List of new churches by John Douglas

John Douglas (1830–1911) was an English architect based in Chester, Cheshire. His output included new churches, alterations to and restoration of existing churches, church furnishings, new houses and alterations to existing houses, and a variety of other buildings, including shops, banks, offices, schools, memorials and public buildings. Perhaps his best-known design is that for the Eastgate Clock in Chester.^[1] His architectural styles were eclectic, but as he worked during the period of the Gothic Revival much of his output incorporates elements of the English Gothic style. He was also influenced by architectural styles from the mainland of Europe, and frequently included elements of French, German, and Netherlandish architecture.^[2] Douglas is probably best remembered for his incorporation of vernacular elements in his buildings, in particular half-timbering,^[3] in which he was influenced by the black-and-white revival in Chester.^[4] Other vernacular elements he employed included tile-hanging, pargeting, and the use of decorative brick in diapering and the design of tall chimney stacks.^[5] Of particular importance is Douglas' use of joinery^[6] and highly detailed wood carving.^[7]

John Douglas in late middle age

John Douglas was born in the Cheshire village of Sandiway and was articled to the Lancaster architect E. G. Paley, later becoming his chief assistant. He established an office in Chester in either 1855 or 1860, from where he practised throughout his career.^[1] Initially he ran the office himself but in 1884 he appointed his assistant, Daniel Porter Fordham, as a partner. When Fordham retired in 1897, he was succeeded by Charles Howard Minshull. In 1909 this partnership was dissolved and Douglas ran the office alone until his death in 1911.^[8] As his office was in Chester, most of his works were in Cheshire and North Wales, although some were further afield, in Lancashire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, and Scotland.^[9]

From an early stage in his career, Douglas attracted commissions from wealthy and powerful patrons, the first of which came from Hugh Cholmondeley, 2nd Baron Delamere. His most important patrons were the Grosvenor family of Eaton Hall, namely Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster, Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster, and Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster. Douglas designed a large number and variety of buildings in the family's Eaton Hall estate and the surrounding villages. Other important patrons were William Molyneux, 4th Earl of Sefton, Rowland Egerton-Warburton of Arley Hall, George Cholmondeley, 5th Marquess of Cholmondeley, and Francis Egerton, 3rd Earl of Ellesmere. Later in his career Douglas carried out commissions for W. E. Gladstone and his family, and for W. H.Lever.

Most of Douglas' new churches have been recognised as listed buildings. In England and Wales a Grade I listed building is one "of exceptional interest, sometimes considered to be internationally important", Grade II* consists of "particularly important buildings of more than special interest", and in Grade II are buildings which "are nationally important and of special interest".^[10] In Scotland, Category A contains "buildings of national or international importance, either architectural or historic, or fine little-altered examples of some particular period, style or building type", Category B consists of "buildings of regional or more than local importance, or major examples of some particular period, style or building type which may have been altered", and in Category C are "buildings of local importance, lesser examples of any period, style, or building type, as originally constructed or moderately altered; and simple traditional buildings which group well with others in categories A and B".^[11]

This list includes the 40 new churches designed by Douglas that were built. The details are taken from the Catalogue of Works in the biography by Edward Hubbard.^[9] Churches attributed to Douglas by Hubbard on stylistic grounds together with evidence of a local association are included, even though they are not confirmed by other reliable evidence.^[12] Where this is the case, it is stated in the Notes column. Unexecuted schemes are not included.

Key

Grade	Criteria[10]
Grade I	Buildings of exceptional interest, sometimes considered to be internationally important.
Grade II*	Particularly important buildings of more than special interest.
Grade II	Buildings of national importance and special interest.
Category (Scotland)	Criteria[11]
B	Buildings of special architectural or historic interest which are major examples of a particular period, style or building type.
"—" denotes a work that is not graded.

New churches

Name	Location	Photograph	Date	Notes	Grade
St John the Evangelist's Church	Over, Winsford, Cheshire 53.1922°N 2.5481°W / 53.1922; -2.5481 (St John the Evangelist's Church, Winsford)		1860–63	This was Douglas' first church and was designed as a memorial to the first wife of the 2nd Baron Delamere. It is in Gothic Revival style.[13][14]	II[15]
Congregational Chapel	Over, Winsford, Cheshire 53.1883°N 2.5399°W / 53.1883; -2.5399 (Over United Reformed Church)		1865	This church is built in polychromatic brick with some red sandstone dressings. Pevsner describes it as being "very ugly" while Hubbard describes it as being "experimental" and presenting "an astonishing sight". It is now a United Reformed church.[16][17]	II[18]
St John the Baptist's Church	Aldford, Cheshire 53.1290°N 2.8698°W / 53.1290; -2.8698 (St John the Baptist's Church, Aldford)		1. 1865–66 2. c.1872–76 3. 1902	St John's was the first church commissioned by the Grosvenor family 1. A new church was built on the site of an earlier church. 2. Additions were made including a spire and a reredos. 3. A vestry was converted into a chapel and another vestry was added.[19][20]	II[21]
St Bartholomew's Church	Sealand, Flintshire 53.2128°N 2.9709°W / 53.2128; -2.9709 (St Bartholomew's Church, Sealand)		1865–67	This is a small church designed for the River Dee Company in Early Decorated style. Douglas paid for the stained glass by Hardman & Co. in the east window.[22][23]	II[24]
St Ann's Church	Warrington, Cheshire 53.3967°N 2.5947°W / 53.3967; -2.5947 (St Ann's Church, Warrington)		1868–69	The church is in bold High Victorian style with a broad aisleless nave. It is closed for worship and has been used as an indoor climbing centre since 1996.[25][26]	II*[27]
St Paul's Church	Helsby, Cheshire 53.2775°N 2.7612°W / 53.2775; -2.7612 (St Paul's Church, Helsby)		1. 1868–70 2. 1909	1. This is a small church with a western bell-turret in the form of a flèche. 2. A south aisle was added.[28][29]	II[30]
St John the Baptist's Church	Hartford, Cheshire 53.2458°N 2.5441°W / 53.2458; -2.5441 (St John the Baptist's Church, Hartford)		1. 1873–75 2. 1885–87	1. A new church was built on the site of an older church. 2. A tower was added at the west end.[31][32]	II[33]
St Paul's Church	Marston, Cheshire 53.275°N 2.496°W / 53.275; -2.496 (St Paul's Church, Marston)	—	1874	This was a small church with much moulded brick, lancet windows, a small west tower and spire. It has been demolished.[34]	—
Presbyterian Chapel	Rossett, Wrexham County Borough 53.1076°N 2.9524°W / 53.1076; -2.9524 (Presbyterian Chapel, Rossett)		1875	This is a church with lancet windows, a timber porch and a flèche.[35][36]	—
Christ Church	Gloucester Street, Chester, Cheshire 53.1969°N 2.8885°W / 53.1969; -2.8885 (Christ Church, Chester)		1. 1876 2. 1893 3. 1897 4. 1898 5. 1900	1. A new church was built to replace a previous one on the site. 2–5. During these years a new sanctuary was added, then the porch, the pulpit and the southeast chapel. Later the vestry and organ chamber were added, work was done on the chancel, and the nave was completed.[37][38]	II[39]
St Stephen's Church	Moulton, Cheshire 53.2227°N 2.5168°W / 53.2227; -2.5168 (St Stephen's Church, Moulton)		1876–77	The exterior of this church is built in stone while the interior is in two kinds of brick. It has a green slate roof and a lead spire.[40][41]	II[42]
St Barnabas' Mission Church and Curate's House	Sibell Street, Chester, Cheshire 53.1967°N 2.8828°W / 53.1967; -2.8828 (St Barnabas' Church, Chester)		1877	The church was built a mission church with an adjacent house for the curate, It is now used as offices.[43]	II[44]
Church of St Mary the Virgin	Halkyn, Flintshire 53.2316°N 3.1862°W / 53.2316; -3.1862 (Church of St Mary the Virgin, Halkyn)		1877–88	The church was built for the 1st Duke of Westminster. Hubbard considers it to be "one of the best Victorian churches in Clwyd" which "sets the tone for virtually all his [Douglas'] subsequent churches".[45][46]	I[47]
St Michael's Church	Altcar, Lancashire 53.5509°N 3.0283°W / 53.5509; -3.0283 (St Michael and All Angels Church, Altcar)		1878–79	This church was designed for the 4th Earl of Sefton and is unique in Douglas' output in being entirely half-timbered. In the Buildings of England series it is described as "an utterly charming church".[48][49]	II*[50]
Welsh Church of St John the Evangelist	Mold, Flintshire 53.1686°N 3.1410°W / 53.1686; -3.1410 (St John the Evangelist's Church, Mold)		1878–79	This church is broad without aisles but is now redundant. It has been divided and is used as a church hall.[51][52]	II[53]
Grosvenor Park Baptist Chapel	Grosvenor Road, Chester, Cheshire 53.19169°N 2.88192°W / 53.19169; -2.88192 (Grosvenor Park Baptist Chapel, Chester)		1879–80	This was built in association with a terrace of houses in the same road. It was originally a Baptist chapel but is now known as Zion Tabernacle.[54][55]	II[56]
St Chad's Church	Hopwas, Staffordshire 52.6433°N 1.7418°W / 52.6433; -1.7418 (St Chad's Church, Hopwas)		1881	The church was built for Rev W. MacGregor. It is in brick and half-timber with a timber-framed porch and has an octagonal flèche.[57]	II[58]
St Mary's Church	Pulford, Cheshire 53.1224°N 2.9348°W / 53.1224; -2.9348 (St Mary's Church, Pulford)		1881–84	The church was built for the 1st Duke of Westminster in red sandstone with bands of lighter stone. It is cruciform in plan with a northwest tower which incorporates the porch.[59][60]	II*[61]
St Werburgh's New Church	Warburton, Greater Manchester 53.3984°N 2.4454°W / 53.3984; -2.4454 (St Werburgh's Church, Warburton)		1. 1882–85 2. 1899	1. This was a new church built for Rowland Egerton-Warburton in sandstone to replace St Werburgh's Old Church but on a different site. 2. The chancel stalls were replaced.[62][63]	II[64]
Holywell Workhouse Chapel	Holywell, Flintshire 53.2663°N 3.2168°W / 53.2663; -3.2168 (Lluesty Chapel)		1883–84	A chapel with a shingled flèche for the workhouse which later became Lluesty Hospital.[65][66]	II[67]
Chapel of the Good Shepherd	Carlett Park, Eastham, Merseyside 53.3230°N 2.9593°W / 53.3230; -2.9593 (Chapel of the Good Shepherd, Carlett Park)		1884–85	This was a family chapel for Rev W. E. Torr who lived at the manor house. It is a simple building in stone with lancet windows and a northwest turret.[68][69][70]	II[71]
St Deiniol's Church	Criccieth, Gwynedd 52.9202°N 4.2310°W / 52.9202; -4.2310 (St Deiniol's Church, Criccieth)		1884–87	This was a cruciform church with a short spire. It closed in 1988 and has been converted into residential flats.[68]	—
Christ Church	Rossett, Wrexham County Borough 53.1078°N 2.9490°W / 53.1078; -2.9490 (Christ Church, Rossett)		1886–92	This is a church built to replace an earlier church in the site. It is cruciform in plan and built in stone with a green slate roof. It was planned in 1886 but not built until 1891–92.[72][73]	II[74]
St Paul's Church	Colwyn Bay, Conwy County Borough 53.2939°N 3.7265°W / 53.2939; -3.7265 (St Paul's Church, Colwyn Bay)		1. 1887–88 2. 1894–95 3. 1910–11	The church was built in three stages. 1. In the first stage the nave was built. 2. The chancel was built. 3. The tower was added.[75][76]	II*[77]
St Andrew's Church	West Kirby, Merseyside 53.3761°N 3.1858°W / 53.3761; -3.1858 (St Andrew's Church, West Kirby)		1. 1889–91 2. 1907	The church was built in two stages: 1. The nave was built. 2. The church was completed.[78][79]	II[80]
St John's Church	Barmouth, Gwynedd 52.7233°N 4.0548°W / 52.7233; -4.0548 (St John's Church, Barmouth)		1889–95	This church was built for Mrs. F. S. Perrins and is set on a hillside overlooking the town. During its construction the tower collapsed and had to be rebuilt.[81]	II*[82]
St James' Church	Haydock, Merseyside 53.4678°N 2.6595°W / 53.4678; -2.6595 (Church of St James the Great, Haydock)		1891–92 c. 1891–92	The church incorporated part of the previous church as a Lady chapel. It was built with timber framing to give protection against possible mining subsidence.[83][84]	—
St Wenefrede's Church	Bickley, Cheshire 53.0364°N 2.6922°W / 53.0364; -2.6922 (St Wenefrede's Church, Bickley)		1892	The church was built for the 4th Marquess of Cholmondeley in sandstone with a roof of green slates and terracotta ridge tiles. Inside the church is a hammerbeam roof.[85][86]	II[87]
St David's Welsh Church	Rhosllannerchrugog, Wrexham County Borough 53.0115°N 3.0569°W / 53.0115; -3.0569 (St David's Welsh Church, Rhosllannerchrugog)		1892–93	Douglas & Fordham designed a church with a nave and a north aisle. The chancel was added later. It was intended to have a northeast steeple, but this was never built.[88][89]	—
All Saints Church	Higher Kinnerton, Flintshire 53.1439°N 3.0044°W / 53.1439; -3.0044 (All Saints Church, Higher Kinnerton)		1893	The church has a central spire, and another smaller spire above the chancel.[90][91]	—
Christ Church	Bryn-y-Maen, Colwyn Bay, Conwy County Borough 53.2695°N 3.7465°W / 53.2695; -3.7465 (Christ Church, Bryn-y-Maen)		1896–99	The church was built in memory of Eleanor Frost's husband, Charles, in a small village to the south of Colwyn Bay. It is known locally as the "Cathedral of the Hills".[92][93]	II*[94]
Congregational Church	Great Crosby, Merseyside 53.4914°N 3.0250°W / 53.4914; -3.0250 (Congregational Church, Great Crosby)		1897–98	The church is built in sandstone with green slate roofs. Originally a Congregational church, it is now a United Reformed Church.[95]	II[96]
St John the Evangelist's Church	Weston, Runcorn, Cheshire 53.3190°N 2.73885°W / 53.3190; -2.73885 (St John the Evangelist's Church, Weston)		1. 1897–98 2. 1900	It is known as the "choirboys' church", because the choirboys wrote thousands of letters to raise money for it. 1. The church was built. 2. The tower was added.[97][98][99]	II*[100]
All Saints Church	Deganwy, Conwy County Borough 53.2941°N 3.8270°W / 53.2941; -3.8270 (All Saints Church, Deganwy)		1897–99	This is a memorial church built for Lady Augusta Mostyn on a site overlooking the Conwy estuary. It has a clerestory, a chancel higher than the nave and a west tower.[101]	II*[102]
St Ethelwold's Church	Shotton, Flintshire 53.2096°N 3.0346°W / 53.2096; -3.0346 (St Ethelwold's Church, Shotton)		1898–1902	Although the church was partly financed by W. E. Gladstone, its building did not start until after his death.[23][103]	II[104]
St John the Baptist's Church	Old Colwyn, Conwy County Borough 53.2906°N 3.6974°W / 53.2906; -3.6974 (St John the Baptist's Church, Old Colwyn)		1. 1899–1903 2. 1912	The church was built for the English-speaking community of Colwyn Bay. 1. The church was built. 2. The tower was added (after Douglas' death).[105][106]	II*[107]
St David's Welsh Church	Colwyn Bay, Conwy County Borough 53.2937°N 3.7268°W / 53.2937; -3.7268 (St David's Welsh Church, Colwyn Bay)		1902–03	The church was built close to St Paul's Church to serve the Welsh-speaking community.[108][109]	II[110]
St John the Evangelist's Church	Sandiway, Cheshire 53.2359°N 2.5921°W / 53.2359; -2.5921 (St John the Evangelist's Church, Sandiway)		1. 1902–03 2. Undated	1. The church was built on land owned by Douglas who also paid for the chancel and lych gate. 2. The tower was added after Douglas' death.[111][112]	II[113]
All Saints Church	Lockerbie, Dumfries and Galloway 55.124°N 3.361°W / 55.124; -3.361 (All Saints Church, Lockerbie)		1903	This is Douglas' only Scottish Episcopal Church. It is built in ashlar stone with a red tile roof and has a west tower with a broach spire.[114]	B[115]
Congregational Church	Hoylake, Merseyside 53.3900°N 3.1805°W / 53.3900; -3.1805 (Congregational Church, Hoylake)		1905–06	Built in brick with sandstone dressings, it is in Perpendicular style. It originally had a spire, but this sustained war damage, and has not been replaced.[116]	II[117]
St Matthew's Church	Saltney, Flintshire 53.183°N 2.947°W / 53.183; -2.947 (St Matthew's Church, Saltney)		1910–11	This was a mission church to St Mark's Church, Saltney. It was closed in 2000 and destroyed by fire in 2008.[118][119]	—

See also

• List of church restorations, amendments and furniture by John Douglas
• List of houses and associated buildings by John Douglas
• List of non-ecclesiastical and non-residential works by John Douglas

References

Citations

1. Howell, Peter (2004) 'Douglas, John (1830-1911)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press , retrieved 22 January 2008 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
2. John Douglas, Dictionary of Scottish Architects, retrieved 19 December 2016
3. Hubbard 1991, p. 95.
4. Hartwell et al. 2011, pp. 56–57.
5. Hubbard 1991, pp. 77–80.
6. Hubbard 1991, pp. 84–87.
7. Hubbard 1991, pp. 189–190.
8. Hubbard 1991, pp. 6–7.
9. Hubbard 1991, pp. 238–279.
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12. Hubbard 1991, p. 238.
13. Hubbard 1991, pp. 27, 238.
14. Hartwell et al. 2011, p. 680.
15. Historic England, "Church of St John the Evangelist, Winsford (1329818)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 29 March 2015
16. Hartwell et al. 2011, pp. 680–681.
17. Hubbard 1991, pp. 43–44, 229.
18. Historic England, "The Congregational Church, Winsford (1160821)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 29 March 2015
19. Hubbard 1991, pp. 48, 239, 244, 273.
20. Hartwell et al. 2011, pp. 94–95.
21. Historic England, "Church of St John the Baptist, Aldford (1135984)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 29 March 2015
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23. Hubbard 1986, p. 420.
24. Cadw, "Church of St Bartholomew (62)", National Historic Assets of Wales, retrieved 4 July 2020
25. Hubbard 1991, pp. 55–57, 240.
26. Pollard & Pevsner 2006, p. 621.
27. Historic England, "Church of St Ann, Warrington (1161591)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 29 March 2015
28. Hubbard 1991, pp. 54–55, 203, 240, 276.
29. Hartwell et al. 2011, p. 394.
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31. Hubbard 1991, pp. 130–131, 244, 255.
32. Hartwell et al. 2011, p. 390.
33. Historic England, "Church of St John, Hartford (1228363)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 29 March 2015
34. Hubbard 1991, pp. 131, 245.
35. Hubbard 1991, pp. 131, 246.
36. Hubbard 1986, p. 267.
37. Hubbard 1991, pp. 131, 246–247, 262–263, 268, 269, 271–272.
38. Hartwell et al. 2011, pp. 240–241.
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41. Hartwell et al. 2011, pp. 489–490.
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52. Hubbard 1986, p. 392.
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60. Hartwell et al. 2011, p. 549.
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63. Hartwell et al. 2011, p. 656.
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66. Hubbard 1986, pp. 374–375.
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76. Hubbard 1986, pp. 135–136.
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79. Hartwell et al. 2011, p. 662.
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89. Hubbard 1986, p. 264.
90. Hubbard 1991, p. 263.
91. Hubbard 1986, p. 371.
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93. Hubbard 1986, pp. 113–114.
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98. Hartwell et al. 2011, pp. 664–665.
99. Cowan, Alex (2008), St. John the Evangelist Church, Weston, Runcorn, Weston: Les Littlemore, p. 2
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105. Hubbard 1991, pp. 271, 277.
106. Hubbard 1986, p. 257.
107. Cadw, "Church of St John, Old Colwyn (14863)", National Historic Assets of Wales, retrieved 4 July 2020
108. Hubbard 1991, p. 273.
109. Hubbard 1986, p. 135.
110. Cadw, "Church of St David, Colwyn Bay (14708)", National Historic Assets of Wales, retrieved 4 July 2020
111. Hubbard 1991, pp. 194–195, 273, 279.
112. Hartwell et al. 2011, pp. 580–581.
113. Historic England, "Church of St John the Evangelist, Cuddington (1287518)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 29 March 2015
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115. Historic Environment Scotland, "Ashgrove Terrace, All Saints Episcopal Church (Category B Listed Building) (LB37558)", retrieved 20 March 2019
116. Hartwell et al. 2011, p. 406.
117. Historic England, "United Reformed Church, Hoylake (1258515)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 29 March 2015
118. Hubbard 1991, pp. 202, 276.
119. Hubbard 1986, p. 443.

Sources

• Hartwell, Clare; Hyde, Matthew; Hubbard, Edward; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2011) [1971], Cheshire, The Buildings of England, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-17043-6
• Hubbard, Edward (1986), The Buildings of Wales: Clwyd, London: Penguin, ISBN 0-14-071052-3
• Hubbard, Edward (1991), The Work of John Douglas, London: The Victorian Society, ISBN 0-901657-16-6
• Pollard, Richard; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2006), Lancashire: Liverpool and the South-West, The Buildings of England, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-10910-5