List of extinction events

This is a list of extinction events, both mass and minor:^[1]

  "Big Five" major extinction events (see graphic)

Marine extinction intensity during Phanerozoic

%

Millions of years ago

(H)

K–Pg

Tr–J

P–Tr

Cap

Late D

O–S

The blue graph shows the apparent percentage (not the absolute number) of marine animal genera becoming extinct during any given time interval. It does not represent all marine species, just those that are readily fossilized. The labels of the traditional "Big Five" extinction events and the more recently recognised Capitanian mass extinction event are clickable links; see Extinction event for more details. (source and image info)

Period or supereon	Extinction	Date	Probable causes[2]
Quaternary	Holocene extinction	c. 10,000 BC – Ongoing	Humans[3]
	Quaternary extinction event	640,000, 74,000, and 13,000 years ago	Unknown; may include climate changes, massive volcanic eruptions and Humans (largely by human overhunting)[4][5][6]
Neogene	Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary extinction	2 Ma	Possible causes include a supernova[7][8] or the Eltanin impact[9][10]
	Middle Miocene disruption	14.5 Ma	Climate change due to change of ocean circulation patterns. Milankovitch cycles may have also contributed[11]
Paleogene	Eocene–Oligocene extinction event	33.9 Ma	Multiple causes including global cooling, polar glaciation, falling sea levels, and the Popigai impactor[12]
Cretaceous	Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event	66 Ma	Chicxulub impactor; the volcanism which resulted in the formation of the Deccan Traps may have contributed.[13]
	Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event	94 Ma	Most likely underwater volcanism associated with the Caribbean large igneous province, which would have caused global warming and acidic oceans[14]
	Aptian extinction	117 Ma	Unknown, but may be due to volcanism of the Rajmahal Traps[15]
Jurassic	End-Jurassic (Tithonian)	145 Ma	No longer regarded as a major extinction but rather a series of lesser events due to bolide impacts, eruptions of flood basalts, climate change and disruptions to oceanic systems[16]
	Pliensbachian-Toarcian extinction (Toarcian turnover)	186-178 Ma	Formation of the Karoo-Ferrar Igneous Provinces[17]
Triassic	Triassic–Jurassic extinction event	201 Ma	Possible causes include gradual climate changes, volcanism from the Central Atlantic magmatic province[18] or an impactor[19]
	Carnian Pluvial Event	230 Ma	Wrangellia flood basalts,[20] or the uplift of the Cimmerian orogeny
	Olenekian-Anisian boundary event	247 Ma	Ocean acidification[21]
	Smithian-Spathian boundary event	249 Ma	Late eruptions of the Siberian Traps
	Griesbachian-Dienerian boundary-event	252	Late eruptions of the Siberian Traps[22]
Permian	Permian–Triassic extinction event	252 Ma	Large igneous province (LIP) eruptions [23] from the Siberian Traps,[24] an impact event (the Wilkes Land Crater),[25] an Anoxic event,[26] an Ice age,[27] or other possible causes
	End-Capitanian extinction event	260 Ma	Volcanism from the Emeishan Traps,[28] resulting in global cooling and other effects
	Olson's Extinction	270 Ma	Unknown.[29][30][31] Possibly a change in climate, but evidence for this is weak.[32] This event may actually be a slow decline over 20 Ma.[33]
Carboniferous	Carboniferous rainforest collapse	305 Ma	Possiblities include a series of rapid changes in climate, or volcanism of the Skagerrak-Centered Large Igneous Province[34]
	Serpukhovian extinction	~ 325 Ma	Onset of the Late Paleozoic icehouse
Devonian	Hangenberg event	359 Ma	Anoxia, possibly related to the Famennian glaciation or volcanic activity, Supernova[35]
	Late Devonian extinction (Kellwasser event)	372 Ma	Viluy Traps;[36] Woodleigh Impactor?[2]
	Taghanic Event	~384 Ma	Anoxia
	Kačák Event	~388 Ma	Anoxia
Silurian	Lau event	420 Ma	Changes in sea level and chemistry?[37]
	Mulde event	424 Ma	Global drop in sea level?[38]
	Ireviken event	428 Ma	Deep-ocean anoxia;[39] Milankovitch cycles?[40]
Ordovician	Late Ordovician mass extinction	445-444 Ma	Global cooling and sea level drop, and/or global warming related to volcanism and anoxia[41]
Cambrian	Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event	488 Ma	Kalkarindji Large Igneous Province?[42]
	Dresbachian extinction event	502 Ma
	End-Botomian extinction event	517 Ma
Precambrian	End-Ediacaran extinction	542 Ma	Anoxic event[43]
	Great Oxygenation Event	2400 Ma	Rising oxygen levels in the atmosphere due to the development of photosynthesis as well as possible Snowball Earth event. (see: Huronian glaciation.)

Timeline

References

1. Partial list from Image:Extinction Intensity.png
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3. Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017). "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice". BioScience. 67 (12): 1026–1028. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix125. hdl:11336/71342. Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.
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