List of family name affixes

Family name affixes are a clue for surname etymology and can sometimes determine the ethnic origin of a person. This is a partial list of affixes.

Prefixes

Arabic

• Abu – (Arabic) "father of";^[1]
• Al – (Arabic) "Family of" or "House of" (in conjunction with name of ancestor)^[2]
• Bet – (Arabic from "Beyt") "house of"^{[citation needed]}
• Bint – (Arabic) "daughter of"; Binti, Binte (Malaysian version)
• El – (Arabic see Al)
• Ibn – (Arabic) "son of"

Armenian

• Ter – (Eastern Armenian) "son/daughter of a Priest"^{[citation needed]}
• Der – (Western Armenian) "son/daughter of a priest"; (German) "the" (masculine nominative), "of the" (feminine genitive)^{[citation needed]}

Berber

• Aït – (Berber) "of"
• At/Ath – (Berber) "(son[s]) of"

Dutch

• de – (Dutch) "the"
• 's – (Dutch) "of the"; contraction of des, genitive case of the definite article de. Example: 's Gravesande.
• 't – (Dutch) "the"; contraction of the neuter definite article het.
• ter – (Dutch) "at the"^{[citation needed]}
• van – (Dutch) "of", "from"
• van de, van den, van der, van 't – (Dutch) "of the", "from the"

French

"of", "of the", "from"; often a sign of nobility or old bourgeois family, but also just a geographical term of the name originated of a location :

• d'
• de
• de La
• des
• du

German

• von – (German) "of", "from"; often a sign of nobility, but also just a geographical term of the name originated of a location.
• zu - (German) "at"; a sign of nobility, sometimes in the combination von und zu, meaning the noble family still owns the place of naming

Hebrew

• Bath, bat – (Hebrew) "daughter of"^{[citation needed]}
• Ben, bin, ibn – (Arabic and Hebrew) "son of"^[1]

Irish

• Mac, Mc – (Irish) "son of".^[3] Both Mac and Mc are sometimes written M^ac and M^c (with superscript ac or c). Mc is pronounced Mac in some names.

• Ni, Nic – (Irish) "daughter of", from Irish "iníon" meaning "daughter"^[4]

• O', Ó, Ua – (Irish) "son of", "grandson of", "descendant of"^[5]

• Uí – genetive case of Ua (Irish) "daughter of", "granddaughter of", "(female) descendant of"^[6]

Italian

• Del – (Italian, Spanish) "of the", preceding a masculine singular noun^{[citation needed]}
• Degli – (Italian) "of the", preceding a masculine plural noun starting with either sp, sc, ps, z, gn, or st.^{[citation needed]}
• Della – (Italian) "of the", preceding a feminine singular noun^{[citation needed]}
• Di – (Italian) "of"^{[citation needed]}

Romanian

• A – (Romanian) "son of"

Welsh

• Ab – (Welsh, Cornish, Breton) "son of"^[7]
• Ap – (Welsh) "son of"^[7]
• Ferch, Verch – (Welsh) "daughter of"^[8]
• Verch, Erch – (Welsh) "daughter of"^[9]

Other

• Af – (Danish, Swedish), Av (Norwegian) "of"
• Ālam/Olam – Persian — "world"
• Bar – (Aramaic) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• Chaudhary - (Punjabi) A title of honour from the Punjab used by several Punjabi tribes, often represented by the prefix "Ch".^[10]
• Da – (Italian) "from", "of"; (Portuguese) "from the" (before a feminine singular noun)^{[citation needed]}
• Das – (Portuguese) "from the", "of the", preceding a feminine plural noun^{[citation needed]}
• De – (Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Filipino) "of"; indicates region of origin, often a sign of nobility; in Spanish-speaking countries a married woman will sometimes append her name with "de XXXX" ^{[citation needed]} where "XXXX" is her husband's last name; (Dutch) "the"
• Dele – Southern French, Filipino, and Occitan, equivalent of Du^{[citation needed]}
• Dos – (Portuguese) "from the, of the", preceding a masculine plural noun^{[citation needed]}
• Du – (French) "of the", preceding a masculine singular noun^{[citation needed]}
• E – (Portuguese) "and", between surnames (Maria Eduarda de Canto e Mello)^{[citation needed]}
• Fitz – (Irish, from Norman French) "son of", from Latin "filius" meaning "son" (mistakenly thought to mean illegitimate son, because of its use for certain illegitimate sons of English kings)^{[citation needed]}
• i – (Catalan) "and", always in lowercase, used to identify both surnames (e.g. Antoni Gaudí i Cornet)^[11]
• ka – (Zulu) "(son/daughter) of", always in lower case and preceding the name of the father.
• Kil, Gil, Mal, Mul – (English, Irish, Scottish) "son of", "servant of", "devotee of", originating from the Irish "Mac Giolla", typically followed by a Saint's name (e.g. Mac Giolla Bhríde).^[12][13]
• La – (Italian, French, Spanish) "the", feminine singular^{[citation needed]}
• Le – (Northern French) "the", masculine singular^{[citation needed]}
• M'/Mac/Mc/Mck/Mhic/Mic – (Irish, Scottish, and Manx Gaelic) "son". Both Mac and Mc are sometimes written M^ac and M^c (with superscript ac or c). In some names, Mc is pronounced Mac.
• Mala – (Kurdish) "House of"^{[citation needed]}
• Na – ณ (Thai) "at"^{[citation needed]}
• Ngā – (Te Reo Māori) "the (plural)"
• Nic, Ní – (Irish, Scottish) "daughter of", from Irish "iníon" meaning "daughter"^{[14][citation needed]}
• Nin – (Serbian)^{[citation needed]}
• O/Ó/Ua/Uí – (Irish, Scottish, and Manx Gaelic) "son of", "grandson of", "descendant of"^{[15] [citation needed]}
• Öz – (Turkish) "pure"^{[citation needed]}
• Pour – (Persian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• Te – (Te Reo Māori) "the (singular)"
• Tre – (Cornish) "settlement/ homestead farm of"^[16]
• war - Marathi Last Name. People from Arya Vyshya community residing mostly in central India.

Suffixes

• -a, -ya Kurdish means "of" (female) (by two surnames)^{[clarification needed][citation needed]}
• -à (Catalan) feminine -ana "of or from [a locality or place]" (Català -Catalan); and also the name of a job (Manyà -irosmith), from Latin -ānus, -āna^{[citation needed]}
• -ac (Croatian, Serbian, Slovenian, Southern French)^{[citation needed][citation needed]}
• -ach (Ukrainian, Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -ač/)^{[citation needed]}
  • -acz (Polish)^{[citation needed]}
• -aei (Persian) (See -i) for words that end in the long vowel A^{[citation needed]}
• -aitis (Lithuanian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
  • -aitė (Lithuanian) signifies an unmarried female^{[citation needed]}
    • -aty Americanized form^{[citation needed]}
• -aj (Albanian) (pronounced AY; meaning “of the" ) It denotes the name of the family, which mostly comes from the male founder of the family, but also from a place, as in, Lash-aj (from the village Lashaj of Kastrat, MM, Shkodër). It is likely that its ancient form, still found in MM, was an [i] in front of the last name, as in ‘Déda i Lékajve’ (Déd of Lekës). For ease of use, the [i] in front of the last name, and the ending _ve, were dropped. If the last name ends in [a], then removing the [j] would give the name of the patriarch or the place, as in, Grudaj - j = Gruda (place in MM). Otherwise, removing the whole ending [aj] yields the name of founder or place of origin, as in Lekaj - aj = Lek(ë). Since the names are found most commonly in Malsi e Madhe (North) and Labëri (South), it is likely that this linguistic feature is very old. It must have been lost as a result of foreign influences brought into Albania by the invaders. ^{[citation needed]}
• -ak (Polish, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Croatian, Slovenian, Slovak, Montenegrin, Sorbian) See -ák for its Slovak meaning.^[17]
  • -ák (Czech, Slovak) In Slovak, -ák means "pertaining to" or merely creates a noun, and its two other versions are -iak and -ak.^[17]
• -al (Nepali) denotes for village of origin (for e.g.; Khanal, Dhakal, Dahal, Rijal, etc.)
• -an (Ukrainian, Belarusian) (e.g. Ruban)^{[citation needed]}
• -an (Romanian)^{[citation needed]}
• -án (Spanish)^{[citation needed]}
• -and (French)^{[citation needed]}
• -ange (French) from Germanic -ing^{[citation needed]}
• -ani (Sindhi) "descended from"^[18]
• -ano (Italian) feminine -ana "of or from [a locality]"; from Latin -ānus, -āna^{[citation needed]}
• -ant (English; Norman)^{[citation needed]}
• -ant (French; Old French)^{[citation needed]}
• -ant (Hindi; Sanskrit)^{[citation needed]}
• -anu (Romanian)^{[citation needed]}
• -appa (Kodava) patronymic, meaning "father"
• -ár (Slovak)^{[citation needed]}
• -ář (Czech)^{[citation needed]}
• -arz (Polish)^{[citation needed]}
• -as (French) Duras, Porras, Dumas
• -au (-aw) (Belarusian) / -aŭ (Belarusian Latin).^{[citation needed]}
  • -ava (Belarusian) feminine equivalent of -au
• -au (German) in a toponymic surname, "of or from a lower place near water"^[19]
• -auskas/-iauskas (Lithuanian) equivalent to Polish -owski, -ewski, Belarusian -ouski, -euski / Belarusian Latin -oŭski, -eŭski^{[citation needed]}
• -awan (Urdu)^{[citation needed]}
• -ba (Abkhazian) "male"^{[citation needed]}
• -chi, -çı, -çi, cı, -ci (Azeri, Persian, چی-, Turkish) attributed to a geographic location or performing a certain job^[20]
• -chian (Persian, چیان-) attributed to or performing a certain job^{[citation needed]}
• -chek, -chik, -chyk, -chuk (Ukrainian, Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -ček, -čyk, -čuk/) diminutive^{[citation needed]}
  • -czek, -czyk, -czuk, -czak (Polish)^{[citation needed]}
  • -ček, -čík (Czech, Slovak, Slovenian)^{[citation needed]}
  • -ćek, -cek (Croatian)^{[citation needed]}
• -ckas (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Polish and Belarusian -cki^{[citation needed]}
• -cki (Polish, Belarusian, Croatian, Serbian, Sorbian) variant of -ski^{[citation needed]}
  • -cka (Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Sorbian) Feminine equivalent of -cki^{[citation needed]}
• -ckis (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Polish and Belarusian -cki^{[citation needed]}
• -cký (Czech, Slovak)^{[citation needed]}
  • -cká (Czech, Slovak) Feminine equivalent of -cký^{[citation needed]}
• -čki (Serbian, Croatian, Bulgarian)^{[citation needed]}
• -cock, -cox (English) "little"^{[citation needed]}
• -dan, -den, -don, -dön (Kyrghyz) "from (whom)", when the ancestor 's name ends in a soft consonant also vowel (e.g. Asanbaydan, Marlenden, Ormondon, Bayköldön)
• -datter (Danish, Norwegian) "daughter (of)"^{[citation needed]}
• -din (Swedish)^{[citation needed]}
• -dokht (Persian) "daughter (of)"^{[citation needed]}
• -dotter (Norwegian, Swedish) "daughter (of)"^{[citation needed]}
• -dóttir (Icelandic) "daughter (of)" (patronymic suffix (sometimes matronymic) (by law) of not a family name but part of the Icelandic last name where (usually) the father's name is always slightly modified and then dóttir added)^{[citation needed]}
• -dze (Georgian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -dzki (Polish) variant of -ski, -cki^{[citation needed]}
• -é (Catalan)^{[citation needed]}
• -ê, -yê (Kurdish) means "of" (male) (by two surnames)^{[clarification needed]}
• -eanu (Romanian)^{[citation needed]}
• -eau, -eault (French) diminutive suffix (Latin -ellu-)^{[citation needed]}
• -ec (Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Slovenian, Polish, Sorbian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), (French spelling for Breton -e.g.)^{[citation needed]}
  • -avec (Belarusian)^{[citation needed]}
• -ee (See -i)^{[citation needed]}
• -eff (Russian, Bulgarian) obsolete, copied from German transliteration of -ev^{[citation needed]}
• -eiro (Portuguese, Galician)^{[citation needed]}
• -eix (French), diminutive
• -ek (Czech, Polish, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian) diminutive^{[citation needed]}
• -ell (English spelling for French -el, diminutive)^{[citation needed]}
• -el (Northern French and Occitan, French -eau)^{[citation needed]}
• -ema (Suffix of Frisian origin, given by Napoleon Bonaparte who used suffixes like these to keep a record of people's origins within the Netherlands)^{[citation needed]}
• -ems (Dutch)^{[citation needed]}
• -ėnas (Lithuanian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -enko (Ukrainian), -enka/-anka (Belarusian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
  • -chenko (Ukrainian), -chenka/-chanka (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -čenka, -čanka/)
• -ens (Dutch)^{[citation needed]}
• -ent (French)^{[citation needed]}
• -enya (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -enia/) (e.g. Gerasimenya)^{[citation needed]}
• -er (Dutch, English, French, German, Turkish "male")^{[citation needed]}
• -ero (Spanish)^{[citation needed]}
• -ers (Dutch)^{[citation needed]}
• -es (Greek, Portuguese) "son of" in Portuguese^{[citation needed]}
• -ese (Italian) plural -esi "of or from [a locality]"; from Latin -ēnsis^{[citation needed]}
• -escu (Romanian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -ești (Romanian) possessive plural, also used in place names^{[citation needed]}
• -et (French) (diminutive suffix Latin -ettu- or former -el)^{[citation needed]}
• -ets (Ukrainian, Belarusian)^{[citation needed]}
• -eu (-ew) (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -eŭ/) equivalent to Russian -ev^{[citation needed]}
• -ev (Russian (all Eastern Slavic languages), Bulgarian, Macedonian) possessive^{[citation needed]}
  • -eva (Russian (all Eastern Slavic languages), Bulgarian, Macedonian) Feminine equivalent of -ev^{[citation needed]}
• -evski (Macedonian, Bulgarian) possessive^{[citation needed]}
  • -evska (Macedonian, Bulgarian) Feminine equivalent of -evski^{[citation needed]}
• -ez (Spanish, North Picard) including Spanish-speaking countries "son of"; in Picard, old spelling for -et^{[citation needed]}
• -ëz (Albanian) for feminine; a word refer to something smaller, either literally or figuratively as in a form of endearment^{[citation needed]}
• -fia, -fi, -fy, -ffy (Hungarian) "descendant of" (literally "son of")^{[citation needed]}
• -fleth, -felth, -fleet (Northern German) current, body of water
• -gil, (Turkish, "family") (e.g. Korkmazgil)^{[citation needed]}
• -i (Hungarian) "of", "from" indicates region of origin, sign of nobility (e.g. "Szentiványi", "Rákóczi"). Like German Von.^{[citation needed]}
• -i (Arabic, Persian,Hebrew) "descendant of", "attributed to" (e.g. "Baghdadi", "Abbasi") or, (Iranian) "from" (e.g. "Barzani" from Barzan, or Tabrizi from Tabriz.)^[20]
• -ia (Abkhaz, Mingrelian)^{[citation needed]}
• -ian(ts), -yan(ts), -jian, -gian, -ents, -ants, -unts, -uni (Armenian, Persian) "son/daughter of"^{[citation needed]}
• -iak (Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish) "descendant of". In Slovak, -iak is a version of -ák/-ak and means "pertaining to" or merely creates a noun.^[17]
• -ic(k) (French), misspelling for Breton -ig, diminutive^{[citation needed]}
• -ich (-ovich/-evich) (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -ič, ^{[citation needed]}–ovič, -evič/), -ych (-ovych/-evych) (Ukrainian) "son of"
  • -icz (-owicz/-ewicz) (Polish) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
  • -ic (Polish, Slovak, Czech, Sorbian, Belarusian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
    • -owic/-ewic (Polish)^{[citation needed]}
    • -ovic (Slovak, Czech [rarely])^{[citation needed]}
    • -ojc/-ejc, -ojic/-ejic (Sorbian)^{[citation needed]}
    • -yc (Belarusian, Sorbian, Polish)^{[citation needed]}
• -ić (-ović/-ević) (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin) diminutive possessive, little son of^{[citation needed]}
  • -begović (Bosniak) diminutive possessive of a beg, i.e. chieftain's or chief's little son^{[citation needed]}
  • -ici (-ovici/-evici) Romanian of Slavic origin (Romanian adaptation of -ić or -ich/-ych)^{[citation needed]}
• -ič (-ovič) (Slovenian, Slovak, Czech [rarely]) diminutive, "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -ičius (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Belarusian -ich (Belarusian Latin: -ič) and Polish -icz^{[citation needed]}
  • -avičius/-evičius (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Belarusian -ovich/-evich (Belarusian Latin: -ovič/-evič) and Polish -owicz/-ewicz^{[citation needed]}
• -ičs (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Belarusian -ich (Belarusian Latin: -ič) and Polish -icz^{[citation needed]}
  • -ovičs/-evičs (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Belarusian -ovich/-evich (Belarusian Latin: -ovič/-evič) and Polish -owicz/-ewicz^{[citation needed]}
• -ides, -idis, -idas (Greek), "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -ier (French)^{[citation needed]}
• -ik (Belarusian, Polish, Croatian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian) It merely creates a noun in Slovak where -ik is a version of -ík, can be endearment, diminutive, have other meanings.^[21]
  • -ík (Slovak) It merely creates a noun and can also be endearment, diminutive, have other meanings; its other Slovak version is -ik.^[21]
• -ik (Estonian) if it follows a tree name, has a meaning "grove"^{[citation needed]}
• -ikh, -ykh (Russian)^{[citation needed]}
• -in (Russian (all Eastern Slavic languages), Bulgarian) possessive^{[citation needed]}
  • -ina (female equivalent of -in; especially rare for male names, but the suffix alone is an actual female name)^{[citation needed]}
  • -yn (Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian) possessive^{[citation needed]}
• -in (French) diminutive^{[citation needed]}
• -in (Dutch, German) suffix attached to old Germanic female surnames (e.g. female surname "Mayerin", the wife of "Mayer")^[22]
• -ing, ink (Anglo-Saxon, Dutch, German) "descendant"^{[citation needed]}
• -ino (a common suffix for male Latino and Italian names)^{[citation needed]}
• -ipa (Abkhazian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -ipha (Abkhazian) "girl of"^{[citation needed]}
• -is (Greek, /male/ Lithuanian)^{[citation needed]}
  • -ienė (Lithuanian) female version^{[citation needed]}
  • -ytė (Lithuanian) unmarried female version^{[citation needed]}
• -ishin, -yshyn (Ukrainian) possessive (e.g. Romanishin = son of wife of Roman)^{[citation needed]}
  • -ishina, -yshyna (female equivalent of -ishin, -yshyn)^{[citation needed]}
• -iu (Romanian)^{[citation needed]}
• -ius (Lithuanian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -iv (Ukrainian) possessive.^{[citation needed]}
• -j (Adygean)"old"^{[citation needed]}
• -ja (Sindhi) "meaning of"
• -jerhin/-jerin (Kyrghyz) "place (of origin)" Usually, this form of the surname is assigned to kairylmans who do not have a surname. This form is added to the place of residence, origin. Those who do not know their origin can also be used. It is possible at will. (e.g. Pamirjerhin/Pamirjerin, Tongjerhin/Tongjerin). In The Kyrghyz latine alphabet will be -zerin
• -ka (Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovak) diminutive^{[citation needed]}
• -kan, -ken (Turkish) (e.g. Vuruşkan)^{[citation needed]}
• -kar (Marathi) (e.g. Tendulkar)^{[citation needed]}"originating from",
• -ke (German) "small"
• -ke (Italian, Russian)^{[citation needed]} In surnames of Slavic origin. Like Ukrainian -ko
• -kin, -kins, -ken (English) "little"^{[citation needed]}
• -kin (Dutch) "little"^{[citation needed]}
• -ko (Ukrainian, Polish, Slovak, Czech)diminutive^{[citation needed]}
• -ko (Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Serbian)- diminutive, “child,” “descendant of.” It is used in affectionate forms of first names, and is also a common suffix in many surnames.
• -ko (Adygean) "son" ĸъо^{[citation needed]}
• -kus (Lithuanian)^{[citation needed]}
• -kvist, -qvist (Swedish) "twig"^{[citation needed]}
• -kyzy (Kazakh) "daughter of"^{[citation needed]}
• -kyzy (Kyrghyz) "daughter of" (but usually used for patronymic) ^{[citation needed]}
• -la, -lä (Finnish)
• -le, -lein (German) "small"^{[citation needed]}
• -li, -lı, -lu, -lü (Turkish, Azeri) "from" (e.g. İzmirli, Ankaralı, İstanbullu, Bakülü)^{[citation needed]}
• -li (Italian)^{[citation needed]}
• -lin (French, Irish, Swedish) in Germanic names "small"^{[citation needed]}
• -litz (German)^{[citation needed]}
• -loo, -lou (Persian) "from" (e.g. Ghassemlou, Aghdashloo)
• -man(n) (Dutch, German, English)^{[citation needed]}
• -mand (Persian, مند-) owning or showing^[20]
• -maz (Turkish) "does not" (e.g. "Yılmaz = Yields not", "Korkmaz = Fears not")^{[citation needed]}
• -men, -man (Turkish) flipping suffix (e.g. ak=white, akman=purely white), "person", "male person", have other meanings^{[citation needed]}
• -ment (French) from Germanic “man”^{[citation needed]}
• -mere (Old English) meaning “lake” ^{[citation needed]}
• -moar ^{[citation needed]}
• -mohr (German)^{[citation needed]}
• -moor ^{[citation needed]}
• -moore ^{[citation needed]}
• -more ^{[citation needed]}
• -mor ^{[citation needed]}
• -nė, -te /female/ (Lithuanian)^{[citation needed]}
• -nen (Finnish) diminutive, "from"^{[citation needed]}
• -nik (Estonian) attributed to occupation (talu being "farm" – talunik being "farmer")^{[citation needed]}
• -nova, -novas (Italian, Galician, Catalan) "new"^{[citation needed]}
• -novo (Galician) "new"^{[citation needed]}
• -ný (Czech, Slovak) adjective^{[citation needed]}
• -ny (Polish) adjective^{[citation needed]}
• -nezhad, -nejad, -nejhad (Persian, نژاد) "descendant of"^[20]
• -nyi (Hungarian)^{[citation needed]}
• -off (Russian, Bulgarian) obsolete, copied from French transliteration of -ov, based on Muscovite^{[dubious – discuss]} pronunciation^{[citation needed]}
• -oğlu (Azeri, Turkish) "son of" (e.g. Türkoğlu)^{[citation needed]}
• -ok (Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech)^{[citation needed]}
• -ois, -oy, -ais, -ay (French) from Germanic -isk and Vulgar Latin -ese^{[citation needed]}
• -on (French), former subject case in masculine names^{[citation needed]}
• -onak (-onok) (Belarusian)^{[citation needed]}
• -onis (Lithuanian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -os (Greek) like Latin -us (Gasconic, Spanish, Portuguese) from Latin -us^{[citation needed]}
  • -opoulos, -opulos (Greek)^{[citation needed]}
• -osz, -oš (Polish, Czech, Slovak)^{[citation needed]}
• -ot (French) "little"^{[citation needed]}
• -ou(t) (French), various origins^{[citation needed]}
• -ou (Greek) "daughter of"^{[citation needed]}
• -ou (-ow) (Belarusian) / -oŭ (Belarusian Latin) equivalent to Russian -ov^{[citation needed]}
  • -ova (Belarusian) feminine equivalent of -ou
• -ouf (French), French spelling of Arabic names ending with -ūf^{[citation needed]}
• -ouf, Norman-French spelling of surnames of Anglo-Scandinavian origin or West Germanic origin ending with -ulf or -wulf
• -oui (French), French spelling of Arabic names, English spelling -wi^{[citation needed]}
• -ous^{[citation needed]}
• -ov (all Eastern Slavic languages, Bulgarian, Macedonian) possessive^{[citation needed]}
  • -ova (all Eastern Slavic languages, Bulgarian, Macedonian) feminine equivalent of -ov, -ou, -ow^{[citation needed]}
• -ová (Czech, Slovak) feminine derivative of a noun male surname
• -ovo (Russian) (e.g. Durnovo)^{[citation needed]}
• -ovski (Macedonian, Bulgarian) possessive^{[citation needed]}
  • -ovska (Macedonian, Bulgarian) Feminine equivalent of -ovski^{[citation needed]}
• -ow (Russian, though found in predominantly German names, it is pronounced like English "ow" not like the German "ov")^{[citation needed]}
• -pour, -poor (Persian) "son of"^[20]
• -putra (Indonesian) "son"^{[citation needed]}
• -putri (Indonesian) "daughter"^{[citation needed]}
• -quin, (French) from Dutch -kin "little"^{[citation needed]}
• -s (English, Dutch, Irish, Welsh) "(son/daughter) of". Sometimes less recognizable, like in "Hendrickx" (son/daughter of Hendrik)^{[citation needed]}
• -sen or -zen (Danish, Norwegian, Dutch or Low German) "son (of)"^{[citation needed]}
  • -ssen (Dutch or Low German) "son (of)"^{[citation needed]}
  • -ssens or -sens (Dutch) "grandson/granddaughter of". Literally "(son/daughter) of the son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -shvili (Georgian) "child"^{[citation needed]}
• -skas (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Polish and Belarusian -ski^{[citation needed]}
• -ski (Polish, Belarusian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Sorbian, Croatian. Also Russian but more often transliterated as -sky), "originating from", "estate of"^{[citation needed]}
  • -ska (Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Sorbian, Croatian) Feminine equivalent of -ski^{[citation needed]}
• -skiy/-tskiy, -skyi/-tskyi (Ukrainian)^{[citation needed]}
  • -ivskiy, -ivskyi (Ukrainian)^{[citation needed]}
• -skoy/-tskoy (Russian) (e.g. Shakhovskoy)^{[citation needed]}
• -sky/-tsky (Russian, Ukrainian)^{[citation needed]}
  • -skaya/-tskaya (Russian) Feminine equivalent of -sky/-tsky^{[citation needed]}
  • -ivsky (Ukrainian)^{[citation needed]}
• -ský (Czech, Slovak) "originating from", "lord of"^{[citation needed]}
  • -ská (Czech, Slovak) Feminine equivalent of -ský^{[citation needed]}
• -skis (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Polish and Belarusian -ski^{[citation needed]}
• -sma (Frisian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -son (English, Swedish, German, Norwegian, Scottish, Icelandic) "son (of)" (sometimes less recognizable, e.g. "Dixon"; in Iceland not part of a family name but the patronymic (sometimes matronymic) last name (by law), where (usually) the fathers's name is always slightly modified and then son added)^{[citation needed]}
  • -sson (Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, Scottish) "son (of)" (in Iceland technically the first s is a separate "suffix" of the father's name according to Icelandic language rules, one of the most common modifications)^{[citation needed]}
• -(s)son (French), diminutive^{[citation needed]}
• -stad (Norwegian) "town" ^{[citation needed]}
• -stein (German) "stone"^{[citation needed]}
• -strom, -strøm, -ström (Danish, Swedish) from 'current', probably an arbitrarily adopted ornamental name but possibly a topographic name for someone who lived by a river. ^{[citation needed]}
• -tæ (Ossetian) "belong to"^{[citation needed]}
• -tabar (Persian) "descendant of"^[20]
• -tan, -ten, -ton, -tön (Kyrghyz) "from (whom)", when the ancestor 's name ends in a hard consonant (e.g. Syrghaktan, Barsbekten, Bolotton, Küchlüktön)
• -teghin (Kyrghyz) "family tree, descent from the ancestor of the same name", is added at the end to the name of one ancestor. (e.g. Esenteghin, Alymbekteghin, Üsönaalyteghin) Marriage form for the surname -teghinghe — "Belonging to this family tree" (e.g. Esenteghinghe, Alymbekteghinghe, Üsönaalyteghinghe)
• -tō, -dō (Japanese) "from Fujiwara clan"
• -tzki, -tzky (Polish) – phonetic Germanized spelling of original Polish -cki^{[citation needed]}
• -uulu (Kyrghyz) - "son of" (but usually used for patronymic)
• -uk (Ukrainian, Belarusian) diminutive^{[citation needed]}
• -ulea (Romanian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -ulis (Lithuanian)^{[citation needed]}
• -uly (Kazakh form of -uulu) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -ūnas (Lithuanian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -vich (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -vič/, occasionally a respelling of original Serbian, Croatian -vić) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
  • -vych (Ukrainian)^{[citation needed]}
  • -wicz (Polish), -wic (Polish)^{[citation needed]}
  • -vić (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin)^{[citation needed]}
  • -vič (Slovenian, Slovak, Czech [rarely]), -vic (Slovak, Czech [rarely])^{[citation needed]}
  • -vici (Romanianized respellings)^{[citation needed]}
  • -vics, -vits (Hungarianized respellings)^{[citation needed]}
  • -vitz, -witz, -witch, -witsch (Germanized or Anglicized respellings)^{[citation needed]}
• -vičius (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Belarusian -vich (Belarusian Latin: -vič) and Polish -wicz^{[citation needed]}
  • -vičiutė (Lithuanian) signifies an unmarried female^{[citation needed]}
• -vičs (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Belarusian -vich (Belarusian Latin: -vič) and Polish ^{[citation needed]}–wicz
• -vedi (Sanskrit, Hindi) "learned in _ Vedas" (e.g. Trivedi = "learned in 3 Vedas")
• -wala, -wallah, wali, vala, vali (Hindustani, Gujarati, Bengali, Marathi) denotes the occupation or place of origin (Occupation example: Batliwala – one who deals with bottles. Place example: Suratwala – one from Surat)^{[citation needed]}
• -wan (Indonesian) denotes a male name^{[citation needed]}
• -wati (Indonesian) denotes a female name^{[citation needed]}
• -wi (Arabic) "from"^{[citation needed]}
• -y (Arabic/Persian) Means descendant of.^[20]
• -y (See -i)^{[citation needed]}
• -yal
• -ycz (Polish)^{[citation needed]}
• -yk (Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian)^{[citation needed]}
• -ynas (Lithuanian) "son of"^{[citation needed]}
• -ys (English) representing i. the archaic plural form, or ii. a diminutive form. Variant forms not limited to -yss, -is, -es. Pronunciation is as modern plural suffix -s; i.e. Sandys = sands; Foulis = fowls.^[23][24]
• -ysz (Polish)^{[citation needed]}
• -za (Kurdish) "born of"^{[citation needed]}
• -zada (Dari (Eastern Persian) and Pashto)^{[citation needed]}
• -zadeh (Turkish, Azeri, Persian زاده)
• -zai (Pashto) "son of", "descendant of"^[20]

See also

• Celtic onomastics
• Language identification
• Lists of most common surnames, for the various continents
• Matriname
• Nobiliary particle
• Patronymic surname
• Scandinavian family name etymology
• Slavic name suffix
• Tussenvoegsel (Dutch prefixes)