List of piezoelectric materials

This page lists properties of several commonly used piezoelectric materials.

Piezoelectric materials (PMs) can be broadly classified as either crystalline, ceramic, or polymeric.^[1] The most commonly produced piezoelectric ceramics are lead zirconate titanate (PZT), barium titanate, and lead titanate. Gallium nitride and zinc oxide can also be regarded as a ceramic due to their relatively wide band gaps. Semiconducting PMs offer features such as compatibility with integrated circuits and semiconductor devices. Inorganic ceramic PMs offer advantages over single crystals, including ease of fabrication into a variety of shapes and sizes not constrained crystallographic directions. Organic polymer PMs, such as PVDF, have low Young's modulus compared to inorganic PMs. Piezoelectric polymers (PVDF, 240 mV-m/N) possess higher piezoelectric stress constants (g₃₃), an important parameter in sensors, than ceramics (PZT, 11 mV-m/N), which show that they can be better sensors than ceramics. Moreover, piezoelectric polymeric sensors and actuators, due to their processing flexibility, can be readily manufactured into large areas, and cut into a variety of shapes. In addition polymers also exhibit high strength, high impact resistance, low dielectric constant, low elastic stiffness, and low density, thereby a high voltage sensitivity which is a desirable characteristic along with low acoustic and mechanical impedance useful for medical and underwater applications.

Among PMs, PZT ceramics are popular as they have a high sensitivity, a high g₃₃ value. They are however brittle. Furthermore, they show low Curie temperature, leading to constraints in terms of applications in harsh environmental conditions. However, promising is the integration of ceramic disks into industrial appliances moulded from plastic. This resulted in the development of PZT-polymer composites, and the feasible integration of functional PM composites on large scale, by simple thermal welding or by conforming processes. Several approaches towards lead-free ceramic PM have been reported, such as piezoelectric single crystals (langasite), and ferroelectric ceramics with a perovskite structure and bismuth layer-structured ferroelectrics (BLSF), which have been extensively researched. Also, several ferroelectrics with perovskite-structure (BaTiO₃ [BT], (Bi_1/2Na_1/2) TiO₃ [BNT], (Bi_1/2K_1/2) TiO₃ [BKT], KNbO₃ [KN], (K, Na) NbO₃ [KNN]) have been investigated for their piezoelectric properties.

[1]

Single crystals
Reference	Material & heterostructure used for the characterization (electrodes/material, electrode/substrate)	Orientation	Piezoelectric coefficients, d (pC/N)	Relative permittivity, ε_r	Electromechanical coupling factor, k	Quality factor
Hutson 1963^[2]	AlN		d₁₅ = -4.07per	ε₃₃ = 11.4
			d₃₁ = -2
			d₃₃ = 5
Cook et al. 1963^[3]	BaTiO₃		d₁₅ = 392	ε₁₁ = 2920	k₁₅ = 0.57
			d₃₁ = -34.5	ε₃₃ = 168	k₃₁ = 0.315
			d₃₃ = 85.6		k₃₃ = 0.56
Warner et al. 1967^[4]	LiNbO₃ (Au-Au)	<001>	d₁₅ = 68	ε₁₁ = 84
			d₂₂ = 21	ε₃₃ = 30
			d₃₁ = -1		k₃₁ = 0.02
			d₃₃ = 6		k_t = 0.17
Smith et al. 1971^[5]	LiNbO₃	<001>	d₁₅ = 69.2	ε₁₁ = 85.2
			d₂₂ = 20.8	ε₃₃ = 28.2
			d₃₁ = -0.85
			d₃₃ = 6
Yamada et al. 1967^[6]	LiNbO₃ (Au-Au)	<001>	d₁₅ = 74	ε₁₁ = 84.6
			d₂₂ = 21	ε₃₃ = 28.6	k₂₂ = 0.32
			d₃₁ = -0.87		k₃₁ = 0.023
			d₃₃ = 16		k₃₃ = 0.47
Yamada et al. 1969^[7]	LiTaO₃		d₁₅ = 26	ε₁₁ = 53
			d₂₂ = 8.5	ε₃₃ = 44
			d₃₁ = -3
			d₃₃ = 9.2
Cao et al. 2002^[8]	PMN-PT (33%)		d₁₅ = 146	ε₁₁ = 1660	k₁₅ = 0.32
			d₃₁ = -1330	ε₃₃ = 8200	k₃₁ = 0.59
			d₃₃ = 2820		k₃₃ = 0.94
					k_t = 0.64
Badel et al. 2006^[9]	PMN-25PT	<110>	d₃₁ = -643	ε₃₃ = 2560	k₃₁ = -0.73	362
Kobiakov 1980^[10]	ZnO		d₁₅ = -8.3	ε₁₁ = 8.67	k₁₅ = 0.199
			d₃₁ = -5.12	ε₃₃ = 11.26	k₃₁ = 0.181
			d₃₃ = 12.3		k₃₃ = 0.466
Zgonik et al. 1994^[11]	ZnO (pure with lithium dopant)		d₁₅ = -13.3		k_r = 8.2
			d₃₁ = -4.67
			d₃₃ = 12.0
Zgonik et al. 1994^[12]	BaTiO₃ single crystals	[001] (single domain)	d₃₃ = 90
Zgonik et al. 1994^[12]	BaTiO₃ single crystals	[111] (single domain)	d₃₃ = 224
Zgonik et al. 1994^[12]	BaTiO₃ single crystals	[111] neutral (domain size of 100 ľm)	d₃₃ = 235	ε₃₃ = 1984	k₃₃ = 54.4
Zgonik et al. 1994^[12]	BaTiO₃ single crystals	[111] neutral (domain size of 60 ľm)	d₃₃ = 241	ε₃₃ = 1959	k₃₃ = 55.9
Zgonik et al. 1994^[12]	BaTiO₃ single crystals	[111] (domain size of 22 ľm)	d₃₃ = 256	ε₃₃ = 2008	k₃₃ = 64.7
Zgonik et al. 1994^[12]	BaTiO₃ single crystals	[111] neutral (domain size of 15 ľm)	d₃₃ = 274	ε₃₃ = 2853	k₃₃ = 66.1
Zgonik et al. 1994^[12]	BaTiO₃ single crystals	[111] neutral (domain size of 14 ľm)	d₃₃ = 289	ε₃₃ = 1962	k₃₃ = 66.7
Zgonik et al. 1994^[12]	BaTiO₃ single crystals	[111] neutral	d₃₃ = 331	ε₃₃ = 2679	k₃₃ = 65.2
^[13]	LN crystal		d₃₁ = -4.5 d₃₃ = -0.27
Li et al. 2010^[14]	PMNT31		d₃₃ = 2000	ε₃₃ = 5100	k₃₁ = 80
Li et al. 2010^[14]	PMNT31		d₃₁ = -750
Zhang et al. 2002^[15]	PMNT31-A		1400	ε₃₃ = 3600
Zhang et al. 2002^[15]	PMNT31-B		1500	ε₃₃ = 4800
Zhang et al. 2002^[15]	PZNT4.5		d₃₃ = 2100	ε₃₃ = 4400	k₃₁ = 83
Zhang et al. 2002^[15]	PZNT4.5		d₃₁ = -900
Zhang et al. 2004^[16]	PZNT8		d₃₃ = 2500	ε₃₃ = 6000	k₃₁ = 89
Zhang et al. 2004^[16]	PZNT8		d₃₁ = -1300
Zhang et al. 2004^[16]	PZNT12		d₃₃ = 576	ε₃₃ = 870	k₃₁ = 52
Zhang et al. 2004^[16]	PZNT12		d₃₁ = -217
Yamashita et al. 1997^[17]	PSNT33			ε₃₃ = 960	/
Yasuda et al. 2001^[18]	PINT28		700	ε₃₃ = 1500	/
Guo et al. 2003^[19]	PINT34		2000	ε₃₃ = 5000	/
Hosono et al. 2003^[20]	PIMNT		1950	ε₃₃ = 3630	/
Zhang et al. 2002^[15]	PYNT40		d₃₃ = 1200	ε₃₃ = 2700	k₃₁ = 76
Zhang et al. 2002^[15]	PYNT40		d₃₁ = -500
Zhang et al. 2012^[21]	PYNT45		d₃₃ = 2000	ε₃₃ = 2000	k₃₁ = 78
Zhang et al. 2003^[22]	BSPT57		d₃₃ = 1200	ε₃₃ = 3000	k₃₁ = 77
Zhang et al. 2003^[22]	BSPT57		d₃₁ = -560
Zhang et al. 2003^[23]	BSPT58		d₃₃ = 1400	ε₃₃ = 3200	k₃₁ = 80
Zhang et al. 2003^[23]	BSPT58		d₃₁ = -670
Zhang et al. 2004^[16]	BSPT66		d₃₃ = 440	ε₃₃ = 820	k₃₁ = 52
Zhang et al. 2004^[16]	BSPT66		d₃₁ = -162
Ye et al. 2008^[24]	BSPT57		d₃₃ = 1150 d₃₁ = -520	ε₃₃ = 3000	k₃₁ = 0.52 k₃₃ = 0.91
Ye et al. 2008^[24]	BSPT66		d₃₃ = 440	ε₃₃ = 820	k₃₁ = 0.52 k₃₃ = 0.88
Ye et al. 2008^[24]	BSPT66		d₃₁ = -162
Ye et al. 2008^[24]	PZNT4.5		d₃₃ = 2000 d₃₁ = -970	ε₃₃ = 5200	k₃₁ = 0.50 k₃₃ = 0.91
Ye et al. 2008^[24]	PZNT8		d₃₁ = -1455	ε₃₃ = 7700	k₃₁ = 0.60 k₃₃ = 0.94
Ye et al. 2008^[24]	PZNT12		d₃₃ = 576 d₃₁ = -217	ε₃₃ = 870	k₃₁ = 0.52 k₃₃ = 0.86
Ye et al. 2008^[24]	PMNT33		d₃₃ = 2820 d₃₁ = -1330	ε₃₃ = 8200	k₃₁ = 0.59 k₃₃ = 0.94
Matsubara et al. 2004^[25]	KCN-modified KNN		d₃₃ = 100 d₃₁ = -180	ε₃₃ = 220-330	k_p = 33-39	1200
Ryu et al. 2007^[26]	KZT modifiedKNN		d₃₃ = 126	ε₃₃ = 590	k_p = 42	58
Matsubara et al. 2005^[27]	KCT modified KNN		d₃₃ = 190	ε₃₃ =	k_p = 42	1300
Wang et al. 2007^[28]	Bi₂O₃ doped KNN		d₃₃ = 127	ε₃₃ = 1309	k_p = 28.3
Jiang et al. 2009^[29]	doped KNN-0.005BF		d₃₃ = 257	ε₃₃ = 361	k_p= 52	45

Ceramics
Reference	Material & heterostructure used for the characterization (electrodes/material, electrode/substrate)	Orientation	Piezoelectric coefficients, d (pC/N)	Relative permittivity, ε_r	Electromechanical coupling factor, k	Quality factor
Berlincourt et al. 1958^[30]	BaTiO₃		d₁₅ = 270	ε₁₁ = 1440	k₁₅ = 0.57
			d₃₁ = -79	ε₃₃ = 1680	k₃₁ = 0.49
			d₃₃ = 191		k₃₃ = 0.47
Tang et al. 2011^[31]	BFO		d₃₃ = 37		k_t = 0.6
Zhang et al. 1999^[32]	PMN-PT		d₃₁ = -74	ε₃₃ = 1170	k₃₁ = -0.312	283
^[33]	PZT-5A		d₃₁ = -171	ε₃₃ = 1700	k₃₁ = 0.34
^[33]	PZT-5A		d₃₃ = 374		k₃₃ = 0.7
^[34]	PZT-5H		d₁₅ = 741	ε₁₁ = 3130	k₁₅ = 0.68	65
			d₃₁ = -274	ε₃₃ = 3400	k₃₁ = 0.39
			d₃₃ = 593		k₃₃ = 0.75
^[35]	PZT-5K		d₃₃ = 870	ε₃₃ = 6200	k₃₃ = 0.75
Tanaka et al. 2009^[36]	PZN7%PT		d₃₃ = 2400	ε_r = 6500	k₃₃ = 0.94 k_t = 0.55
Pang et al. 2010^[37]	ANSZ		d₃₃ = 295	1.61	45.5	84
Park et al. 2006^[38]	KNN-BZ		d₃₃ = 400	2	57.4	48
Cho et al. 2007^[39]	KNN-BT		d₃₃ = 225	1.06	36.0
Park et al. 2007^[40]	KNN-ST		d₃₃ = 220	1.45	40.0	70
Zhao et al. 2007^[41]	KNN-CT		d₃₃ = 241	1.32	41.0
Zhang et al. 2006^[42]	LNKN		d₃₃ = 314	~700	41.2
Saito et al. 2004^[43]	KNN-LS		d₃₃ = 270	1.38	50.0
Saito et al. 2004^[43]	LF4		d₃₃ = 300	1.57
Tanaka et al. 2009^[36]	Oriented LF4		d₃₃ = 416	1.57	61.0
Pang et al. 2010^[37]	ANSZ		d₃₃ = 295	1.61	45.5	84
Park et al. 2006^[38]	KNN-BZ		d₃₃ = 400	2	57.4	48
Cho et al. 2007^[44]	KNN-BT		d₃₃ = 225	1.06	36.0
Park et al. 2007^[40]	KNN-ST		d₃₃ = 220	1.45	40.0	70
Maurya et al. 2013^[45]	KNN-CT		d₃₃ = 241	1.32	41.0
Maurya et al. 2013^[45]	NBT-BT	(001) Textured samples	d₃₃ = 322		...
Gao et al. 2008^[46]	NBT-BT-KBT	(001) Textured samples	d₃₃ = 192
Zou et al. 2016^[47]	NBT-KBT	(001) Textured samples	d₃₃ = 134		k_p= 35
Saito et al. 2004^[43]	NBT-KBT	(001) Textured samples	d₃₃ = 217		k_p = 61
Chang et al. 2009^[48]	KNLNTS	(001) Textured samples	d₃₃ = 416		k_p = 64
Chang et al. 2011^[49]	KNNS	(001) Textured samples	d₃₃ = 208		k_p = 63
Hussain et al. 2013^[50]	KNLN	(001) Textured samples	d₃₃ = 192		k_p = 60
Takao et al. 2006^[51]	KNNT	(001) Textured samples	d₃₃ = 390		k_p = 54
Li et al. 2012^[52]	KNN 1 CuO	(001) Textured samples	d₃₃ = 123		k_p = 54
Cho et al. 2012^[53]	KNN-CuO	(001) Textured samples	d₃₃ = 133		k_p = 46
Hao et al. 2012^[54]	NKLNT	(001) Textured samples	d₃₃ = 310		k_p = 43
Gupta et al. 2014^[55]	KNLN	(001) Textured samples	d₃₃ = 254
Hao et al. 2012^[54]	KNN	(001) Textured samples	d₃₃ = 180		k_p = 44
Bai et al. 2016^[56]	BCZT	(001) Textured samples	d₃₃ = 470		k_p = 47
Ye et al. 2013^[57]	BCZT	(001) Textured samples	d₃₃ = 462		k_p = 49
Schultheiß et al. 2017 ^[58]	BCZT-T-H	(001) Textured samples	d₃₃ = 580
OMORI et al. 1990^[59]	BCT	(001) Textured samples	d₃₃ = 170
Chan et al. 2008^[60]	Pz34 (doped PbTiO₃)		d₁₅ = 43.3	ε₃₃ = 237	k₃₁ = 4.6	700
			d₃₁ = -5.1	ε₃₃ = 208	k₃₃ = 39.6
			d₃₃ = 46		k₁₅ = 22.8
					k_p = 7.4
Lee et al. 2009^[61]	BNKLBT		d₃₃ = 163	ε_r = 766	k₃₁ = 0.188	142
				ε₃₃ = 444.3	k_t = 0.524
					k_p = 0.328
Sasaki et al. 1999^[62]	KNLNTS			ε_r = 1156	k₃₁ = 0.26	80
				ε₃₃ = 746	k_t = 0.32
					k_p = 0.43
Takenaka et al. 1991^[63]	(Bi_0.5Na_0.5)TiO₃ (BNT)-based BNKT		d₃₁ = 46	ε_r = 650	k_p = 0.27
Takenaka et al. 1991^[63]	(Bi_0.5Na_0.5)TiO₃ (BNT)-based BNKT		d₃₃ = 150		k₃₁ = 0.165
Tanaka et al. 1960^[64]	(Bi_0.5Na_0.5)TiO₃ (BNT)-based BNBT		d₃₁ = 40	ε_r = 580	k₃₁ = 0.19
Tanaka et al. 1960^[64]	(Bi_0.5Na_0.5)TiO₃ (BNT)-based BNBT		d₃₃ = 12.5		k₃₃ = 0.55
Hutson 1960^[65]	CdS		d₁₅ = -14.35
			d₃₁ = -3.67
			d₃₃ = 10.65
Schofield et al. 1957^[66]	CdS		d₃₁ = -1.53
Schofield et al. 1957^[66]	CdS		d₃₃ = 2.56
Egerton et al. 1959^[67]	BaCaOTi		d₃₁ = -50		k₁₅ = 0.19	400
			d₃₃ = 150		k₃₁ = 0.49
					k₃₃ = 0.325
Ikeda et al. 1961^[68]	Nb₂O₆Pb		d₃₁ = -11		k_r = 0.07	11
			d₃₃ = 80		k₃₁ = 0.045
					k₃₃ = 0.042
Ikeda et al. 1962^[69]	C₆H₁₇N₃O₁₀S		d₂₃ = 84		k₂₁ = 0.18
			d₂₁ = 22.7		k₂₂ = 0.18
			d₂₅ = 22		k₂₃ = 0.44
Brown et al. 1962^[70]	BaTiO₃ (95%) BaZrO₃ (5%)				k₁₅ = 0.15	200
			d₃₁ = -60		k₃₁ = 0.40
			d₃₃ = 150		k₃₃ = 0.28
Huston 1960^[65]	BaNb₂O₆ (60%) Nb₂O₆Pb (40%)		d₃₁ = -25		k_r = 0.16
Baxter et al. 1960^[71]	BaNb₂O₆ (50%) Nb₂O₆Pb (50%)		d₃₁= -36		k_r = 0.16
Pullin 1962^[72]	BaTiO₃ (97%) CaTiO₃ (3%)		d₃₁ = -53	ε₃₃ = 1390	k₁₅ = 0.39
			d₃₃ = 135		k₃₁ = 0.17
					k₃₃ = 0.43
Berlincourt et al. 1960^[73]	BaTiO₃ (95%) CaTiO₃ (5%)		d₁₅ = -257	ε₃₃ = 1355	k₁₅ = 0.495	500
			d₃₁ = -58		k₃₁ = 0.19
			d₃₃ = 150		k₃₃ = 0.49
					k_r = 0.3
Berlincourt et al. 1960^[73]	BaTiO₃ (96%) PbTiO₃ (4%)		d₃₁ = -38	ε₃₃ = 990	k₁₅ = 0.34
			d₃₃ = 105		k₃₁ = 0.14
					k₃₃ = 0.39
Jaffe et al. 1955^[74]	PbHfO₃ (50%) PbTiO₃ (50%)		d₃₁ = -54		k_r = 0.38
Kell 1962^[75]	Nb₂O₆Pb (80%) BaNb₂O₆ (20%)		d₃₁ = 25		k_r = 0.20	15
Brown et al. 1962^[70]	Nb₂O₆Pb (70%) BaNb₂O₆ (30%)		d₃₁ = -40	ε₃₃ = 900	k₃₁ = 0.13	350
			d₃₃ = 100		k₃₃ = 0.3
					k_r = 0.24
Berlincourt et al. 1960^[76]	PbTiO₃ (52%) PbZrO3 (48%)		d₁₅ = 166		k₁₅ = 0.40	1170
			d₃₁ = -43		k₃₁ = 0.17
			d₃₃ = 110		k₃₃ = 0.43
					k_r = 0.28
Berlincourt et al. 1960^[77]	PbTiO₃ (50%) lead Zirconate (50%)		d₁₅ = 166		k₁₅ = 0.504	950
			d₃₁ = -43		k₃₁ = 0.23
			d₃₃ = 110		k₃₃ = 0.546
					k_r = 0.397
Egerton et al. 1959^[67]	KNbO₃ (50%) NaNbO₃ (50%)		d₃₁ = -32			140
			d₃₃ = 80		k₃₁ = 0.21
					k₃₃ = 0.51
Brown et al. 1962^[70]	NaNbO₃ (80%) Cd₂Nb₂O₇ (20%)		d₃₁ = -80	ε₃₃ = 2000	k₃₁ = 0.17
			d₃₃ = 200		k₃₃ = 0.42
					k_r = 0.30
Schofield et al. 1957^[66]	BaTiO₃ (95%) CaTiO₃ (5%) CoCO3 (0.25%)		d₃₁ = -60	ε₃₃ = 1605	k_r = 0.33
Pullin 1962^[72]	BaTiO₃ (80%) PbTiO₃ (12%) CaTiO₃ (8%)		d₃₁ = -31		k₃₁ = 0.15	1200
			d₃₃ = 79		k₃₃ = 0.41
					k_r = 0.24
Defaÿ 2011^[78]	AlN (Pt-Mo)		d₃₁ = -2.5
Shibata et al. 2011^[79]	KNN(Pt-Pt)	<001>	d₃₁ = -96.3	ε_r = 1100
Shibata et al. 2011^[79]	KNN(Pt-Pt)	<001>	d₃₃ = 138.2
Sessler 1981^[80]	PVDF		d₃₁ = 17.9		k₃₁ = 10.3
			d₃₂ = 0.9		k₃₃ = 12.6
			d₃₃ = -27.1
Ren et al. 2017^[81]	PVDF		d₃₁ = 23	ε_r = 106
			d₃₂ = 2
			d₃₃ = -21
Tsubouchi et al. 1981^[82]	Epi AlN/Al₂O₃	<001>	d₃₃ = 5.53	ε₃₃ = 9.5	k_t = 6.5	2490

Nanomaterials
Reference	Material	Structure	Piezoelectric coefficients, d (pC/N)	Characterization method	Size (nm)
Ke et al. 2008^[83]	NaNbO₃	nanowire	d₃₃ = 0.85-4.26 pm/V	PFM	d = 100
Wang et al. 2008^[84]	KNbO₃	nanowire	d₃₃ = 0.9 pm/V	PFM	d = 100
Zhang et al. 2004^[85]	PZT	nanowire		PFM	d = 45
Zhao et al. 2004^[86]	ZnO	nanobelt	d₃₃ = 14.3-26.7 pm/V	PFM	w = 360 t = 65
Luo et al. 2003^[87]	PZT	nanoshell	d₃₃ = 90 pm/V	PFM	d = 700 t = 90
Yun et al. 2002^[88]	BaTiO3	nanowire	d₃₃ = 0.5 pm/V	PFM	d = 120
Lin et al. 2008^[89]	CdS	nanowire		Bending with AFM tip	d = 150
Wang et al. 2007^[90]	PZT	nanofiber	piezoelectric voltage constant~0.079 Vm/N	Bending using a tungsten probe	d = 10
Wang et al. 2007^[91]	BaTiO₃	-	d₃₃ = 45 pC/N	Direct tensile test	d ~ 280
Jeong et al. 2014^[92]	Alkaline niobate (KNLN)	film	d₃₃ = 310 pC/N	-
Park et al. 2010^[93]	BaTiO₃	Thin film	d₃₃ = 190 pC/N
Stoppel et al. 2011^[94]	AlN	Thin film	d₃₃ =5 pC/N	AFM
Lee et al. 2017^[95]	WSe2	2D nanosheet	d₁₁ = 3.26 pm/V
Zhu et al. 2014^[96]	MoS2	Free standing layer	e₁₁ = 2900pc/m	AFM
Zhong et al. 2017^[97]	PET/EVA/PET	film	d₃₃ = 6300 pC/N

List of piezoelectric materials

Key piezoelectric properties

Table

References

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