List of female fellows of the Royal Society

Elected Fellow of the Royal Society, female, including honorary, foreign and royal fellows From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Remove ads

Fellowship of the Royal Society is open to scientists, engineers and technologists from the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations, on the basis of having made "a substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science and medical science".[4] Election to the Fellowship is highly regarded and sought after, bringing prestige to both the individual academically and the institution the Fellow is associated with.[5] For scientists in the United Kingdom, the recognition is considered second only to being awarded the Nobel Prize.[6]

Quick Facts Female fellows of the Royal Society, Awarded for ...
Female fellows of the Royal Society
Thumb
Female fellows of the Royal Society elected from 2014 to 2018
Awarded forContributions to the improvement of natural knowledge”[1]
Sponsored byRoyal Society
Date1945 (1945)
LocationLondon
CountryUnited Kingdom
Total percentage of fellowsSince Kathleen Lonsdale and Marjory Stephenson in 1945, around 9% of fellows of the Royal Society are women[2][3]
Websiteroyalsociety.org/fellows
Close

While there was no explicit prohibition of women as Fellow of the Royal Society in its original charters and statutes, election to the fellowships was for much of the Society's history de facto closed to women. As a result of the dissolution of nunneries in connection with the Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII, and female exclusion from schools and universities, the formal education of British girls and women was effectively non-existent throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. Women slowly gained admittance to learned societies in the UK starting in the 19th century, with the founding of the Zoological Society of London in 1829 and the Royal Entomological Society in 1833, both of which admitted women fellows from their inception.[7][8]

The first recorded question of women being admitted to the Royal Society occurred in 1900, when Marian Farquharson, the first female fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society, sent a letter to the Council of the Royal Society petitioning that "duly qualified women should have the advantage of full fellowship". In its reply, the Council stated that the question of women fellows "must depend on the interpretation to be placed upon the Royal Charters under which the Society has been governed for more than three hundred years".[7] When Hertha Ayrton was nominated for fellowship in 1902, her candidature was turned down on the basis that as a married woman she had no standing in law.[9] The Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 made it illegal for an incorporated society to refuse admission on the grounds of an individual's sex or marital status. While the Society acknowledged the provision of section 1 of the Act in 1925, in reply to a question originally put to them by the Women's Engineering Society three years prior, it was not until 1943 that another woman was nominated for fellowship. Kathleen Lonsdale and Marjory Stephenson were duly elected in 1945, after a postal vote amending the Society's statutes to explicitly allow women fellows.[7][8]

As of 2020, a total of 198 women have been elected fellows. Two women have been elected under the Society's former Statute 12 regulation and two Honorary Fellows for their service to the cause of science. Another four women, from the British Royal Family, have been either Royal Fellow or Patron of the Society. Thirty six more women have been elected as Foreign Members. Of the approximately 1,600 living fellows and foreign members in 2018, 8.5 per cent are women compared to 0.4% in 1945, according to a historical research project conducted by Aileen Fyfe and Camilla Mørk Røstvik.[3][10]

Remove ads

Fellows

More information Year of election, Image ...
List of female fellows
Year of election Image Fellow Field(s) Notes Ref.
1945 Kathleen Lonsdale in 1968 Kathleen Lonsdale Crystallography Awarded the Davy Medal in 1957 [11][12]
Marjory Stephenson Biochemistry, microbiology [13][14]
1946 Agnes Arber Botany [15][16]
1947 Mary Cartwright Mary Cartwright Mathematics Awarded the Sylvester Medal in 1964 [17][18]
Portrait of Dorothy Hodgkin Dorothy Hodgkin Biochemistry Awarded the Royal Medal in 1956, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964, and the Copley Medal in 1976; delivered the Tercentenary Lecture in 1960 and the Bakerian Lecture in 1972 [19][20]
Muriel Robertson Protozoology, bacteriology [21][22]
1948 Sidnie Manton Entomology Her sister Irene Manton was elected FRS in 1961. [23][24]
Dorothy Needham Biochemistry [25][26]
1952 Honor Fell at her microscope in the 1950s Honor Fell Zoology [27][28]
Marthe Vogt Neurology Awarded the Royal Medal in 1981 [29][30]
1954 Rosalind Pitt-Rivers Biochemistry [31][32]
1956 Helen Porter Plant physiology [33][34]
1957 Charlotte Auerbach Zoology, genetics Awarded the Darwin Medal in 1976 [35][36]
1958 Edith Bülbring Pharmacology [37][38]
1959 Ann Bishop Protozoology, parasitology [39][40]
Sylvia Tait Endocrinology [41][42]
1961 Portrait of Irene Manton Irene Manton Botany Sister of Sidnie Manton (elected FRS 1948) [43][44]
1963 Sheina Marshall Marine biology [45][46]
1964 Eleanor Margaret Burbidge Astrophysics [47]
1965 Dorothy Hill Geology [48]
1966 Lillian Mary Pickford Endocrinology [49]
1967 Emmeline Jean Hanson Biophysics [50][51]
1969 Winifred Watkins Biochemistry Awarded the Royal Medal in 1988 [52][53]
1971 Florence Gwendolen Rees Zoology, parasitology [54][55]
1972 Mary Parke Phycology [56][57]
Ruth Sanger Hematology, serology [58][59]
1973 Brigitte Askonas Immunology [60]
Mary Lyon in 2010 Mary Lyon Genetics Awarded the Royal Medal in 1984 [61]
1975 Anne McLaren Developmental biology, genetics Foreign Secretary and vice-president of the Royal Society 1991–96, and awarded the Royal Medal in 1990 [62]
1976 Patricia Clarke Biochemistry Delivered the Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1979 [63]
Elsie Widdowson Nutrition [64][65]
1977 Helen Muir Rheumatology [66]
1979 Brenda Milner at TEDxMcGill, 2011 Brenda Milner Neuropsychology Delivered the Humphry Davy Lecture in 1989 [67]
Winifred Tutin Botany [68]

Janet Vaughan

Janet Vaughan Physiology [69][70]
Janet Watson Geology [71][72]
1982

Noreen Murray

Noreen Murray Molecular genetics Vice-president of the Royal Society 2002–04, and awarded the Gabor Medal in 1989 [73]
1985 Naomi Datta Genetics [74]
Miriam Rothschild Entomology, botany [75][76]
Anne Warner Developmental biology [77]
1986 Jean Thomas Biochemistry Biological Secretary and vice-president of the Royal Society 2008–present [78]
Elizabeth Warrington Neuropsychology [79]
1987 Olga Kennard Crystallography [80]
1988 Barbara Pearse Molecular biology [81]
1989 Anne Treisman Psychology [82]
1990 Louise Johnson Biochemistry, crystallography [83]
Carole Jordan Astronomy [84]
1991 Enid MacRobbie Biophysics [85]
1992 Elizabeth Blackburn in 2009 Elizabeth Blackburn Molecular biology Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009 [86]
Suzanne Cory Genetics Awarded the Royal Medal in 2002 [87]
1993 Patricia Jacobs Genetics [88]
1994 Dusa McDuff in 2009 Dusa McDuff Mathematics [89]
1995 Julia Higgins Polymer science Foreign Secretary and vice-president of the Royal Society 2001–06, delivered the Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lecture in 2005 and the Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lecture in 2007 [90]
Shirley Tilghman in 2006 Shirley Tilghman Molecular biology [91]
1996 Jan Anderson Biology [92]
Dianne Edwards Paleobotany [93]
Linda Partridge Genetics, biogerontology Delivered the Croonian Lecture in 2009 [94]
1997

Philippa Marrack in 1992

Philippa Marrack Immunology Awarded the Wellcome Foundation Prize in 1990 [95]
1998 Jean Beggs Genetics Awarded the Gabor Medal in 2003 [96]
Cheryll Tickle Developmental biology [97]
1999 Frances Ashcroft Physiology [98]
Rosa Beddington Developmental biology [99][100]
Lorna Casselton in 2010 Lorna Casselton Genetics Foreign Secretary and vice-president of the Royal Society 2006–11, delivered the Rutherford Memorial Lecture in 2008 and the Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lecture in 2009 [101]
Athene Donald at the NIMR Wikipedia edit-a-thon on 25 July 2013 Athene Donald Physics Delivered the Bakerian Lecture in 2006 [102]
Portrait of Janet Thornton Janet Thornton Bioinformatics [103]
2000 Janet Rossant Developmental biology [104]
Patricia Simpson Developmental biology [105]
2001 Brigid Hogan Developmental biology [106]
Frances Kirwan in 2009 Frances Kirwan Mathematics [107]
Sheila Sherlock Medicine [108][109]
2002 Anne Dell Biochemistry [110]
Judith Howard Chemistry, crystallography [111]
Georgina Mace Conservation biology, ecology [112]
Mary Rees Mathematics [113]
2003 Portrait of Jocelyn Bell Burnell Jocelyn Bell Burnell Astrophysics Awarded the Michael Faraday Prize in 2010 [114]
Mariann Bienz Molecular biology [115]
Kay Davies Genetics [116]
Eleanor Dodson Biochemistry [117]
Ann Dowling in 2011 Ann Dowling Mechanical engineering [118]
Bridget Ogilvy in 1987 Bridget Ogilvie Parasitology [119]
Elizabeth Robertson Cell biology [120]
Karen Vousden Molecular biology [121]
Fiona Watt Molecular biology [122]
2004 Caroline Dean Botany [123]
Lynn Gladden Chemical engineering Awarded the Bakerian Lecture for 2014 [124]
Carol Robinson Chemistry Awarded the Rosalind Franklin Award in 2004, and the Davy Medal in 2010 [125]
Nancy Rothwell Biology [126]
2005 Deborah Charlesworth Evolutionary biology [127]
Uta Frith in 2012 Uta Frith Developmental psychology [128]
2006 Valerie Beral Epidemiology [129]
Ruth Lynden-Bell Computational chemistry [130]
Trudy Mackay Genetics [131]
Helen Saibil Molecular biology [132]
2007 Gillian Bates Biology Delivered the GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture in 1998 [133]

Rosemary Grant with hummingbird

Barbara Rosemary Grant Evolutionary biology Awarded the Darwin Medal in 2002 [134]

Ottoline Leyser

Ottoline Leyser Botany Awarded the Rosalind Franklin Award in 2007 [135]
Daniela Rhodes Molecular biology [136]
Veronica van Heyningen Genetics [137]
2008 Anne O'Garra at the NIMR Wikipedia edit-a-thon on 25 July 2013 Anne O'Garra Immunology [138]
Ulrike Tillmann Mathematics [139]
2009 Jennifer Clack Palaeontology, evolutionary biology [140]
Wendy Hall in 2011 Wendy Hall Computer science [141]
Christine Holt Developmental neuroscience [142]
Angela McLean Angela McLean Mathematical biology Awarded the Gabor Medal in 2011 [143]
Karen Steel Biology [144]
2010 Andrea Brand Molecular biology Awarded the Rosalind Franklin Award in 2006 [145]
Eleanor Campbell Eleanor Campbell Physical chemistry [146]
Nicky Clayton Nicola Clayton Comparative cognition [147]
Victoria M Kaspi Victoria Kaspi Astrophysics Delivered the UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture in 2010 [148]
Elizabeth Simpson Biology [149]
2011 Doreen Cantrell Immunology [150]
Clare Grey Clare Grey Chemistry Kavli Medal and Lecture in 2011 [151]
Janet Hemingway Tropical medicine [152]
Fiona Powrie Gastroenterology [153]
Angela Vincent Biology [154]
2012 Michele Dougherty Astrophysics [155]
Margaret Robinson Molecular biology, cell biology [156]
2013 Judith Armitage Biochemistry [157]
Gillian Griffiths Cell biology, immunology [158]

Joanna Haigh

Joanna Haigh Atmospheric physics [159]
Edith Heard Epigenetics [160]
Anne Mills Health economics [161]
Maria Grazia Spillantini Neurology [162]
Brigitta Stockinger Immunology [163]
Sophie Wilson in 2009 Sophie Wilson Computer architecture [164]

Julia Yeomans in 2018

Julia Yeomans Physics [165]
2014 Dorothy Bishop Psychology [166]
Sally Davies Sally Davies Medicine [167]
Marian Dawkins Zoology [168]
Amanda Fisher Biology [169]
Jenny Nelson Physics [170]
Karalyn Patterson Neuroscience [171]
Sheena Radford Biophysics [172]
2015 Jane Clarke Biophysics [173]
Anne Cutler Psycholinguistics [174]
Annette Dolphin Pharmacology [175]
Yvonne Elsworth Helioseismology [176]
Alison Etheridge Probability [177]
Jane A. Langdale Plant development [178]
Julia Slingo Meteorology [179]
Natalie Strynadka Biochemistry [180]
2016 Polina Bayvel Optical communication [181]
Katharine Cashman Volcanology [182]
Sarah Cleaveland Epidemiology [183]
Christl Donnelly Epidemiology [184]
Maria Fitzgerald Neuroscience [185]
Pratibha Gai Microscopy [186]
Anne Glover Biology [187]
Sue Ion Nuclear power [188]
Eugenia Kumacheva Chemistry [189]
Corinne Le Quéré Climate change [190]
Eleanor Maguire Neuroscience [191]
Caroline Series Mathematics [192]
Alison Smith Plant biochemistry [193]
2017 Wendy Bickmore Genome biology [194]
Anne Ferguson-Smith Genetics [195]
Gabriele C. Hegerl Climate change [196]
Yvonne Jones Molecular biology [197]
Julia King Engineering [198]
Anne Neville Engineering [199]
Alison Noble Biomedical engineering [200]
Josephine Pemberton Evolutionary biology [201]
Sarah (Sally) Price Chemistry [202]
Anne Ridley Cell biology [203]
Nicola Spaldin Materials science [204]
Jennifer Thomas Physicist [205]
Susanne von Caemmerer Plant physiology [206]
2018 Polly Arnold Chemistry [207]
Jillian Banfield Microbial ecology [208]
Margaret Brimble Chemistry [209]
Judy Hirst Mitochondrial biology [210]
Cathie Martin Plant biotechnology [211]
Tracy Palmer Microbiology [212]
Lalita Ramakrishnan Microbiology [213]
Nancy Reid Statistics [214]
Sheila Rowan Physics [215]
Ingrid Scheffer Neurology [216]
Michele Simmons Quantum physics [217]
Angela Strank Geology [218]
2019 Lucy Carpenter Atmospheric chemistry [219]
Sarah C. Darby Epidemiology [220]
Véronique Gouverneur Chemistry [221]
Gagandeep Kang Microbiology [222]
Marta Kwiatkowska Marta Kwiatkowska Artificial Intelligence [223]
Christine Orengo Computational biology [224]
Anne Osbourn Microbiology [225]
Barbara Sherwood Lollar Geology [226]
Molly Shoichet Biomedical engineering Ontario's first chief scientist [227]
Liz Sockett Bacteriology [228]
2020 Marian Holness Geology [229]
Xin Lu Biology, Cancer research [230]
Catherine Price Cognitive neuroscience [231]
Carol Prives Biology, Cancer research [232]
Linda Nazar Chemistry [233]
Molly Stevens Molly Stevens Biomedical engineering [234]

Donna Strickland

Donna Strickland Physics Nobel Prize winner [235]

Sarah Teichmann

Sarah Teichmann Bioinformatics, Biophysics, Genomics, Immunology [236]
Jane Visvader Cell and Molecular Biology [237]
2021 Julie Ahringer Julie Ahringer Molecular genetics [238]
Connie Eaves Medical genetics [239]
Sadaf Farooqi Medicine, Genetics of obesity [240]
Ten Feizi Molecular biology [241]
Julie Forman-Kay Julie Forman-Kay Biochemistry, Cell and molecular biology, Molecular medicine [242]
Jane Francis Jane Francis Paleoclimatology [243]
Vernonica Franklin-Tong Cell biology (Plant) [244]
Usha Goswami Cognitive neuroscience [245]
Karen Heywood Oceanography [246]
Rebecca Kilner Evolutionary biology [247]
Fiona Marshall Pharmacology [248]
Frances Platt Biochemistry, Pharmacology [249]
Marilyn Renfree Zoology [250]
Abigail Sellen HCI [251]
Karen Vogtmann Mathematics [252]
Charlotte Williams Chemistry [253]
2022 Eileen Furlong Molecular biology [254]
Jane Hillston Computer science [255]
Sandra Knapp Botany [256]
Susan M. Lea Structural biology [257]
Irene Miguel-Aliaga Physiology [258]
Rachel O'Reilly Chemistry [259]
Rosalind Rickaby Biogeochemistry (Marine) [260]
Yvonne Rogers Cognitive science, HCI, IxD [261]
Kate Storey Developmental biology [262]
Carola Garcia de Vinuesa Immunology [263]
E. Sally Ward Immunology [264]
Rachel Wood Geology, Paleobiology [265]
2023 Judith Allen Immunology [266]
Sue Black Anatomy, Forensic anthropology, Forensic science [267]
Cathie Clarke Astrophysics [268]
Wendy Freedman Astronomy [269]
Sarah Gilbert Vaccinology [270]
Louise Heathwaite Environmental science [271]
Laura Heyderman Physics, Materials science [272]
Loeske Kruuk Evolutionary biology [273]
Jane Memmott Ecology, Entomology [274]
Valerie Mizrahi Molecular biology [275]
Tebello Nyokong Chemistry [276]
Sarah O'Connor Molecular biology [277]
Jane Parker Botany [278]
Lori Passmore Structural biology, CryoEM, RNA processing [279]
Hanadi Sleiman Chemistry [280]
Elizabeth Thompson Mathematical statistics, Population genetics [281]
Irene Tracey Neuroscience, Pain, Neuroimaging [282]
2024 Frances Balkwill Cell Biology [283]
Heidi Johansen-Berg Cognitive Neuroscience [284]
Donna Blackmond Organic Chemistry [285]
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore Cognitive Neuroscience [286]
Helen Blau Cell Biology [287]
Jo Dunkley Cosmology [288]
Rebecca Fitzgerald Oncology [289]
Anjali Goswami Evolutionary Biology [290]
Maria Harrison Microbiology [291]
Saskia Hogenhout Biochemistry [292]
Daniela Kühn Combinatorics [293]
Barbara Maher Environmental Science [294]
Tamsin Mather Volcanology [295]
Patricia Monaghan Ecology [296]
Sarah Otto Evolutionary Biology [297]
Lorraine Symington Genetics [298]
Mihaela van der Schaar Computer Science [299]
Sarah Tabrizi Neuroscience [300]
Xiaodong Zhang Biochemistry [301]
Close
Remove ads

Foreign members

More information Year of election, Image ...
List of female Foreign Members
Year of election Image Member Field(s) Notes Ref.
1955 Thumb Lise Meitner Nuclear physics [302]
1969 Thumb Inge Lehmann Seismology [303]
1989 Thumb Nicole Le Douarin Developmental biology Delivered the Claude Bernard Lecture in 1987 [304]
Thumb Barbara McClintock Cytogenetics Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1983 [305]
1990 Thumb Christiane Nusslein-Volhard Genetics, embryology Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995 [306]
1995 Thumb Gertrude Elion Biochemistry, pharmacology Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988 [307]
Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch Genetics [308]
Thumb Rita Levi-Montalcini Neurology Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986 [309]
2001 Clara Franzini-Armstrong Developmental biology [310]
2004 Thumb Jane Lubchenco Marine biology Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere of the United States 2010–present [311]
2005 Thumb Catherine Cesarsky Astronomy [312]
2008 Barbara Hohn Molecular biology [313]
Thumb Susan Solomon Atmospheric chemistry [314]
2010 Thumb Pascale Cossart Bacteriology [315]
2011 Thumb Joanne Chory Molecular biology, Cell biology [316]
Thumb Carla Shatz Neuroscience [317]
2012 Bonnie Bassler Molecular biology [318]
2013 Margaret Buckingham Developmental biology [319]
2014 Thumb Joan Steitz Molecular biology [320]
2015 Thumb Linda Buck Olfactory system [321]
Thumb Susan Lindquist Molecular biology [322]
Thumb Gail Martin Developmental Biology [323]
2016 Thumb Jennifer Doudna Biochemistry [324]
Thumb Ellen Williams Nanotechnology [325]
2017 Thumb Marcia McNutt Geophysics [326]
Thumb Susan R. Wessler Plant molecular biology [327]
2018 Thumb Carolyn R. Bertozzi Systems biology [328]
Thumb Fabiola Gianotti Particle physics [329]
2019 Thumb Sandra Diaz Ecology [330]
Thumb Elaine Fuchs Cell biology [331]
Thumb Inez Fung Climatology [332]
2020 Thumb Frances Arnold Bioengineering [333]
Else Marie Friis Palaeobiology [334]
Regine Kahmann Microbiology [335]
Thumb Margaret Kivelson Geophysics [336]
Thumb Ada Yonath Microbiology [337]
2021 Anny Cazenave Earth sciences [338]
Elena Conti Biochemistry [339]
Julie Forman-Kay Biochemistry [340]
Thumb V. Narry Kim Biochemistry [341]
Thumb Claire Voisin Mathematics [342]
2022 Thumb Titia de Lange Biochemistry [343]
Thumb Maria Leptin Immunology [344]
2023 Eva-Mari Aro Biology [345]
Odile Eisenstein Chemistry [346]
Thumb Shafi Goldwasser Artificial intelligence [347]
Thumb May-Britt Moser Neuroscience [348]
Thumb Karen Uhlenbeck Mathematics [349]
2024 Emily Carter Materials science [350]
Thumb Emmanuelle Charpentier Microbiology [351]
Thumb Ingrid Daubechies Mathematics [352]
Ruth Lehmann Reproductive biology [353]
Susana Magallón Evolutionary biology [354]
Kyoko Nozaki Chemistry [355]
Thumb Aviv Regev Computational biology [356]
Thumb Erin Schuman Neuroscience [357]
Close


Remove ads

Honorary and Statute 12 fellows

Between 1903 and 1996, Statute 12 of the Society permitted the council to elect someone who would not otherwise qualify for election under the normal criteria for "conspicuous service to the cause of science, or are such that their election would be of signal benefit to the Society". Statute 12 Fellows were replaced by the introduction of Honorary Fellows in 1997.[358]

More information Year of election, Image ...
List of female honorary and Statute 12 fellows
Year of election Image Fellow Field(s) Notes Ref.
1983 Thumb Margaret Thatcher Politics Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1979–1990) [359]
1988 Thumb Margaret Gowing History of science Delivered the Wilkins Lecture in 1976 [360]
2007 Thumb Onora O'Neill Philosophy, politics [361]
2015 Thumb Lisa Jardine History [362]
2023 Kate Bingham [363]
Fiona Fox [364]
Close

Royal fellows and patrons

Throughout its history, the Royal Society has elected a number of individuals to its Fellowship by virtue of their being a member of the nobility.[365] Such elections were restricted first in 1874 to princes and members of the Privy Council, and subsequently in 1903 to princes of the British Royal Family only.[358][366] This has since been relaxed to allow the election of any member of the British Royal Family.[367] Those elected by virtue of their royal blood or marriage are known as Royal Fellows.[368] From the beginning of the practice of British royal patronage in the 18th century,[369] the reigning monarch of Great Britain (and since 1801 that of the United Kingdom), starting with King George I,[370] has always served as patron of the Society.

More information Year of election, Image ...
List of female Royal Fellows and Patrons
Year of election Image Fellow / Patron Notes Ref.
1838 Thumb Queen Victoria Never elected as a Royal Fellow, instead served as Patron of the Society after her reign began as Queen of the United Kingdom and later Empress of India [371]
1947 Thumb Queen Elizabeth II Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, and patron from 1952 [372]
1956 Thumb Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Queen consort of King George VI [372]
1987 Thumb Princess Anne Princess Royal [373]
Close
Remove ads

See also

References

Remove ads

Wikiwand in your browser!

Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.

Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.

Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.

Remove ads