Invasive species in Florida are introduced organisms that cause damage to the environment, human economy, or human health in Florida.[1] Native plants and animals in Florida are threatened by the spread of invasive species.[2] Florida is a major biodiversity hotspot in North America and the hospitable sub-tropical climate has also become a hotspot for invasive plants and animals due to anthropogenic introduction.[3][4]
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Animals
Mammals
- Axis axis (Chital)[5]
- Cricetomys gambianus (Gambian pouched rat)[6]
- Chlorocebus sabeus (Green monkey)[7][8]
- Dasypus novemcinctus (Nine-banded armadillo)[9][10]
- Felis catus (Domestic cat)[11]
- Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Capybara) [12]
- Macaca mulatta (Rhesus macaque)[13][14]
- Mus musculus (House mouse)[15]
- Myocastor coypus (Nutria)[16][17]
- Rattus norvegicus (Brown rat)[18]
- Rattus rattus (Black rat)[19]
- Sciurus aureogaster (Mexican gray squirrel)[20][21]
- Sus scrofa (Wild boar) [22]
- Vulpes vulpes (Red fox)[23][24]
Birds
- Alopochen aegyptiaca (Egyptian goose)[25]
- Cairina moschata (Muscovy duck)[26][27]
- Columba livia domestica (Feral pigeon)[28][29]
- Passer domesticus (House sparrow)[30][31]
- Pavo cristatus (Indian peafowl)[32][33]
- Sturnus vulgaris (European starling)[34][35]
Reptiles
- Agama picticauda (Peter’s rock agama)[36][37][38]
- Anolis equestris (Knight anole)[39][40]
- Anolis sagrei (Brown anole)[41]
- Boa constrictor (Boa constrictor)[42][43]
- Caiman crocodilus (Spectacled caiman)[44][45]
- Chamaeleo calyptratus (Veiled chameleon)[46][47]
- Ctenosaura pectinata (Western spiny-tailed iguana)[48]
- Ctenosaura similis (Black spiny-tailed iguana)[49][48]
- Eunectes murinus (Green anaconda)[50]
- Eunectes notaeus (Yellow anaconda)[51]
- Furcifer oustaleti (Malagasy giant chameleon)[47]
- Furcifer pardalis (Panther chameleon)[47]
- Gekko gecko (Tokay gecko)[52]
- Hemidactylus frenatus (Common house gecko)[53]
- Hemidactylus turcicus (Mediterranean gecko)[54]
- Iguana iguana (Green iguana)[55][56]
- Malayopython reticulatus (Reticulated python)[57]
- Phelsuma grandis (Madagascar giant day gecko)[52]
- Python bivittatus (Burmese python);[58] see main article, Burmese pythons in Florida
- Python sebae (African rock python)[59][60]
- Salvator merianae (Argentine black and white tegu)[61][62]
- Trachemys scripta elegans (Red-eared slider)[63][64]
- Varanus niloticus (Nile monitor)[65][66][67]
Amphibians
- Eleutherodactylus coqui (Common coquí)[68]
- Eleutherodactylus planirostris (Greenhouse frog)[69]
- Osteopilus septentrionalis (Cuban tree frog)[70]
- Rhinella marina (Cane toad)[71]
Fish
- Acanthogobius flavimanus (Yellowfin goby)[72]
- Amphilophus citrinellus (Midas cichlid)[73]
- Astronotus ocellatus (Oscar)[74][75]
- Belonesox belizanus (Pike killifish)[76][77]
- Channa aurolineata (Goldline snakehead)[78][79]
- Chitala ornata (Clown featherback)[80]
- Cichla ocellaris (Butterfly peacock bass)[81][82]
- Cichlasoma bimaculatum (Black acara)[83][84]
- Clarias batrachus (Walking catfish)[85][86][87]
- Ctenopharyngodon idella (Grass carp)[88]
- Cyprinus carpio (Eurasian carp)[89][90][91]
- Hemichromis letourneuxi (African jewelfish)[92][93]
- Herichthys cyanoguttatus (Texas cichlid)[94]
- Heros severus (Banded cichlid)[95]
- Heterotilapia buttikoferi (Zebra tilapia)[96]
- Hoplosternum littorale (Brown hoplo)[97]
- Hypostomus plecostomus (Suckermouth catfish)[98]
- Ictalurus furcatus (Blue catfish)[99]
- Mayaheros urophthalmus (Mayan cichlid)[100][101][102]
- Monopterus albus (Asian swamp eel)[103][104]
- Oreochromis aureus (Blue tilapia)[105][106]
- Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia)[107]
- Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia)[108]
- Parachromis managuensis (Jaguar cichlid)[109]
- Pterois miles (Common lionfish)[110][111][112]
- Pterois volitans (Red lionfish)[110][111][113]
- Pelmatolapia mariae (Spotted tilapia)[114][115]
- Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (Vermiculated sailfin catfish)[116]
- Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus (Orinoco sailfin catfish)[117]
- Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Amazon sailfin catfish)[118]
- Pylodictis olivaris (Flathead catfish)[119]
- Sarotherodon melanotheron (Blackchin tilapia)[120]
Invertebrates
- Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito)[121]
- Aethina tumida (Small hive beetle)[122]
- Amynthas agrestis (Crazy worm)[123]
- Anastrepha suspensa (Caribbean fruit fly)[124]
- Aphis spiraecola (Spirea aphid)[125]
- Apis mellifera scutellata (African bee)[126]
- Aulacaspis yasumatsui (Cycad aulacaspis scale)[127]
- Bugula neritina (Brown bryozoan)[128]
- Cactoblastis cactorum (Cactus moth)[129]
- Cerataphis lataniae (Palm aphid)[130]
- Cnestus mutilatus (Camphor shot borer)[131]
- Coptotermes formosanus (Formosan subterranean termite) [132]
- Coptotermes gestroi (Asian subterranean termite)[133]
- Corbicula fluminea (Asian clam)[134][135]
- Cordylophora caspia (Euryhaline hydroid)[136]
- Cryptotermes brevis (Powderpost termite)[137]
- Culex quinquefasciatus (Southern house mosquito)[138]
- Dinoderus minutus (Bamboo borer)[139]
- Euglossa dilemma (green orchid bee)[140]
- Glycaspis brimblecombei (Red gum lerp psyllid)[141]
- Harmonia axyridis (Harlequin ladybird)[142]
- Heterotermes cardini (West Indian subterranean termite)[133]
- Hypogeococcus pungens (Cactus mealybug)[143]
- Icerya purchasi (Cottony cushion scale)[144]
- Incisitermes minor (Western drywood termite)[133]
- Leptocybe invasa (Blue gum chalcid wasp)[145]
- Linepithema humile (Argentine ant)[146]
- Lissachatina fulica (African giant land snail)[147]
- Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Pink hibiscus mealybug)[148]
- Marisa cornuarietis (Colombian ramshorn apple snail)[149]
- Melanoides tuberculata (Red-rimmed melania)[150]
- Metamasius callizona (Mexican bromeliad weevil)[151]
- Nasutitermes corniger (Conehead termite)[133]
- Opogona sacchari (Banana moth)[152]
- Paratachardina pseudolobata (Lobate lac scale)[153][154]
- Pheidole megacephala (Big-headed ant)[155]
- Phenacoccus solenopsis (Cotton mealybug)[156]
- Platydemus manokwari (New Guinea flatworm)[157]
- Pomacea maculata (island applesnail)[158]
- Polyandrocarpa zorritensis[159]
- Raoiella indica (Red palm mite)[160]
- Solenopsis invicta (Red imported fire ant)[161]
- Tapinoma melanocephalum (Ghost ant)[162]
- Trichomyrmex destructor (Singapore ant)[163]
- Tubastraea coccinea (Orange cup coral)[164]
- Wasmannia auropunctata (Electric ant)[165]
- Xanthogaleruca luteola (Elm leaf beetle)[166]
- Xyleborinus saxeseni (Fruit-tree pinhole borer)[167]
- Xylosandrus compactus (Black twig borer)[168]
- Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Asian ambrosia beetle)[169]
- Zachrysia provisoria (Cuban brown snail)[170]
Plants
The non-governmental organization FISC published the following list of invasive plant species in 2023.[171] Formerly known as Florida Exotic Plant Pest Council (FLEPPC), the council changed its name to Florida Invasive Species Council (FISC) to retire outdated terminology.[172][173]
Three species have been added to Category I since 2019, and Category II now includes four additional species.[174][175][176] The watch list from FISC highlights species of concern which are not yet included in the Category I or II lists.[177]
The FISC list is a recommendation for natural resource managers, environmental education, and volunteer removal, but is not regulatory by law.[173] State regulated plant species are listed in the State of Florida Noxious Weed List, and the State of Florida Prohibited Aquatic Plants List.[178] Many of the non-native plant species documented in Florida are assessed for invasive potential by UF/IFAS.[179]
FISC describes Category I species as plants which displace native species, disrupt ecological functions, or hybridize with native species.[180] Category II species have not yet altered Florida plant communities to the extent shown by Category I species, but may be assigned to Category I if enough negative impact is reported.[180]
Category I
- Abrus precatorius
- Acacia auriculiformis
- Albizia julibrissin
- Albizia lebbeck
- Ardisia crenata
- Ardisia elliptica
- Asparagus aethiopicus
- Bauhinia variegata
- Bischofia javanica
- Calophyllum antillanum
- Casuarina equisetifolia
- Casuarina glauca
- Cenchrus purpureus (Pennisetum purpureum)
- Cinnamomum camphora
- Colocasia esculenta
- Colubrina asiatica
- Cupaniopsis anacardioides
- Cyperus blepharoleptos*
- Deparia petersenii
- Dioscorea alata
- Dioscorea bulbifera
- Dolichandra unguis-cati (Macfadyena unguis-cati)
- Eichhornia crassipes
- Eugenia uniflora
- Ficus microcarpa
- Heptapleurum actinophyllum
- Hydrilla verticillata
- Hygrophila polysperma
- Hymenachne amplexicaulis
- Imperata cylindrica
- Ipomoea aquatica
- Jasminum dichotomum
- Jasminum fluminense
- Lantana strigocamara (traditionally misidentified as L. camara)
- Ligustrum lucidum
- Ligustrum sinense
- Lonicera japonica
- Ludwigia peruviana
- Lumnitzera racemosa
- Luziola subintegra
- Lygodium japonicum
- Lygodium microphyllum
- Manilkara zapota
- Melaleuca quinquenervia
- Melinis repens syn. Rhynchelytrum repens
- Microsorum grossum - previously misidentified as M. scolopendria
- Microstegium vimineum
- Mimosa pigra
- Nandina domestica
- Nephrolepis brownii
- Nephrolepis cordifolia
- Neyraudia reynaudiana
- Nymphoides cristata
- Paederia cruddasiana
- Paederia foetida
- Panicum repens
- Pistia - actually likely a native cryptogenic species, but listed as invasive[181][182]
- Psidium cattleianum
- Psidium guajava
- Pueraria montana var. lobata syn. P. lobata
- Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
- Ruellia simplex (syn. R. brittoniana, R. tweediana, R. caerulea, R. simplex)
- Salvinia minima
- Scaevola taccada
- Schinus terebinthifolius
- Scleria eggersiana*
- Scleria lacustris
- Scleria microcarpa
- Senna pendula var. glabrata
- Solanum tampicense
- Solanum viarum
- Sporobolus jacquemontii
- Syngonium podophyllum
- Syzygium cumini
- Tectaria incisa
- Thelypteris opulenta
- Thespesia populnea
- Tradescantia fluminensis
- Tradescantia spathacea*
- Triadica sebifera syn. Sapium sebiferum
- Urena lobata
- Vitex rotundifolia
Category 2
- Adenanthera pavonina
- Agave sisalana
- Alstonia macrophylla
- Alternanthera philoxeroides
- Antigonon leptopus
- Ardisia japonica
- Aristolochia elegans Aristolochia littoralis
- Asystasia gangetica
- Begonia culcullata
- Broussonetia papyrifera
- Bruguiera gynnorhiza
- Callisia fragrans
- Casuarina cunninghamiana
- Cecropia palmata
- Cenchrus polystachios (Pennisetum polystachion)
- Cenchrus setaceus (Pennisetum setaceum)
- Cestrum diurnum
- Chamaedorea seifrizii
- Clematis terniflora
- Cocos nucifera
- Crassocephalum crepidioides
- Cryptostegia madagascariensis
- Cyperus involucratus
- Cyperus prolifer
- Dactyloctenium aegyptium
- Dalbergia sissoo
- Dalechampia scandens
- Distimake tuberosus (Merremia tuberosa)
- Dracaena hyacinthoides (Sansevieria hyacinthoides)
- Elaeagnus pungens
- Elaeagnus umbellata
- Epipremnum pinnatum
- Eulophia graminea
- Ficus altissima
- Flacourtia indica
- Hemarthria altissima
- Heteropterys brachiata
- Hyparrhenia rufa
- Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa
- Kalanchoe pinnata
- Kalanchoe x houghtonii
- Koelreuteria elegans subsp. formosana
- Landoltia punctata (Spirodela punctata)
- Leucaena leucocephala
- Limnophila sessiliflora
- Livistona chinensis
- Macroptilium lathyroides
- Melaleuca viminalis (Callistemon viminalis)
- Melia azedarach
- Melinis minutiflora
- Mikania micrantha
- Momordica charantia
- Murraya paniculata
- Myriophyllum spicatum
- Passiflora biflora
- Phoenix reclinata
- Phyllostachys aurea
- Pittosporum pentandrum
- Platycerium bifurcatum
- Praxelis clematidea
- Pteris tripartita*
- Pteris vittata
- Ptychosperma elegans
- Richardia grandiflora
- Ricinus communis
- Rotala rotundifolia
- Ruellia blechum
- Selenicereus pteranthus*
- Sesbania punicea
- Sida planicaulis
- Solanum diphyllum
- Solanum torvum
- Spermacoce verticillata Does not include the native endemic Spermacoce neoterminalis.
- Sphagneticola trilobata (Wedelia triloba)
- Stachytarpheta cayennensis Produces a hybrid with the Florida native species Stachytarpheta jamaicensis known as Stachytarpheta x intercedens[183]
- Syagrus romanzoffiana
- Syzygium jambos
- Tabebuia heterophylla*
- Talipariti tiliaceum var. tiliaceum
- Terminalia catappa
- Terminalia muelleri
- Thelypteris dentata (Christella dentata)
- Tribulus cistoides
- Urochloa maxima (Panicum maximum)
- Vernicia fordii
- Vitex trifolia
- Washingtonia robusta
- Wisteria sinensis
- Xanthosoma sagittifolium
*Species added in 2023
See also
References
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