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List of string figures

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The following is a list of string figures, various figures which can be made using a loop of string, and which occur in games such as cat's cradle. Most of the titles are translations and/or descriptions.

Format

Explanation of the format of these listings:

  • "name 1" (location of name), [specific citation] "name 2" (location 2): opening position[, extension, notes] [general citation]
    • subsequent figures

List

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"Opening A", seen from below
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"Two Diamonds"
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Heraklas' "Plinthios Brokhos" made in a doubled cord. Resembles "A Hole in the Tree" with different crossings.
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"Cradle", the first (and opening) position of Cat's cradle
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"Soldier's Bed" from Cat's cradle
Thumb
"Candles" from Cat's cradle
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"Diamonds" from Cat's cradle
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"Cat's Eye" from Cat's cradle
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"Fish in a Dish" from Cat's cradle
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"Grandfather Clock" from Cat's cradle
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Women's string-figure depicting "menstrual blood of three women", illustrating the Yolŋu people's tribal mythology of menstrual synchrony.[1]
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Inuit string figures[2] reindeer, wolf, and pig[3]
  • "Ace of Diamonds" (Hawaii: "E-ke-ma-nu"): position 1, similar to Cat's cradle's "Mattress"[4][5]
  • "Ace of Hearts" (Hawaii: "E-ke-pe-ki"): ???[5]
  • "Ace of Spades" (Hawaii: "E-ke-ha-ka"): ???[5]
  • "Andromeda Galaxy" (invented): opening A[6]
  • "Antares" (Nauru): opening A[7]
  • "Apache Door" (Apache),[8] "Pancho" (Navajo),[8] "Sling" (Zuni),[8] "Tent Door"/"String Bag"/"Horde"/"Poncho"/"Streamers"/"Fish Net"[9] (N. America): opening A,[10] (Navajo): position 1[11]
  • "Apache Teepee" (Apache): nonstandard[12]
  • "Arms" (Nunivak Inuit: "moguk"): ???[13]
  • "Arrow" (Navajo: "Ka"): opening A[14]
  • "Baby Being Born" (Wadaman): position 1[15]
  • "Bagobo Diamonds" (Bagobo, also Linao Moros): opening A[16]
  • "Bagobo Two Diamonds" (Bagobo): opening A[16]
  • "Bear's Den" (Kwakiutl):[17]
    • "Bear" (Kwakiutl), "Dog" (N. Alaska, W. Greenland), "Fox" (Mackenzie, W. Copper, Netsilik, Iglulik)[18]
      • "Porcupine" (Kwakiutl), "Man Kneeling" (Caribou), "Hunter Approaching a Seal on Ice" (Netsilik)[19]
      • "Goose" (Kwakiutl)[17]
  • "Bird" (Papua): position 1[20]
  • "Bird House" (Hawaii: "A-na-ma-nu"): ???[5]
  • "Bird's Nest" (Navajo): position 1[21]
  • "Bow" (Navajo: "Atl-ti"): Navajo opening[22]
  • "Breastbone and Ribs" (Inuit: "Grut"): ribcage opening[23]
  • "Breasts" (Hawaii: "Wai-u-la-wa"): ???[5]
  • "Brush House" (Zuni: "Pi-cho-wai, ham-pun-nai"), "Hut" (Pueblo: "Nathu"), (Klamath): nonstandard[24]
    • "Six-Pointed Star": continuation[24]
  • "Butterfly" (Navajo: "Ga-lo-ki/'Ga-hi-ki"): Navajo opening[25][26]
  • "Butterfly" (Nauru: "Ijewaioi"): ???[27]
  • "Candle Thief" (England, Ireland, Germany): nonstandard[28]
  • "Canoe with Two Masts" (Torres Straits: "Nar"): opening A, requires two people or use of a toe[29]
  • "Canoe with Two Sails" (Gilbert Islands, chant: Te Wa Ma le-Na): opening A[30]
  • "Caribou" (Cumberland Sound Inuit: "Tuktuqdjung"),[31] "Caribou" (St. Michael Island Inuit: "tuk-tuk"):[13] opening A
  • "Caroline Islands Catch" (Ngatik): opening A, similar to "King Fish"[32]
  • "Caroline Islands Diamonds" (Ngatik): nonstandard, Caroline extension[33]
  • "Carrying Bundles of Wood" (Navajo): opening A[34]
  • "Casting the Fish-Spear" (Torres Straits): opening A,[35] similar to "Fish-Spear"
  • "Catching a Cockroach" (Samoa): nonstandard[36]
  • Cat's cradle (Europe),[37] game of string (Russia),[38] kang sok (Southern China: "well rope"),[39] Jack in the Pulpit[40] (regional U.S.): Cradle
    • 1: "Cradle": around wrists[37][41]
    • 2: "Soldier's Bed",[37] "Mattress"[42]
    • 3: "Candles",[37] "Calm Sea"[42]
    • 4: "Manger",[37] "Upturned Cradle"[42]
    • End: "Saw"[37]
    • 5 & 12: "Diamonds",[37] Carpet, (Russia)[38] "Mattress Turned Over"[42]
    • 6: "Cat's Eye"[37][42]
    • 7: "Fish in a Dish",[37] "Pig on Pegs"[42]
    • 10: "Hand Drum"/"Scraggly"[37]
    • End: "Two Royal Crowns"/"Grandfather Clock"[37]
    • End: "Lucky Tea Kettle"[37]
  • "Chicken Bum" (Guianas, Peru, Sierra Leone), "Wink" (Hawaii): nonstandard[43]
  • "Chochaío" (Palau: "Bird"): opening B[44]
  • "Circles and Triangles" (Ngatik: Bur-bur-ani jau): opening A[45]
  • "Clothes Line" (Cape Prince of Wales Inuit: "iniarat"): ???[13]
  • "Cobweb" (Whanganui): position 1[46]
  • "Coconut Net" (Gilbert Islands: "Teibu Te Tatai"): around wrists[47]
  • "Coral" (Uap: "Melang"): opening A, Caroline extension[48]
    • "Variation of Coral" (invented)[49]
  • "Cup and Saucer" (Europe),[50][51] "Sake Cup"/"House" (Japan),[50] "Canoe with Outrigger" (New Caledonia[51]),[50] "Skinning the Bison"/"Dressing a Skin"[52] (Salish):[51] opening A
    • "Owl's Eyes" (Europe): opening A[53]
  • "Cutting the Hand" (Inuit): opening A[54]
  • "Dancer" (Caroline and Loyalty Islands): position 1[55]
  • "Diadem",[56] "Jacob's Ladder" (Europe),[56][57] "Osage Diamonds" (Osage),[56][57][58] "Fence"/"Ladder" (Irish),[58] "Calabesh Net" (Africa),[57] "Le pont de Quebec"[57] (Quebec, "Quebec Bridge"): opening A
    • "Cat's Whiskers" (Europe): continuation[57]
    • "Eiffel Tower" (Europe): continuation[57]
    • "Witch's Hat" (Europe): continuation[57]
    • "King's Crown" (Germany): variation[59]
  • "Dog On a Leash" (Nunivak Island Inuit: "kaymuchta"): ???[13]
  • "Dog with Large Ears" (Copper Inuit): nonstandard[60]
  • "Dravidian Trick" (Dravidian):[61]
  • "Drunken Tree" (Eastern Toba): opening A[62]
  • "Eel" (Papua), "Catching Crabs" (Gilbert Islands): nonstandard[63]
  • "Egarawinago" (Nauru: "Lady of Quality"): ???[27]
  • "Egona and Egameang Sitting On a Stone" (Nauru): ???[27]
  • "Erupting Volcano" (Mapuche): opening A[64]
  • "Fighting Head-hunters" (Torres Straits: Ares, or Murray and Duaur men fighting): opening A[65]
  • "Find the Owl" (Navajo): opening A[34]
  • "Flint and Steel" (Yap: "Nifi")/"Origin of Fire" (Torres Straits),[66] "Chellaba" (Africa: "turn over"),[67] "Tinder-box"[68] (Caroline Islands): position 1
  • "Finger Catch" (Chippewa): nonstandard[69]
  • "Fire Drill" (Kwakiutl): opening B[70]
  • "Fish" (???): Murray opening[71]
  • "Fish-Spear" (Torres Straits: "Baur"),[73][74][75] "Pitching a Tent" (Salish, B.C.),[74][75] "Sea-Egg (Echinus) Spear" (Clayoquaht),[75] "Duck Spear" (Alaska),[74] "Coconut Palm Tree" (Africa),[74] "Parachute" (Europe),[76] "Witches Broom"[74] (Europe): position 1,[74][75] similar to "Hogan" but with three lines, and similar to "Casting the Fish-Spear"
  • "Floor Mat" (Nauru): ???[27]
  • "Flower" (Navajo): position 1[77]
  • "Fly"/"Mosquito"/"Smashing a Coconut"/"Flying Fox" (Solomon Islands[78]): nonstandard[79]
  • "Fly On the Nose" (Torres Straits: "Buli"): nonstandard, trick[80]
  • "Flying Bird" (South Sea Islands): position 1[81]
  • "Four Boys Hand-in-Hand" (Australia): Murray opening[47]
  • "Fox and Whale" (King Island Inuit: "achvuk-tezeuk"):[13] position 1[82]
  • "Ghost Dance" (New Guinea): two person[83]
  • "Gated Well"/"Well" (South Sea Islands),[84] "Velovelo" (Fiji: "Dugout Canoe"), "Ti Meta" (Murray Island: "Ti Bird's Nest"),[85] "Basket"/"Wooden Food Bowl" (???): opening A[86]
    • "Fence Around the Well": continuation[86] (Lifu: Sihnag)[87]
    • "Crab" (Kiwai Island: "Kokowa"): continuation[88]
      • "Variation of the Crab" (invented)[89]
  • "Giraffe Eating Grass" (Japan): opening A, variation of "Two Brown Bears"[90]
  • "Ha-le-ku-mu-ma-ka-a" (Hawaii): ???[5]
  • "Hammock" (Muslim): position 1[91]
  • "Hammock [Weaving]" (N. or S. America): two person[92]
  • "'Hanging'" (Philippines & Yap): nonstandard, trick[93]
  • "Hare" (Inuit: "Ukaliaqdjung"): ???[94]
  • "Hawk" (Wardaman): opening A, two people[95]
  • "Headhunters" (Murray island): opening A[96]
  • "Hill and Two Ponds" (Inuit: "Qaqaqdjung Sesinging"): ???[94]
  • "Hogan" (Navajo): nonstandard,[97] "Parachute" with four lines
  • "House" (Australia): around wrists, two people[98]
  • "House" (Yap: "Naun", Maori, North Queensland): opening A, two people[99]
  • "Hull of a Ship" (Nauru: "Deimano"):[27]
  • "Hunter Stalking a Seal" (Inuit): position 1[100]
  • "Ibunemun" (Nauru: "Man"): ???[27]
  • "Iburenio" (Nauru: a growth in the tomana tree): opening A[55]
  • "Japanese Butterfly" (Japan): nonstandard[101][102]
  • "Kani Mumun" (Gilbert Islands: 'dispersing clouds' or 'flight of the conquered'): position 1[103]
  • "King Fish" (Murray Island: "Geigi", Mabuiag: "Dangal"[Dugong/Sea-cow]), "Kamo" (Torres Straits: "The Thief"):[104] opening A,[105] similar to "Caroline Islands Catch"
  • "King's Throne"/"The Bed" (Gilbert Islands: Bao-n te nea): opening A[106]
  • "Kiwi" (Maori): opening A[107]
  • "Ko-he" (Hawaii): ???[5]
  • "Laia Flower"/"Lotus Flower (New Hebrides): opening A[108][109]
  • "Lairo" (Fiji: "Land Crab"): position 1 variant[110]
  • "Lake Fish" (Anvik Inuit: "nanvumcheseah"): ???[13]
  • "Leashing/Lines of Lochiel's Dogs"[111] (Scotland, Ireland, England),[112] "Raven's Feet"/"Crow's Feet" (Tanana Inuit),[13] "Ptarmigan Feet"/"Crows' Feet"[111] (N. America),[112] "Cock's Feet" (France),[112] "Chicken Toes"[111]/"Wooden Spoon" (Africa: "Umuzwa"),[112] "Emus'/Cockerels' Feet" (???),[111] "Two Tents" (???),[111] "Spade" (New Zealand),[113] "Ducks' Feet" (Scotland): opening A, nearly identical to "Two Hogans"[112]
  • "Lightning" (Navajo: "Atsinil-klish", Tewa: "Vo-pi-ri-dai"): Navajo opening[116][117][118]
  • "Little Boat"/"Two Boats" (King Island Inuit: "kayak"/"malruk-kayak"): ???[13]
  • "Little Boy Carrying Wood" (Klamath): Navajo opening[119]
  • "Little Fishes" (Murray Island: "Tup"): Navajo opening[120]
  • "Little Fish That Hides in the Mud" (Klamath): nonstandard[121]
  • "Little Girl with Pigtails" (Japan): opening A[122]
  • "Lizard" (Navajo: Nashoi-dichizhi): Navajo opening[123][124]
  • "Lozenge" (invented): opening A[125]
  • "Ma-ka-pe-na" (Hawaii): ???[5]
  • "Man" (Navajo: "Diné"): opening A, resembles "Coral"[126]
  • "Man Climbing a Tree" (Australia): opening A[127]
  • "Man in a Hammock" (???): around wrists[128]
  • "Man on/and a Bed" (Torres Straits: "Le Sik"): opening A[129][130]
    • "Hoochie Koochie Man" (Europe)[130]
  • "Many Stars"[131]/"Starry Sky"[132] (Navajo: "Son-tlani"): opening A[133]
    • "Firmament": two people[134]
  • "Net" (Hawaii: "U-pe-na"): ???[5]
  • "New Mittens" (Tanana: "ajakailaiguk"): ???[13]
  • "O-ko-le-a-mo" (Hawaii): ???[5]
  • "One Chief" (Yap: "Pilun"): position 1, Caroline extension[135]
    • "Owl" 1 ("Nas-ja"): variation[133]
    • "Owl" 2: variation[136]
    • "Owl" 3: variation[136]
    • "Seven Stars" ("Dil-ye-he"[Pleiades]): variation[137]
    • "Two-Horned Star"[Son-bi-tere]/"Cow's Head": variation[138]
    • "Two Coyotes" ("Ma-i-at-sani-il-watli"): variation[138]
    • "Big Star": variation[138]
    • "North Star" ("Tsun-tsi"): variation[137]
    • "Carrying Wood" ("Chiz-jǒ-yĕt-lĭ"): variation[133]
    • "Owl's Net": variation[139]
  • "M" (Omaha): opening A[140]
  • "Maui's Lasso" (Hawaii): opening A[141]
  • "Melon Rind" (Papuan, Bamu River): position 1[142]
  • "Moe Hora Hia" (Tuamotus: "Ghost's Path"): opening A[143]
  • "Monkey Bum"[144]/"Flying Parrot" ([British] Guiana), "Wink" (Hawaii): nonstandard[145]
  • "Moth" (Zulu), "Spectacles" (Europe): opening A[146][147]
  • "Mouse" (Murray Island: "Kebe Mokeis"), "Express Train" (Germany), (Inuit, N. & S. America, Japan, Philippines, Australia): nonstandard, "Probably the most widely distributed of all the string figures."[148][149]
  • "Mouth" (Topek Inuit: "Rote"),[150] "Trap" (Cape Prince of Wales Inuit: "keezook"):[13] Navajo opening
  • "Mrs. Crab" (South Pacific), "Elastic Band" (Japan), "Twitcher" (Hawaii): position 1[151]
  • "Mr. Spider" (Gilbert Islands): opening A[30]
  • Murray opening[152]/Index opening (technical): opening position
  • "Naio Tree" (Kauai and Niihau: False Sandalwood): position 1[153]
  • Navajo opening (Navajo), Opening B (technical):[154] opening position[117][155][115]
  • "Neneuri" (Gilbert Islands: maybe someone's name): opening A[142]
  • "Night"/"Darkness"[115] (Hawaii: "Po",[5] also Pacific, Japan, Africa, South America): opening A[156]
  • No Name (Ngatik): opening A[157]
  • "One Hogan" (Navajo): nonstandard[158]
  • Opening A[159][160][161]/Japanese opening[162] (technical: Inuit, N. & S. America, Papua[161]): position 1
  • "Open the Gate" (Hawaii), "Island Separated from Land" (Fiji), "Kokoko" (New Guinea: bird call): opening A[163]
  • "Osage Two Diamonds" (Osage): opening A[164][165]
  • "Owl" (Navajo: "Nasha"): position 1, similar to "Starry Night"[166]
  • "Palm Tree" (Torres Straits: "U"): opening A[167]
  • "Paths to the Well" (Gilbert Islands): opening A, "clearly similar to," "Iburenio"[47]
  • "Plinthios Brokhos" (Ancient Greece),[168][169][170] "Sun Clouded Over" (Australia),[171] "Giant Clam" (Fiji):[172] opening A
  • "Polar Bear" (North Alaskan Inuit): position 1, variant of "Swan"[173]
  • Pole Star (???): opening A[174]
  • "Porcupine" (Klamath), "Wolf"/"Wolverine" (Cape Prince of Wales: "koftsick"/"kulonik"),[13] "Fox" (???): opening A[175]
  • Position 1/First position[176] (technical): opening position[177][178]
  • Position 2 (technical): opening position[179]
  • "Post" (Hawaii: "Pou"): ???[5]
  • "Priestess" (Nauru: "Etaroking"): ???[27]
  • "Pu" (Hawaii): ???[5]
  • "Pump" (Hawaii: "Pau-ma-wai"): ???[5]
  • "Pygmy Diamonds" (Batwa): Navajo opening[180]
  • "Rabbit" (Klamath): opening A[139][181][182]
  • "Rabbit" (Anvik Inuit: "makadok"), "Bird On Eggs" (St. Michael Island): ???[13]
  • "Rain" (Nauru: "O-eron"): opening A[47]
  • "Rattlesnake and a Boy" (Klamath): opening A[183]
    • "Two Skunks": variation[183]
    • "Two Foxes": variation[183]
    • "Two Squirrels": variation[183]
  • "Rectangle" (???): position 1[4]
  • "Ribcage" (Alaska Inuit): ribcage opening[184]
  • Ribcage opening (technical): opening position[185]
  • "Salt Cave" (Hawaii): opening A, variation of "Fishnet"[186]
  • "Sandsnipe" (Kiribati): nonstandard[187]
  • "Saw" (Hawaii: "Pa-hi-o-lo"),[5] "Saw" (Scotland): "Cradle"[188]
  • "Sawing Together" (around the world),[189] "Saw Mill" (Ireland):[190] position 1/nonstandard, two people, trick
  • "Scarab" (invented): all moves but one taken from "Well", "Crab", and "Fence"[191]
  • "Seagull"/"Man Carrying a Kayak" (Nunivak Island Inuit: "tc-c-kyack"[13]): opening A[192]
  • "Sealskin Carrying-bag" (St. Michael Island Inuit: "aginuk"): ???[13]
    • "Kidneys" ("taktuk"): continuation[13]
  • "Sea-snake" (Murray Island: "Pagi"):[193]
  • "Seasnake" (Nauru: "Iiyanibongo"): ???[27]
  • "Second Worm" (Navajo): Navajo opening[194]
  • "See-saw" (Hawaii: "Ma-hi-ki"): ???[5]
  • "Seven Diamonds" (Brillo Nuevo): nonstandard[195]
  • "Sewing Machine" (Basel): "Cradle"[196]
  • "Ship" (King Island Inuit: "umiakbuk"): ???[13]
  • "Siberian House"[197][198]/"Two Brown Bears and Their Caves"[199] (Big Diomede Island Inuit):[13] opening A
    • "Two Inuit Running Away" ("mugalonik enuck okparuktuk")[13]
  • "Smith's Secret 1" (Europe): nonstandard[200]
  • "Smith's Secret 2" (Alaskan Inuit): nonstandard[201]
  • "Spectacles" (invented): opening A[202]
  • "Square" (invented): begins as does "Apache Door"[203]
  • "Stairs" (Cape Prince of Wales Inuit: "tutumukaligat"): ???[13]
  • "Star of David" (???): nonstandard, two people[204]
  • "Stickleback" (Guianas): nonstandard, two people[205]
  • "Storm Clouds" (Navajo): Navajo opening[206]
  • "Sun" (Nauru Island): opening A[207]
  • "Sun" (Klamath): opening A[139]
  • "Sunset" (Murray island: "Lem Baraigida"),[208] (Mabuiag: "Dògai", or "Star"): opening A, related to "Fighting Head-Hunters"[209]
  • "Swan" (Mackenzie Delta Inuit): position 1,[210] variant of "Polar Bear"
  • "Ta Ai" (Gilbert Islands: "Sun"): opening A[142]
  • "Tallow Dips" (Great Britain): nonstandard[211]
  • "Tao Ta 16" (Japan): opening A[212]
  • "Ten Men"[34] (Ngatik),[213] "Turtle" (Australia),[213] "White Betel Leaf"/"Leaves of the Bread-fruit Tree"[34] (Pacific): opening A
    • "Ten Men variation" variation[213]
    • "Second Variation of Ten Men" (invented)[214]
    • "Caroline Islands Triangles": variation[213]
    • "Carrying Money" (Uap: "Runi-ka-fei"): continuation[215]
    • "House of the Blos-Bird" (Ngatik: "Palngan-im-mun-blos"): variation[213]
  • "Threading a Closed Loop" (Omaha, Pawnee, Kwakiutl, Japan, Caroline Islands): nonstandard, trick[216]
  • "Three Stars" (Uap: "Dilipi-tuf"): opening A, Caroline extension[217]
  • "Thumb Catch[er]"[79] (Osage, England), "Bow-String" (Tanana[13]): opening A, trick[218]
  • "Tinamitto" (Nauru: "Dandy"): ???[27]
  • "Toad and a Man" (Kwakiutl): opening A[219]
  • "Torres Straits Lizard" (Murray Island: "Monan"), "Intestines of a Turtle" (Mabuiag: "Maita"): nonstandard, trick[220]
  • "Tortoise" (???): ribcage opening, two person[221]
  • "Tree Hole/Hole in the Tree"/"Sun"/"Moon"/"Female Sexual Organs" (Chama & Oceania): opening A[115]
  • "Tree with Roots and Branches" (Guiana): position 1[55]
  • "Trigger Fish" (Torres Straits: "Nageg"): "Well"[222]
  • "Turtle" (Japan): opening A[223]
  • "Turtle" (Yap): nonstandard, Caroline extension, resembles "Bagobo Diamonds"[224]
    • "Ten Times": continuation, any even number of times possible[224]
  • "Twin Stars" (Navajo: "Sono-tsihu")(Zuni): Navajo opening, closely resembles "Osage Two Diamonds"[225]
  • "Two Boys Fighting for an Arrow" (Klamath): opening A variation[226]
  • "Two Chiefs" (Yap: "Logaru-pilun"): opening A, Caroline extension[227]
  • "Two Coyotes" (Navajo): opening A[115]
    • "Cow's Head"/"Star with Two Horns" (Navajo)[166]
  • "Two Dolphins" (invented): opening A[49][166]
  • "Two Dragonflies" (Gilbert Islands: "U-oman ni keketi"): opening A[228]
  • "Two Elks" (Klamath): opening A[139]
  • "Two Hogans" (Navajo): opening A[229]
  • "Two Islands Joined by a Log" (Warrau): opening A[230]
  • "Two Islands Linked by a Bridge" (Warau, Guiana): opening A[228]
  • "Two Little Boys Running Away" (Klamath): Navajo opening[231]
  • "Two Mountains and a Stream" (St. Michael Island Inuit: "tituchtak"): ???[13]
  • "Two Ptarmigans" (Cape Prince of Wales Inuit: "mugalonik-okhozgiuk"): ???[13]
  • "Two Stars" (Navajo): opening A[232]
  • "Two Wells" (Gilbert Islands: "Tan iti ran"): around wrists[228]
  • "Two Women" (Nauru: "Echeog and Edawaroi"): ???[27]
  • "Ussugdjung" (Cumberland Sound Inuit: "circle" or "sun"): position 1[115][233]
  • "W" (Omaha): opening A[234]
  • "Wanderer" (invented): nonstandard[235]
  • "What Will You Do?" (Kwakiutl), "Old Woman" (Bella Coola): opening B[236]
  • "Wheelbarrow" (invented): Navajo opening[155]
  • "[White] Man in a Bed" (N. America): opening A[237]
  • "[White Man's] Camp Bed"/"Fetish Man's Breastplate"/"Sumbo" (central Africa: "Fishing Net"): nonstandard[238]
  • "Winking Eye" (Kauai): non-standard[239]
  • "Wolf" (Inuit: "Amaroqdjung"): ???[94]
  • "Woman" (Nauru: "Egattamma"): ???[27]
  • "Woman Who Walks a Lot" (N. New Guinea): opening A[240]
  • "Women of Rank" (Nauru: "Etima and Etowa"; Nauru women of rank): ???[27]
  • "Worm" (Navajo): Navajo opening[241]
  • "Would You Like a Sweet/Yam?" (northern Australia),[242] "Will You Have a Yam?"/"Food" (Torres Straits: "Lewer"):[243] position 1
  • "Yam Thief"/"Snake in the Trees" (South America), "Mouse" (Inuit): nonstandard[244]
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