List of oral repositories

Oral repositories are people who have been trusted with mentally recording information constituting oral tradition within a society. They serve an important role in oral cultures and illiterate societies as repositories of their culture's traditional knowledge, values, and morals.^[1][2][3][4]

Examples of oral repositories

Five sangomas in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Seán Ó hEinirí, seanchaí from Mayo, Ireland

Mandinka jeli Al-Haji Papa Susso performing songs on the kora from the oral tradition of the Gambia

A manaschi performing the Epic of Manas in Karakol, Kyrgyzstan

Roles

People termed as "oral repositories" have been likened to "walking libraries", leading to the saying "whenever an old man dies, it is as though a library were burning down".^[5][6][7] Roles vary, and can be titular, formal or informal, some professional specialists such as the Caucasian ashik, or more commonly amateurs and knowledgeable generalists such as the bulaam of the Kuba people.^{[8]: 36–39}

Types of information held by oral repositories includes lineages, oral law, mythology, oral literature and oral poetry (of which oral history is often entwined), folk songs and aural tradition, and traditional knowledge. In many indigenous societies, such as Native American and San, these roles are fulfilled in a general sense by elders.^[9][10] In some societies anyone could become a generalist or traditionalist regardless of their social class, and acquisition depends solely on individual aptitude, while in others the roles are hereditary and dependent on class or caste.^{[11]: 192–193}

These people usually hold authority within their respective societies, although musicians sometimes constitute a low caste/class. They can be religious figures playing roles in rituals and ceremonies.^[12] With regard to narrative traditions, they usually perform from their repertoire and apply their distinct style while innovating on a well-known tale or work, seeking to create an experience by leading, involving, and responding to the audience.^[8]: 34 Some participate in improvised poetry competitions such as the Central Asian aytysh, the North African Kabyle people's amusnaw, the Spanish repentismo [es], or the African Ewe people's halo.^[13][14] In parts of the world they remain as custodians of culture despite rising literacy rates.^[15]

Africa

Term	Type/s of information	Society/ies	Period	Sources
Abacurabwenge	Genealogy	Rwandan		[16][17]
Abasizi	Poetry/panegyrics	Rwandan		[16][17]
Abateekerezi	Royal memoirs	Rwandan		[16][17]
Abiru	Code of kingship	Rwandan		[16][17]
Akewi	Poetry, eg. oríkì	Yoruba	To present	[18][19]
Akomfo	Religious lore	Akan	To present	[20][21]
Arókin (griot)	General	Yoruba	To present	[22]
Amdyaz	Poetry	Berber	To present	[23][24]
Amusnaw	General, eg. asefru	Kabyle		[25]
Anechchad	Songs	Berber	To present	[26]
Azmari	Poetry and songs	Amharic		[27]
Babalawo	Religious lore	Yoruba	To present	[28]
Bambudye/Mbudye	General	Luba	To present	[29]
Bulaam	History, literature, and poetry	Kuba	To present	[30]: 17
Debtera	Religious lore	Ethiopian and Eritrean		[31][32]
Gawlo (griot)	General	Fula and Toucouleur	To present	[33]
Gesere/Jaare (griot)	General	Soninke	To present	[34][35]
Géwël (griot)	General	Wolof and Serer	To present	[36]
Halaiqui	Literature	Moroccan	To present	[37][38]
Iggiw/Ighyuwn/Iggawen (griot)	General	Hassaniya	To present	[39]
Imbongi	Poetry	Southern African, eg. Xhosa and Zulu	To present	[40]
Jèli/Jali	General	Mandinka, Dyula, Mossi, and Bambara	To present	[41]
Hogon	Religious lore	Dogon	To present	[42]
Maalem	Songs, religious lore	Moroccan	To present	[43]
Mahosi [ve]	General	Venda	To present	[44]
Maroka (griot)	General	Hausa	To present	[45]
Mbomo mvet	Songs and literature	Fang	To present	[46][47]
Mganga	Religious lore	Swahili		[48]
Mmoki	Poetry	Tswana	To present	[49]
Moaridi	History	Kuba		[50]
Moreti	Poetry	Bapedi	To present	[51]
Mpikabary	Public speaking	Merina	To present	[52]
Mukhodi	Poetry	Venda	To present	[53]
Muphati	Poetry	Tsonga	To present	[54]
N'anga	Religious lore	Shona	To present	[55]
Nganga	Religious lore	Kongo	To present	[56]
Oday	General, law	Somali	To present	[57]
Ogbu Avu	General	Igbo	To present	[58][59]
Okyeame	General	Akan		[60]
Omwevugi	General, eg poetry	Banyankore and Bahima	To present	[61]
Sangoma	Religious lore, general	Nguni, Sotho, and Tsonga	To present	[62]
Sarungano	Literature	Shona	To present	[63]
Seroki	Poetry, genealogies	Sotho	To present	[64]
Ughoro	General	Edo		[65]
Ugogo	Literature (ntsomi or izinganekwane [zu])	Xhosa and Zulu	To present	[66]

Asia

Term	Type/s of information	Society/ies	Period	Sources
Aqyn	Poetry and songs	Kazakh and Kyrgyz		[67]
Ashik/Ashugh	Poetry and songs	Azerbaijani, Turkish, Georgian, and Armenian		[68][69][70]
Babaylan	Religious lore	Filipino	Until 20th century	[71]
Bagshy	Literature	Turkmen	To present	[72]
Baxshi [uz]	Poetry	Uzbek	To present	[73]
Bhanaka	Religious texts	Asian (Buddhist)	Until 1st century BCE	[74]
Bhāts	Genealogy, sometimes poetry and storytelling	Indian		[75]
Bobohizan	Religious knowledge	Kadazan-Dusun (Malay)	To present	[76]
Bomoh	Religious knowledge	Malay and Sumatran	To present	[77]
Charan	General, eg. Rajasthani and Gujarati literature	Rajasthani, Gujurati, Baloch, and Sindhi		[78][79]
Dalang	Literature	Indonesian	To present[80]
Dastango	Literature	Pakistani	Until 20th century (revived)	[81]
Dengbêj	Literature and songs	Kurdish		[82]
Dukun	Religious knowledge	Malay and Indonesian	To present	[83]
Gusans	Poetry	Armenian		[84][85]
Hakawati	Literature	Arab	To present	[86]
Kamishibaiya	Literature	Japanese	To present	[87]
Kathakar	Literature	Indian	To present	[88]
Maggid	Religious lore, literature	Jewish		[89]
Manaschi	Literature	Kyrgyz	To present	[90]
Manganiar	Songs and music	Rajasthani (Indian)	To present	[91][92]
Meddah	Literature	Turkish	Until 20th century	[93]
Mo phi	Religious knowledge	Thai		[94]
Naqqal	Literature	Iranian	To present	[95]
Pawang	Religious knowledge	Malay and Indonesian	To present	[96]
Qawwāl	Religious songs	Asian (Sufi)	To present	[97]
Rāwī	Poetry, literature, and religious texts	Arabic	Until 8th century CE	[98]
Sėsėn	Literature	Bashkir	To present	[99]
Sorikkun	Pansori	Korean		[100]
Tuulchi	Literature	Mongolian	To present	[101]
Wu	Religious lore	Chinese	Until ?	[102]
Zajjalin	Poetry	Andalusian, Lebanese, Palestinian, Syrian, Jordanian, Moroccan, and Algerian	To present	[103]
Zhyrau	Poetry, eg. Kazakh literature	Turkic, eg. Kazakh	To present	[104][105]

Europe

Term	Type/s of information	Society/ies	Period	Sources
Aoidos	Poetry and songs	Ancient Greek	Until ?	[106]
Aois-dàna	Genealogy	Scottish Highlander	Until 17th century	[107]
Bard	General	Scottish, Irish, and Welsh	Until ?	[108]
Bertsolaris	Poetry	Basque	To present	[109]
Cuntisti	Literature	Sicilian (Italian)		[110][111]
Druid	Religious lore	Celtic	Until ?	[112]
Drut'syla	Literature	Jewish	To present	[113]
Dziady	Songs	Slavic eg. Polish		[114]
Filí	Poetry	Irish and Scottish	Until 15th century	[115]
Fulesta [it]	Literature	Romagnol (Italian)	To present?	[116]
Kobzar	Songs	Ukrainian	Until 20th century (revived)	[117].[118]
Lahutar	Poetry	Albanian		[119]
Lăutari	Songs	Romanian and Romani	To present	[120]
Lirnyk	Literature and songs	Ukrainian	Until 20th century	[121]
Klezmer	Songs	Jewish		[122]
Makar	General	Scottish		[123]
Minstrel	Songs	European	Until 19th century	[124]
Ollam	General	Irish	Until ?	[125]
Piitárides	Songs	Cypriot		[126]
Rhapsode	Poetry	Ancient Greek	Until ?	[127]
Rimadóri	Songs	Cretan (Greek)		[126]
Seanchai	Literature and history	Irish, Manx, and Scottish Highlander	To present	[128]
Scop	Poetry	English	Until ?	[129]
Skald	Poetry	Scandinavian	Until 16th century	[130]
Skomorokh	Songs	Russian	Until 18th century	[131]
Spelman	Songs	Swedish		[132]
Spielmann	Songs	German		[133]
Thyle	General	Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon	Until 7th century	[134][135]
Tietäjä	General, Poetry	Finnish	Until 20th century	[136]

North America

Term	Type/s of information	Society/ies	Period	Sources
Calypsonian	Songs	Trinidadian		[137]
Iyalawo	Religious knowledge	Afro-Cuban	To present	[138]
Medicine man	Religious knowledge	Native American	To present	[139]
North American Indigenous elder	General	North American Indigenous	To present	[140]
Oungan and Manbo	Religious lore	Afro-Haitian	To present	[141][142]
Paleros	Religious lore	Afro-Cuban		[143]

South America

Term	Type/s of information	Society/ies	Period	Sources
Amauta	General	Incan	Until ?	[144]
Yatiri	Religious knowledge	Aymara	To present	[145]

Oceania

Term	Type/s of information	Society/ies	Period	Sources
Australian Aboriginal elder	General	Australian Aboriginal	To present	[146][147]
Fāgogo	Literature	Samoan	To present	[148]
Ha'atufunga	Royal rituals	Tongan	To present	[149][150]
Haku mo'olelo	Literature	Hawaiian		[151]
Kahuna	Religious lore	Polynesian, eg. Hawaiian		[152]
Mea hula	Literature	Hawaiian	To present	[153]
Tulafale	General	Samoan	To present	[154]
Wānanga	General	Māori	To present	[155]

See also

• Troubador - Occitan poet, until the 14th century
• Shadow play
• Rakugoka - Japanese performer of verbal comedy
• Bharatanatyam - Tamil traditional dance and literature
• Katha (storytelling format) - Indian religious storytelling

References

1. Ikuenobe, Polycarp (2018). "Oral Tradition, Epistemic Dependence, and Knowledge in African Cultures" (PDF). Synthesis Philisophica. 33 (1): 23–40. doi:10.21464/SP33102. S2CID 195540414.
2. Amadi, Adolphe O. (January 1981). "The emergence of a library tradition in pre- and post-colonial Africa". International Library Review. 13 (1): 65–72. doi:10.1016/0020-7837(81)90029-7.
3. Thieme, John (2016), Head, Dominic (ed.), "After Empire: Postcolonial Short Fiction and the Oral Tradition", The Cambridge History of the English Short Story, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–394, ISBN 978-1-107-16742-1, retrieved 2024-08-19
4. "Process for Meaningful Consultation of Indigenous Peoples". caid.ca. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
5. Jolly, Margaretta (2013). Encyclopedia of Life Writing: Autobiographical and Biographical Forms. Routledge. ISBN 9781136787447.
6. John, Magnus (July 1979). "Libraries in oral-traditional societies". International Library Review. 11 (3): 321–339. doi:10.1016/0020-7837(79)90003-7.
7. Chisita, Collence; Abdullahi, Ismaili (2010). The Challenges and Opportunities of preparing LIS Students for Orally based communities (PDF). WORLD LIBRARY AND INFORMATION CONGRESS: 76TH IFLA GENERAL CONFERENCE AND ASSEMBLY.
8. Vansina, Jan (1985). Oral tradition as history. Internet Archive. Madison, Wis. : University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-10213-5.
9. Backwell, Lucinda; d'Errico, Francesco (2021-07-01). San Elders Speak: Ancestral knowledge of the Kalahari San. NYU Press. ISBN 978-1-77614-665-9.
10. Brill de Ramírez, Susan Berry (2015). "The Historical and Literary Role of Folklore, Storytelling, and the Oral Tradition in Native American Literatures". In Madsen, Deborah L. (ed.). The Routledge Companion to Native American Literature. doi:10.4324/9781315777344. ISBN 978-1-317-69319-2.
11. Ba, Amadou (1981). "The living tradition". General History of Africa: Volume 1. UNESCO Publishing.
12. Goody, Jack (2010-10-14). Myth, Ritual and the Oral. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49303-1.
13. Pimienta, Alexis Díaz (1998). Teoría de la improvisación: primeras páginas para el estudio del repentismo (in Spanish). Sendoa. ISBN 978-84-89080-74-4.^{[page needed]}
14. Missihoun, Honoré (2023). "Halo: The Ewe Battle Tradition of Music, Songs, and Performance". African Battle Traditions of Insult. African Histories and Modernities. pp. 37–54. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15617-5_3. ISBN 978-3-031-15616-8.
15. Anderson, Carol (2018-01-01). "Comparing literate and oral cultures with a view to improving understanding of students from oral traditions: an autoethnographic approach". EWU Masters Thesis Collection.
16. Jessee, Erin; Watkins, Sarah E. (2014). "Good Kings, Bloody Tyrants, and Everything In Between: Representations of the Monarchy in Post-Genocide Rwanda" (PDF). History in Africa. 41: 35–62. doi:10.1017/hia.2014.7. JSTOR 26362083.
17. "The Voice of the Past: Oral History [4° ed.] 019933546X, 9780199335466". ebin.pub. 2021-01-24. Retrieved 2024-08-21.
18. Experts, Naija Event (2023-10-28). "Akewi: Yoruba Poet in English". Naija Event Experts. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
19. Okunoye, Oyeniyi (2010). "Ewi, Yoruba modernity and the public space". Lagos Notes and Records. 16 (1). hdl:10520/AJA00757640_25.
20. Opokuwaa, Nana Akua Kyerewaa (2005). The Quest for Spiritual Transformation: Introduction to Traditional Akan Religion, Rituals and Practices. iUniverse. ISBN 978-0-595-35071-1.
21. Ephirim-Donkor, Anthony (2008). "Akom: The Ultimate Mediumship Experience Among the Akan". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 76 (1): 54–81. doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfm091.
22. Farias, P. F. de Moraes (January 1992). "History and Consolation: Royal Yorùbá Bards Comment on Their Craft". History in Africa. 19: 263–297. doi:10.2307/3172001. JSTOR 3172001.
23. Peyron, Michael (January 2000). "Amdyaz, the wandering bard of berber poetry". Études et Documents Berbères. 18 (1): 103–110. doi:10.3917/edb.018.0103.
24. Chaker, S. (1986). "Amdyaz (Aède, poète itinérant) (Maroc central)". Encyclopédie Berbère (4): 576–577. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2469.
25. Mammeri, Mouloud (1980). Poèmes kabyles anciens.
26. Peyron, Michael (1995). "Middle Atlas Berber Poetry" (PDF). Alpine Journal.
27. Kebede, Ashenafi (January 1975). "The "Azmari", Poet-Musician of Ethiopia". The Musical Quarterly. 61 (1): 47–57. doi:10.1093/mq/lxi.1.47.
28. Olupona, Jacob K.; Abiodun, Rowland O. (2016-02-29). Ifá Divination, Knowledge, Power, and Performance. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-01896-0.
29. "Memory Board (Lukasa) [Democratic Republic of Congo; Luba] (1977.467.3)". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
30. Vansina, Jan (1994). Living with Africa. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14324-4.
31. Glossary Archived 2018-11-21 at the Wayback Machine, Eritrean Print and Oral Culture, hosted on Canada Research Chair Humanities Computing Studio.
32. Isaac Greenfield, "The Debtera and the education among Ethiopian Jewry until the arrival of Dr. Faitlovitch" in Menachem Waldman (ed.), Studies in the History of Ethiopian Jews, Habermann Institute of Literary Research, 2011, pp. 109-135 (Hebrew)
33. "The Fulani Culture: Threads of Tradition and Heritage | My Gambia". www.my-gambia.com. June 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
34. Austen, Ralph A. (1999). "The gesere of Borgu: A neglected type of Manding diaspora". In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic as History, Literature, and Performance. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21248-1.
35. Stephen Paterson Belcher (1999). "Traditions of the Soninke". Epic traditions of Africa. Internet Archive. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-33501-2.
36. Bellinger, Robert A. (2013). "The Géwël Tradition Project: Supporting A Living Tradition". African Arts. 46 (1): 62–71. doi:10.1162/AFAR_a_00045. JSTOR 43306127.
37. "UNESCO to the rescue of the halaquis". 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
38. "Storytelling Traditions Across the World: Morocco". All Good Tales. 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2024-09-09.
39. Shoup, John (2007). "The Griot Tradition in Ḥassāniyya Music: The 'Īggāwen'". Quaderni di Studi Arabi. 2: 95–102. JSTOR 25803021.
40. Kaschula, Russell H. (June 1999). "Imbongi and griot: toward a comparative analysis of oral poetics in Southern and West Africa*". Journal of African Cultural Studies. 12 (1): 55–76. doi:10.1080/13696819908717840.
41. Melville, Caspar (2017-06-02). "Valuing Tradition: Mali's jeliw, European publishers and Copyright". Journal of World Popular Music. 4 (1): 10–44. doi:10.1558/jwpm.31661.
42. Imperato, Pascal James (1978). Dogon cliff dwellers: the art of Mali's mountain people. L. Kahan Gallery/African Art. p. 12.
43. Sechehaye, Hélène; Weisser, Stéphanie (2015-08-24). "The Gnawa musicians in Brussels: a cultural reorganisation". Brussels Studies. La revue scientifique pour les recherches sur Bruxelles / Het wetenschappelijk tijdschrift voor onderzoek over Brussel / The Journal of Research on Brussels. doi:10.4000/brussels.1294.
44. "Venda culture (MZ)". www.southafrica.net. Retrieved 2024-08-31.
45. Podstavsky, Sviatoslav (2004). "Hausa Entertainers and their Social Status: A Reconsideration of Sociohistorical Evidence". Ethnomusicology. 48 (3): 348–377. JSTOR 30046285.
46. "AFRICA | 101 Last Tribes - Fang people". www.101lasttribes.com. Retrieved 2024-09-04.
47. "Fang Mythology - Lebarty". 2024-08-07. Retrieved 2024-09-04.
48. Acquaviva, Graziella (23 November 2018). "Healing and Spirituality: The mganga figure between literature, myths and beliefs". Kervan. 22. doi:10.13135/1825-263X/2872.
49. Seddon, Deborah (January 2004). "Shakespeare's Orality: Solomon Plaatje's Setswana Translations". English Studies in Africa. 47 (2): 77–95. doi:10.1080/00138390408691323.
50. Masiala, Nathalis Lembe (2011-10-14). Quelques éléments de l'oralité dans la palabre Kinzonzi, en pays Kongo ( RDC) (in French). Editions Publibook. ISBN 978-2-7483-6904-5.
51. Kgobe, D. (1995). "Oral poetry: The Poet's performance and his audience in an African context with special reference to the Northern Sotho Society". South African Journal for Folklore Studies. 6 (1).
52. "UNESCO - Malagasy Kabary, the Malagasy oratorical art". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2024-09-04.
53. Kruger, Jaco (1999). "Of Wizards and Madmen: Venda 'Zwilombe', Part I". South African Journal of Musicology. 19: 15. ProQuest 1416362835.
54. Malungana, Shidjabadjaba John (October 1994). Vuphato: praise poetry in Xitsonga (Thesis). hdl:10210/11638.
55. Gelfand, Michael (1981). "The N'anga, the guardian of the Shona way of life, its ethics and behaviour". Central African Journal of Medicine. 27 (7): 146–148. PMID 7307071.
56. Brown, Ras Michael (2012). African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Lowcountry. Cambridge University Press. pp. 20, 96, 97, 103, 105. ISBN 978-1-139-56104-4.
57. Gundel, Joachim (2006). The predicament of the 'Oday'*: The role of traditional structures in security, rights, law and development in Somalia (PDF). Danish refugee council & Novib/Oxfam (Report).
58. Griotmedia (2007-11-28). "GRIOT MEDIA: THE IGBO GRIOT". GRIOT MEDIA. Retrieved 2024-09-04.
59. "History Keepers: The Griots of West Africa". Medium. 17 December 2019.
60. Yankah, Kwesi (1995-06-22). Speaking for the Chief: Okyeame and the Politics of Akan Royal Oratory. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-11266-8.
61. Plastow, Jane (2021). "Colonial Theatre in British East Africa: Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika". A History of East African Theatre, Volume 2. pp. 77–127. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87731-6_2. ISBN 978-3-030-87730-9.
62. Van Binsbergen, Wim (1991). "Becoming a Sangoma: Religious Anthropological Field-Work in Francistown, Botswana". Journal of Religion in Africa. 21 (4): 309–344. doi:10.2307/1581194. hdl:1887/9036. JSTOR 1581194.
63. Chinyowa, Kennedy C (April 2001). "The Sarungano and Shona Storytelling: an African Theatrical Paradigm". Studies in Theatre and Performance. 21 (1): 18–30. doi:10.1386/stap.21.1.18.
64. Tsiu, William (2008). BASOTHO ORAL POETRY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY (PDF) (Thesis). University of South Africa.
65. Aluede, Charles; Ekewenu, Bruno Dafe (August 2023). "Socio-musical acculturation in Igbe and Iyayi religious movements among the Urhobo and Esan of Nigeria". Critical Research on Religion. 11 (2): 222–242. doi:10.1177/20503032231174212.
66. Madlala, Ntokozo (2001). Kwasukasukela (Thesis). University of Cape Town.
67. McGuire, Gabriel (January 2018). "Aqyn agha ? Abai Zholy as socialist realism and as literary history". Journal of Eurasian Studies. 9 (1): 2–11. doi:10.1016/j.euras.2017.12.001.
68. Babayan, Kathryn; Pifer, Michael (7 May 2018). An Armenian Mediterranean: Words and Worlds in Motion. Springer. pp. 200–201. ISBN 978-3319728650.
69. Kardaş, Canser (2019). "The Legacy of Sounds in Turkey: Âşıks and Dengbêjs". In Özdemir, Ulas; Hamelink, Wendelmoet; Greve, Martin (eds.). Diversity and Contact Among Singer-Poet Traditions in Eastern Anatolia. Ergon Verlag. ISBN 978-3-9565048-1-5.
70. Shidfar, Farhad (2019). "Azerbaijani Ashiq Saz in West and East Azerbaijan Provinces of Iran". In Özdemir, Ulas; Hamelink, Wendelmoet; Greve, Martin (eds.). Diversity and Contact Among Singer-Poet Traditions in Eastern Anatolia. Ergon Verlag. ISBN 978-3-9565048-1-5.
71. Limos, Mario Alvaro (March 18, 2019). "The Fall of the Babaylan". Esquire. Retrieved July 12, 2019.
72. فاطمی, ساسان; گوهری نسب, آرمان (August 2019). "مطالعۀ سیر تحولِ نقش و مفهومِ باغشی در فرهنگ موسیقایی ترکمن‌های ترکمن‌صحرا". نامه هنرهای نمایشی و موسیقی. 9 (18). doi:10.30480/dam.2019.699.
73. Imomnazarova, Shahodatxon Xabitovna; Jo'rayeva, Guliruxsor Ulug'bek qizi (2024-07-06). "BO'RI BAXSHI SODIQ O'G'LI - VODIY BAXSHICHILIGI NAMOYONDASI". Oriental Art and Culture. 5 (3): 542–545.
74. Norman, Kenneth Roy (2012). A Philological Approach to Buddhism: The Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai Lectures 1994. Berkeley: The Institute of Buddhist Studies. pp. 41–56. ISBN 978-0-7286-0276-2.
75. Piliavsky 2020, p. 147, chapter 4: The Perils of Masterless People sfn error: no target: CITEREFPiliavsky2020 (help)
76. Keat Gin, Ooi (2009). Historical Dictionary of Malaysia. Scarecrow Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0810863057.
77. Edwin R. Van Teijlingen; George W. Lowis; Peter McCaffery; Maureen Porter (1 January 2004). Midwifery and the Medicalization of Childbirth: Comparative Perspectives. Nova Publishers. pp. 243–. ISBN 978-1-59454-031-8.
78. Palriwala, Rajni (1993). "Economics and Patriliny: Consumption and Authority within the Household". Social Scientist. 21 (9/11): 47–73. doi:10.2307/3520426. JSTOR 3520426.
79. Jain, Pratibha; Śarmā, Saṅgītā (2004). Honour, Status & Polity. Rawat Publications. ISBN 978-81-7033-859-8.^{[page needed]}
80. Sedana, I Nyoman; Foley, Kathy (1993). "The Education of a Balinese Dalang". Asian Theatre Journal. 10 (1): 81–100. doi:10.2307/1124218. JSTOR 1124218.
81. Farooqui, Mahmood (Autumn 2011). "Dastangoi: Revival of the Mughal Art of storytelling". Context. 8 (2): 31–36. ProQuest 1353087567.
82. Scalbert-Yücel, Clémence (29 December 2009). "The Invention of a Tradition: Diyarbakır's Dengbêj Project". European Journal of Turkish Studies (10). doi:10.4000/ejts.4055.
83. Woodward, Mark (2011). "The Javanese Dukun: Healing and Moral Ambiguity". Java, Indonesia and Islam. pp. 69–112. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0056-7_2. ISBN 978-94-007-0055-0.
84. Yang, Xi (2019). "History and Organization of the Anatolian Ašuł/Âşık/Aşıq Bardic Traditions". In Özdemir, Ulas; Hamelink, Wendelmoet; Greve, Martin (eds.). Diversity and Contact Among Singer-Poet Traditions in Eastern Anatolia. Ergon Verlag. p. 20. ISBN 978-3-9565048-1-5.
85. The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Routledge. 2013. pp. 851–852. ISBN 978-1-136-09594-8.
86. Alameddine, Rabih (2008). The Hakawati. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-330-45620-3.^{[page needed]}
87. Jarosz, Robert (2023). "Japanese talking pictures : magic lanterns, silent cinema and kamishibai in the context of etoki storytelling tradition". Silva Iaponicarum.
88. Ranganath, H.K. (1983). "Katha-Kirtan". India International Centre Quarterly. 10 (2): 199–205. JSTOR 23001644.
89. Krohn, Paysach J.; Shvadron (ha-Kohen.), Shalom Mordekhai (1987). The Maggid Speaks: Favorite Stories and Parables of Rabbi Sholom Schwadron, Shlita, Maggid of Jerusalem. Mesorah Publications. ISBN 978-0-89906-230-3.
90. Plumtree, James (2021). "A CONTEMPORARY MANASCHI IN ORAL PERFORMANCE AND IN PRINT" (PDF). Филологические науки (ALATOO ACADEMIC STUDIES). 82 (1).
91. "Musafir". LA Phil. Retrieved 2022-05-30. Manghaniyars, like Langas, are sedentary Muslims whose home extends over the border into Pakistan, but their patrons are mostly Hindu Rajputs (a high caste) and Hindu Charans (a caste of poets, bards, and historians).
92. Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic narratives: a history of mobility and identity in the Great Indian Desert. Cambridge University press. p. 261. ISBN 9781107080317. The Manganiyars and Langhas are Muslim musicians and are quite different from the Bhopas of Pabuji, as they do not claim to be bards but musicians in a real sense. Using instruments like rabab, kamayacha, pyaledar sarangi, chautaro, sirimandal etc., they not only sing songs of birth, marriages and death, but are also entitled to sing in the kacheris of the patrons. It is in these assemblies that they sing ballads like Dhola-Maru, Umar-Marvi, Moomal-Rano and Sassi-Punnu. Manganiyars sing classical compositions like mota git (bada khayal) and chota git (chota khayal). Some of their ragas have originated in the Thar and are not found in north Indian classical tradition.
93. Halman, Talât Sait; Warner, Jayne L. (2008). İbrahim the Mad and Other Plays. Syracuse University Press. pp. xiii–xiv. ISBN 9780815608974.
94. Anuman Rajadhon (1968-01-01). Essays on Thai folklore. Internet Archive. Social Science Association Press of Thailand.
95. Jahandideh, Mitra; Khaefi, Shahab (2017-03-17). "The Most Important Performing Arts Arisen from Shahnameh of Ferdowsi: Shahnameh-khani and Naqqali of Shahnameh". Journal of the Indiana Academy of the Social Sciences. 16 (2).
96. Rakhim, Dinah; Vermol, Verly Veto (2020). "Preserving and promoting Malay folklores through souvenir product: Pak Belalang / Dinah Rakhim and Verly Veto Vermol". International Journal of INTI. 24 (1): 1–7.
97. Bhattacharjee, Anuradha; Alam, Shadab (November 2012). "The Origin and Journey of Qawwali: From Sacred Ritual to Entertainment?". Journal of Creative Communications. 7 (3): 209–225. doi:10.1177/0973258613512439.
98. Jacobi 1995, p. 467. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJacobi1995 (help)
99. "Сэсен" (in Russian). 2023.
100. Hae In, Lee (2017). Exploring a Tradition Identity: Gwangdaejeon in Jeonju, an Innovative Strategy in Pansori Popularization (Thesis). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
101. Gejin, Chao (1997). "Mongolian Oral Epic Poetry: An Overview" (PDF). Oral Tradition. 12 (2).
102. Boileau 2002, p. 376. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBoileau2002 (help)
103. Kanaaneh, Moslih (2018). "Palestinian popular music". The Routledge Companion to Popular Music History and Heritage. pp. 376–387. doi:10.4324/9781315299310-37. ISBN 978-1-315-29931-0.
104. Turgenbayeva, A. Sh; Zhanabayev, K.; Bozhbanbayev, B. M. (2016). "The role of spiritual leader, zhyrau, in harmonization of nomadic society of the 15th-18th centuries". Вестник КазНУ. Серия философии, культурологии и политологии. 57 (3): 197–200.
105. Alpysbaeva, K. B. (2022). "The Place of Zhyrau Poetry in Literature" (PDF). "Keruen" Scientific Journal. 74 (1).
106. Marshall, C. W. (2020). "The melody of Homeric performance". Text and Intertext in Greek Epic and Drama. pp. 102–117. doi:10.4324/9780429024573-11. ISBN 978-0-429-02457-3.
107. Stirling, Simon Andrew (2012-02-29). The King Arthur Conspiracy: How a Scottish Prince Became a Mythical Hero. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-8345-0.
108. "Bard | Medieval, Celtic & Welsh | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-08-07. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
109. White, Linda (2003). "Basque Bertsolaritza". Oral Tradition. 18 (1): 142–143. doi:10.1353/ort.2004.0043.
110. Scuderi, Antonio (2006). "Performance and Text in the Italian Carolingian Tradition". Oral Tradition. 21 (1): 68–89. doi:10.1353/ort.2006.0018. hdl:10355/65074. Project MUSE 205143.
111. "How stories are told around the world". ideas.ted.com. 2015-03-17. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
112. Ross, Anne (1995). "Ritual And The Druids". The Celtic World. doi:10.4324/9780203713792-31/ritual-druids-anne-ross (inactive 1 November 2024).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
113. Heywood, Simon; Cumbers, Shonaleigh (2017). "War and the Ruby Tree. The Motif of the Unborn Generations in Jewish Women's Story-Telling". War, Myths, and Fairy Tales. pp. 219–237. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2684-3_10. ISBN 978-981-10-2683-6.
114. P. Grochowski, Dziady. Rzecz o wędrownych żebrakach i ich pieśniach, Toruń 2009.
115. MacKillop, James (2004). Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860967-1.
116. ""Ascoltate, signore e signori", di Raffaele Nigro (2012) by Capone Editore - Issuu". issuu.com. 2012-08-29. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
117. "The Kobzar-Lirnyk Tradition". honchar.org.ua. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
118. Kononenko, Natalie O. (2019). Ukrainian epic and historical song: folklore in context. Toronto Buffalo London: University of Toronto Press. pp. 56–72. ISBN 978-1-4875-0263-8.
119. Elmer, David F. (2009). "Presentation Formulas in South Slavic Epic Song". Oral Tradition. 24 (1). doi:10.1353/ort.0.0050. hdl:10355/65168. Project MUSE 383465.
120. Beissinger, Margaret (2024). "Lăutari, Music-Making, and Social Practices of Live Performance in Southern Romania". The Routledge Handbook of Popular Music and Politics of the Balkans. pp. 49–60. doi:10.4324/9781003328162-4. ISBN 978-1-003-32816-2.
121. Tovkailo, Mykola (2023). "On the History of the Kobzar-Lirnyk Tradition". Ethnologies. 45 (1): 59. doi:10.7202/1111895ar.
122. Feldman, Zev (2016). Klezmer: music, history and memory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 61–67. ISBN 9780190244521.
123. Crotty, Patrick (2015-11-13). "Doon Canongate: A centenary appreciation of a Scots makar". TLS. Times Literary Supplement (5876): 14–16. Gale A640002874.
124. Beattie, James (2024-02-28). The Minstrel. BoD - Books on Demand. ISBN 979-10-419-8710-8.
125. Ahlqvist, Anders; Kelly, Fergus; Kelly, Patricia; McCone, Kim R.; McManus, Damian; McTurk, Rory; Nagy, Joseph Falaky; hUiginn, Ruairí Ó; Simms, M. Katharine (2016-02-12). Ollam: Studies in Gaelic and Related Traditions in Honor of Tomás Ó Cathasaigh. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-61147-835-8.
126. Beaton, Roderick (1986). "The Oral Traditions of Modern Greece: A Survey" (PDF). Oral Tradition. 1 (1).
127. Hargis, Donald E. (1970). "The rhapsode". Quarterly Journal of Speech. 56 (4): 388–397. doi:10.1080/00335637009383026.
128. McKendry, Eugene. "Study Ireland:An Introduction to Storytelling, Myths and Legends" (PDF). BBC Northern Ireland.
129. Opland, Jeff (1993). "Scop and Imbongi IV: Reading Prose Poems". Comparative Literature. 45 (2): 97–120. doi:10.2307/1771433. JSTOR 1771433.
130. Tearse, Brandon (2018). Skald: Exploring Story Generation and Interactive Storytelling by Reconstructing Minstrel (Thesis). ProQuest 2181579300.^{[page needed]}
131. Zguta, Russell (1972). "Skomorokhi: The Russian Minstrel-Entertainers". Slavic Review. 31 (2): 297–313. doi:10.2307/2494335. JSTOR 2494335.
132. Ronstrom, Owe (2019). "Spelman, folkmusiker, artist" (PDF). Folk och Musik. 1.
133. "Spielman Surname/Last Name: Meaning, Origin & Family History". discover.23andme.com. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
134. Paul C. Bauschatz, The Well and the Tree: World and Times in Early Germanic Culture, Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 1982, ISBN 0-87023-352-1, note 22, pp. 215–16.
135. Enright, Michael J. (1998). "The Warband Context of the Unferth Episode". Speculum. 73 (2): 297–337. doi:10.2307/2887155. JSTOR 2887155.
136. "Tietäjä". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
137. Dean, Darryl G. (2015-09-18). "Calypso as a Vehicle for Political Commentary: An Endangered Musical Species". repository.library.carleton.ca. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
138. Kumari, Ayele. Iyanifa Women of Wisdom.
139. "Medicine man | Native American healing, shamanism & spirituality | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
140. Justo (2023-09-28). "Native American Elders: Vital Leaders in Tribal Communities". Native Tribe Info. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
141. Claudine, Michel; Bellegarde-Smith, Patrick (2006). Vodou In Haitian Life and Culture. Palgrave Macmillan.
142. Métraux, Alfred (2016). Voodoo in Haiti. Pickle Partners Publishing. ISBN 9781787201668. OCLC 969020248.
143. Martin, Oba Frank; Luis, William (2012). "Palo and Paleros: An Interview with Oba Frank Martin". Afro-Hispanic Review. 31 (1): 159–168. JSTOR 23617217.
144. McEwan, Gordon Francis (2006). The Incas: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p. 106. ISBN 9781851095742.
145. "The Yatiri in Aymara communities : (with complete text) / by | WorldCat.org". search.worldcat.org. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
146. "Glossary of Terms : "Elder"". Indigenous Teaching. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
147. "MTWW Protocols and Procedures Working in Partnership with Aboriginal Communities". Women's Health Goulbourn North East. Archived from the original on 5 March 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
148. Tielu, Amy Jane (2016). Searching for the Digital Fāgogo: A Study of Indigenous Samoan Storytelling in Contemporary Aotearoa Digital Media (Thesis). Auckland University of Technology.
149. Clark, Geoffrey; Leclerc, Mathieu; Parton, Phillip; Reepmeyer, Christian; Grono, Elle; Burley, David (March 2020). "Royal funerals, ritual stones and participatory networks in the maritime Tongan state". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 57: 101115. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2019.101115.
150. Latukefu, Sione (1968). "Oral Traditions: An Appraisal of Their Value in Historical Research in Tonga". The Journal of Pacific History. 3: 135–143. doi:10.1080/00223346808572130. JSTOR 25167942.
151. Baker, C. M. Kaliko; Baker, Tammy Haili'ōpua (2023-03-31). Moʻolelo: The Foundation of Hawaiian Knowledge. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-9529-7.
152. King, Serge Kahili (2008-11-18). Huna: Ancient Hawaiian Secrets for Modern Living. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-6800-1.
153. Garcia, Shirley Naomi Kanani (2002). E Nā Hālau Hula, Nana Kākou Iā Laka (Look to the Source): Finding Balance Between the Practice of Hula Forest Gathering and the Ecological Realities of Hawaii's Native Forests (Thesis). [Honolulu] : [University of Hawaii at Manoa], [December 2002].
154. Holmes, Lowell (1969). "Samoan oratory". Journal of American Folklore. 82 (326): 342–352. doi:10.2307/539779. JSTOR 539779.
155. Mahuika, Nēpia; Mahuika, Rangimārie (2020). "Wānanga as a research methodology". AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples. 16 (4): 369–377. doi:10.1177/1177180120968580.