The Guest Star of AD185 Must Have Been a Supernova". Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 6 (5): 635–40. Bibcode:2006ChJAA...6..635Z. doi:10.1088/1009-9271/6/5/17.
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32. Tinyanont, Samaporn; Ridden-Harper, R; Foley, R J; Morozova, V; Kilpatrick, C D; Dimitriadis, G; DeMarchi, L; Gagliano, A; Jacobson-Galán, W V; Messick, A; Pierel, J D R (2021-10-26). "Progenitor and close-in Circumstellar Medium of Type II Supernova 2020fqv from high-cadence photometry and ultra-rapid UV spectroscopy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 512 (stab2887): 2777–2797. arXiv:2110.10742. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2887. ISSN 0035-8711.
33. Jacobson-Galán, W. V.; Dessart, L.; Jones, D. O.; Margutti, R.; Coppejans, D.L.; Dimitriadis, G.; Foley, R. J.; Kilpatrick, C. D.; Matthews, D. J.; Rest, S.; Terreran, G.; Aleo, P. D.; Auchettl, K.; Blanchard, P. K.; Coulter, D. A.; Davis, K. W.; de Boer, T. J. L.; DeMarchi, L.; Drout, M. R.; Earl, N.; Gagliano, A.; Gall, C.; Hjorth, J.; Huber, M. E.; Ibik, A. L.; Milisavljevic, D.; Pan, Y.-C.; Rest, A.; Ridden-Harper, R.; Rojas-Bravo, C.; Siebert, M. R.; Smith, K. W.; Taggart, K.; Tinyanont, S.; Wang, Q.; Zenati, Y. (6 January 2022). "Final Moments. I. Precursor Emission, Envelope Inflation, and Enhanced Mass Loss Preceding the Luminous Type II Supernova 2020tlf". The Astrophysical Journal. 924 (1). American Astronomical Society: 15. arXiv:2109.12136. Bibcode:2022ApJ...924...15J. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac3f3a. S2CID 237940678.
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49. "SN 2023abdg", Transient Name Server, retrieved 2024-02-04.
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51. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2022". Retrieved 2023-02-18.
52. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2021". Retrieved 2023-02-18.
53. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2020". Retrieved 2023-02-18.
54. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2019". Retrieved 2023-02-18.
55. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2018". Retrieved 2023-02-18.
56. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2017". Retrieved 2023-02-20.
57. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2016". Retrieved 2023-02-20.
58. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2015". Retrieved 2023-02-20.
59. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2014". Retrieved 2023-02-20.
60. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2013". Retrieved 2023-02-20.
61. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2012". Retrieved 2023-02-21.
62. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2011". Retrieved 2023-02-21.
63. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2010". Retrieved 2023-02-21.
64. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2009". Retrieved 2023-02-21.
65. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2008". Retrieved 2023-02-21.
66. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2007". Retrieved 2023-02-21.
67. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2006". Retrieved 2023-02-21.
68. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2005". Retrieved 2023-02-23.
69. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2004". Retrieved 2023-02-23.
70. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2003". Retrieved 2023-02-23.
71. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2002". Retrieved 2023-02-23.
72. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2001". Retrieved 2023-02-23.
73. David Bishop. "Supernova discovery statistics for 2000". Retrieved 2023-02-23.

Further reading

• Green, David A. (2015). Orchiston, Wayne; Green, David A.; Strom, Richard (eds.). Historical Supernova Explosions in Our Galaxy and Their Remnants. New Insights From Recent Studies in Historical Astronomy: Following in the Footsteps of F. Richard Stephenson, Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. Vol. 43. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 91–100. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07614-0_7. ISBN 978-3-319-07613-3.

External links

• List of all known supernovae at The Open Supernova Catalog.
• IAU Supernovae on the Transient Name Server (TNS)
• Supernovae through 2015 at IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT).
• WISeREP – The Weizmann Interactive Supernova data Repository