List of interstellar radio messages
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This is a list of interstellar radio messages (IRMs) transmitted from Earth.
Stars to which messages were sent include:
| Target | Distance (ly) | Sent | Expected Arrival | Message |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Messier 13 | 25,000 | 1974-11-16 | 25974 | Arecibo message |
| Epsilon Eridani | 10.5 | 1986 | 1997 | Poetica Vaginal |
| Tau Ceti | 11.9 | 1986 | 1998 | |
| 16 Cyg A | 69 | 1999-05-24 | 2068 | Cosmic Call 1 |
| 15 Sge | 57 | 1999-06-30 | 2056 | |
| ? | 67 | 1999-06-30 | 2066 | |
| Gl 777 | 52 | 1999-07-01 | 2051 | |
| ? | 68 | 2001-08-29 | 2069 | Teen Age Message |
| 47 UMa | 46 | 2001-09-03 | 2047 | |
| 37 Gem | 56 | 2001-09-03 | 2057 | |
| ? | 57 | 2001-09-03 | 2058 | |
| ? | 51 | 2001-09-04 | 2052 | |
| ? | 57 | 2001-09-04 | 2058 | |
| ? | 33 | 2003-07-06 | 2036 | Cosmic Call 2 |
| ? | 37 | 2003-07-06 | 2040 | |
| 55 Cnc | 41 | 2003-07-06 | 2044 | |
| ? | 41 | 2003-07-06 | 2044 | |
| 47 UMa | 46 | 2003-07-06 | 2049 | |
| Polaris | 433 | 2008-02-04 | 2439 | Across the Universe |
| Gliese 581 | 20.3 | 2008-10-09 | 2029 | A Message From Earth |
| Gliese 581 | 20.3 | 2009-08-28 | 2030 | Hello From Earth |
| TZ Arietis | 14.6 | 2009-11-09 | 2024 | RuBisCo Stars (RuBisCO genetic sequence) |
| Teegarden's Star | 12.5 | 2009-11-09 | 2021 | |
| Kappa¹ Ceti | 29.8 | 2009-11-10 | 2039 | |
| Polaris | 433 | 2016-10-10 | 2450 | A Simple Response to an Elemental Message |
| Luyten b | 12.36 | 2017-10-16 | 2030 | Sónar Calling GJ273b |
| 2018-05-14 | 2031 |
The 1986 Poetica Vaginal signal, briefly transmitted from the MIT Millstone Radar, was an techno-art project created by Joe Davis who was concerned about government censorship of messages such as the removal of genatilia on the voyager probe record. His response was to utilize a sensitive instrument to record the contractions of a woman's vaginal canal, convert it into analog signal and digitally map the input into a phoenetic audible representation (or voice).[1] The project was able to send out a few "test signals" consisting of this data to the intended targets; however, the US Air Force shutdown the project before it sent out the bulk of the message.[1]
"Across the Universe", "Hello From Earth" and "A Simple Response to an Elemental Message" are not always considered serious. The first two of them were sent to Polaris, which is 431 light years distant from us and whose planetary system, even if it exists, may not be suited for life, because it is a supergiant star, spectral type F7Ib which is only 70 million years old.[2] In addition, both transmission rates were very high, about 128 kbit/s, for such moderate transmitter power (about 18 kW). The main defect of the "Hello From Earth" is an insufficient scientific and technical justification, since no famous SETI scientist made statements with validation of HFE's design. As it follows from : "After the final message was collected on Monday 24 August 2009, messages were exported as a text file and sent to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, where they were encoded into binary, packaged and tested before transmission", but nobody explained why he hopes that such encoded and packaged text will be understood and conceived by possible extraterrestrials.
Some use the term Active SETI Project, but Alexander Zaitsev, who was a scientific head of composing and transmissions of Cosmic Call 1999 & 2003, and Teen Age Message 2001, and a scientific consultant of A Message From Earth, emphasized that he considers above IRMs as the METI (Messaging to Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence Projects).
These seven messages have targeted stars between 20 and 69 light-years from the Earth. The exception is the Arecibo message, which targeted globular cluster M13, approximately 24,000 light-years away. The first message to reach its destination will be A Message From Earth, which should reach the Gliese 581 planetary system in Libra in 2029.
On 13 February 2015, scientists (including Geoffrey Marcy, Seth Shostak, Frank Drake, David Grinspoon and David Brin) at a convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, discussed Active SETI and whether transmitting a message to possible intelligent extraterrestrials in the Cosmos was a good idea;[3][4] one result was a statement, (which was not signed by Seth Shostak or Frank Drake), that a "worldwide scientific, political and humanitarian discussion must occur before any message is sent".[5]
There are twelve realized IRM projects:
- The Morse Message (1962),[6] sent to Venus
- Arecibo message (1974), one transmission to Messier 13
- Poetica Vaginal (1986), several minutes of transmission towards Epsilon Eridani and Tau Ceti[1]
- Cosmic Call 1 (1999), four transmissions to nearby Sun-like stars
- Teen Age Message (2001), six transmissions
- Cosmic Call 2 (2003), five transmissions
- A Message From Earth (2008), one transmission to the Gliese 581 planetary system
- Across the Universe (2008)
- Hello From Earth (HFE, 2009) one transmission to the Gliese 581 planetary system
- Wow! Reply (2012), three transmissions to Hipparcos 34511, Hipparcos 33277 and Hipparcos 43587 in reply to the Wow! signal[7]
- Lone Signal (2013)
- A Simple Response to an Elemental Message[8] (2016)
- Sónar Calling GJ273b (2017)[9][10]
Along with serious IRM projects, a number of pseudo-METI[11] projects also exist:
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