List of chess openings named after people

The Oxford Companion to Chess lists 1,327 named openings and variants.^[1] Chess players' names are the most common sources of opening names. The name given to an opening is not always that of the first player to adopt it; often an opening is named for the player who was one of the first to popularise it or to publish analysis of it.

Contents

• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z

• See also
• References
• External links

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

A

• Abonyi Variation of the Budapest Gambit – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.e4 Nxe5 5.f4 Nec6 – named after István Abonyi^[2]
• Adams Attack of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 6.h3 – named after Weaver W. Adams^[3]
• Adler Variation of the Budapest Gambit – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.Nf3 – named after Mór Adler^[4]
• Alapin's Opening – 1.e4 e5 2.Ne2 – named after Semyon Alapin^[5]
• Alapin Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.c3 – named after Semyon Alapin^[6]
• Albin Countergambit – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5 – named after Adolf Albin^[7]
• Alburt Variation of the Alekhine's Defence – 1.e4 Nf6 2.e5 Nd5 3.d4 d6 4.Nf3 g6 – named after Lev Alburt^[8]
• Alekhine–Chatard Attack on the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Be7 5.e5 Nfd7 6.h4 – named after Alexander Alekhine and Eugene Chatard^[9]
• Alekhine's Defence – 1.e4 Nf6 – named after Alexander Alekhine^[7]
• Alekhine Variation of the Budapest Gambit – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ng4 4.e4 – named after Alexander Alekhine^[10]
• Allgaier Gambit of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.h4 g4 5.Ng5 – named after Johann Baptist Allgaier^[10]
• Amar Opening – 1.Nh3 – named after Charles Amar^[11][12]
• Anderssen's Opening – 1.a3 – named after Adolf Anderssen^[13]
• Arkell–Khenkin Variation of the Caro–Kann Defense – 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 c5 – named after Keith Arkell and Igor Khenkin^[14]
• Averbakh System of the King's Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Be2 0-0 6.Bg5 – named after Yuri Averbakh^[15]

B

• Balogh Defense – 1.e4 d6 2.d4 f5 – named after János Balogh^[16]
• Barcza System – 1.Nf3 d5 2.g3 – named after Gedeon Barcza
• Barnes Opening – 1.f3 – named after Thomas Wilson Barnes^[17]
• Basman Defence – 1.e4 g5 – named after Michael Basman^[18]
• Becker Defense of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 h6 – named after Albert Becker^[10]
• Bellon Gambit – 1.c4 e5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.Nf3 e4 4.Ng5 b5 – named after Juan Manuel Bellón López
• Benko Gambit – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 b5 – named after Pal Benko^[19]
• Benko's Opening – 1.g3 – named after Pal Benko^[20]
• Bird Defense of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nd4 – named after Henry Bird^[21]
• Bird's Opening – 1.f4 – named after Henry Bird^[7]
• Blackburne Shilling Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nd4 – named after Joseph Henry Blackburne^[22]
• Blackmar–Diemer Gambit – 1.d4 d5 2.e4 dxe4 3.Nc3 – named after Armand Blackmar and Emil Josef Diemer^[7]
• Blumenfeld Gambit – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nf3 b5 – named after Benjamin Blumenfeld^[7]
• Boden–Kieseritzky Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 Nf6 3.Nf3 Nxe4 4.Nc3 – named after Samuel Boden and Lionel Kieseritzky
• Bogo-Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Bb4+ – named after Efim Bogoljubov
• Bogoljubov Defense – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 Nc6 – named after Efim Bogoljubov
• Boleslavsky Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 Nc6 6.Be2 e5 – named after Isaac Boleslavsky^[17]
• Bongcloud Attack – 1.e4 e5 2.Ke2 – named after Chess.com user Lenny_Bongcloud, who used this opening many times, and kept losing^[23]
• Bonsch-Osmolovsky Defense of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 Ne7 – named after Mikhail Bonsch-Osmolovsky^[24]
• Botvinnik System of the Semi-Slav Defense – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Nf3 c6 5.Bg5 dxc4 6.e4 b5 – named after Mikhail Botvinnik^[25]
• Botvinnik Variation of the English Opening – 1.c4 e5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.g3 g6 4.Bg2 Bg7 5.e4 – named after Mikhail Botvinnik^[17]
• Brentano Defense of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 g5 – named after Franz Brentano^[26]
• Breyer Variation of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Qf3 – named after Gyula Breyer^[27]
• Breyer Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d6 9.h3 Nb8 – named after Gyula Breyer^[28]

C

• Camara Defense – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Qe7 – named after International Master Hélder Câmara^[29]
• Capablanca Variation of the Reti Opening – 1.Nf3 d5 2.c4 c6 3.b3 Nf6 4.Bb2 Bg4 – named after José Raúl Capablanca^[30]
• Caro–Kann Defence – 1.e4 c6 – named after Horatio Caro and Marcus Kann^[7]
• Carrera Gambit of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Qh5 – named after Pietro Carrera^[31]
• Chekhover Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Qxd4 – named after Vitaly Chekhover^[32]
• Chigorin Defence of the Queen's Gambit – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 Nc6 – named after Mikhail Chigorin^[7]
• Chigorin Variation of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.Qe2 – named after Mikhail Chigorin
• Chigorin Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d6 9.h3 Na5 – named after Mikhail Chigorin^[7]
• Clemenz Opening – 1.h3 – named after Hermann Clemenz^[17]
• Cochrane Gambit of the Petrov's Defence – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nxf7 – named after John Cochrane^[33]
• Colle System – 1.d4 d5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.e3 – named after Edgard Colle^[7]
• Colman Variation of the Two Knights Defense – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 7.dxc6 bxc6 8.Qf3 Rb8 – named after Eugene Ernest Colman^[34]
• Cozio Defence of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nge7 – named after Carlo Cozio^[10]
• Cunningham Defense of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 Be7 – named after Alexander Cunningham^[7]

D

• Damiano Defence – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 f6 – named after Pedro Damiano^[35] although he gave the refutation rather than endorsing it ^[36]
• Desprez Opening – 1.h4 – named after Marcel Desprez^[37]
• Döry Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Ne4 – named after Ladislaus Döry^[7]
• Dubov Tarrasch – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 c5 5.cxd5 exd5 6.g3 Nc6 7.Bg2 cxd4 8.Nxd4 Bc5 – named after Daniil Dubov
• Dunst Opening – 1.Nc3 – named after Ted A. Dunst^[7]
• Duras Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 d6 5.c4 – named after Oldřich Duras^[38]
• Durkin Opening – 1.Na3 – named after Robert Durkin^[7]

E

• Eisenberg Gambit of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nh3 – named after Louis Eisenberg^[39]
• Englund Gambit – 1.d4 e5 – named after Fritz Englund^[40]
• Epishin Variation of the Benko Gambit – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 b5 4.cxb5 a6 5.bxa6 g6 6.Nc3 Bxa6 7.Nf3 d6 8.g3 Bg7 9.Bg2 Nbd7 10.Rb1 – named after Vladimir Epishin^[41]
• Evans Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 – named after William Davies Evans^[7]

F

• Fajarowicz Variation of the Budapest Gambit – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Ne4 – named after Sammi Fajarowicz^[42]
• Falkbeer Countergambit of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 d5 – named after Ernst Falkbeer^[7]
• Fischer Defense of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 d6 – named after Bobby Fischer^[43]
• Fleissig Variation of the Scotch Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 exd4 4.Nxd4 Bc5 5.Be3 Qf6 6.c3 Nge7 7.Nc2 – named after Bernhard Fleissig^{[44][unreliable source]}
• Flohr–Mikenas–Carls Variation of the English Opening – 1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 e6 3.e4 – named after Salo Flohr, Vladas Mikėnas and Carl Johan Margot Carls^[45]
• Flohr Variation of the Caro–Kann Defence – 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Bf5 5.Ng3 Bg6 6.Nh3 – named after Salo Flohr^[46]
• Flohr Variation of the Grünfeld Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.Nf3 Bg7 5.Qa4+ – named after Salo Flohr^[47]
• Frankenstein–Dracula Variation of the Vienna Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.Bc4 Nxe4 – named after Frankenstein's monster and Count Dracula
• From's Gambit of the Bird's Opening – 1.f4 e5 – named after Martin Severin From^[7]
• Furman Variation of the Queen's Gambit Accepted – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 dxc4 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.e3 e6 5.Bxc4 c5 6.0-0 a6 7.dxc5 Bxc5 – named after Semyon Furman^[48]

G

• Gajewski Gambit of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 0-0 9.h3 Na5 10.Bc2 d5 – named after Grzegorz Gajewski^[49]
• Glek Defense of the King's Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Nf3 0-0 6.Be2 e5 7.0-0 Na6 – named after Igor Glek^[50]
• Glek Variation of the Four Knights Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.g3 – named after Igor Glek^[51]
• Gligoric – Taimanov Variation of the King's Indian Defence 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Nf3 0-0 6.Be2 e5 7.Be3 – named after Svetozar Gligorić and Mark Taimanov^[52]
• Goglidze Attack – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.f3 d5 – named after Viktor Goglidze^[53]
• Göring Gambit of the Scotch Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 exd4 4.c3 – named after Carl Göring^[7]
• Grivas Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Qb6 – named after Efstratios Grivas^[54]
• Grob's Attack – 1.g4 – named after Henri Grob^[55]
• Gunderam Defense – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Qe7 – named after Gerhard Gunderam^[56]
• Gurgenidze Defense of the Modern Defense – 1.e4 g6 2.d4 Bg7 3.Nc3 c6 4.f4 d5 5.e5 h5 – named after Bukhuti Gurgenidze^[57]
• Gurgenidze Variation of the Caro–Kann Defence – 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 b5 – named after Bukhuti Gurgenidze^[57]
• Gurgenidze Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 g6 4.0-0 Bg7 5.Re1 e5 6.b4 – named after Bukhuti Gurgenidze^[57]
• Gusev Countergambit of the Queen's Gambit Declined – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c5 3.cxd5 Nf6 – named after Yuri Gusev^[58]
• Greco Defence – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Qf6 – named after Gioachino Greco^[59]
• Grünfeld Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 – named after Ernst Grünfeld^[7]

H

• Hanham Variation of the Philidor Defense – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 Nd7 – named after James Hanham^[7]
• Harrwitz Attack of the Queen's Gambit Declined – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bf4 – named after Daniel Harrwitz^[60]
• Hodgson Attack – 1.d4 d5 2.Bg5 – named after Julian Hodgson^[61]
• Hopton Attack of the Dutch Defence – 1.d4 f5 2.Bg5 – named after Hopton^[62]
• Horwitz Defense – 1.d4 e6 – named after Bernhard Horwitz
• Hromádka System of the Benoni Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 d6 – named after Karel Hromádka^[63]
• Hübner Variation of the Nimzo-Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e3 c5 – named after Robert Hübner^[64]

I

• Ilyin-Genevsky Variation of the Dutch Defence – 1.d4 f5 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 e6 4.Bg2 Be7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.0-0 d6 7.Nc3 Qe8 – named after Alexander Ilyin-Genevsky^[65]

J

• Janowski Variation of the Old Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 d6 3.Nc3 Bf5 – named after Dawid Janowski
• Jasnogrodsky Defense of the Rice Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.h4 g4 5.Ne5 Nf6 6.Bc4 d5 7.exd5 Bd6 8.0-0 Bxe5 9.Re1 Qe7 10.c3 Nh5 – named after Nicolai Jasnogrodsky^{[66][unreliable source]}
• Jerome Gambit of the Italian Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.Bxf7+ – named after Alonzo Wheeler Jerome^[67]

K

• Kan Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 a6 – named after Ilya Kan^[32]
• Karklins–Martinovsky Variation of the Petrov's Defence – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nd3 – named after Chicago masters Andrew Karklins and Eugene Martinovsky^[68]
• Karpov Variation of the Caro–Kann Defence – 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7 – named after Anatoly Karpov^[69]
• Karpov Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d6 9.h3 Nd7 – named after Anatoly Karpov^[70]
• Kasparov Variation of Pirc Defense – 1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 g6 4.Be3 Bg7 5.Qd2 – named after Garry Kasparov
• Katalymov Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 b6 – named after Boris Katalymov^[71]
• Keene Defense to the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 Qh4+ 3.g3 Qe7 – named after Raymond Keene^[72]
• Keres Attack of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 e6 6.g4 – named after Paul Keres^[73]
• Keres Defence – 1.d4 e6 2.c4 Bb4+ – named after Paul Keres^[74]
• Keres Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Ne2 – named after Paul Keres^[32]
• Kevitz Variation of the English Opening – 1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 e6 3.e4 Nc6 – named after Alexander Kevitz^[74]
• Kholmov Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d6 9.h3 Be6 – named after Ratmir Kholmov^[75]
• Kieseritzky Gambit of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.h4 g4 5.Ne5 – named after Lionel Kieseritzky
• Knorre Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Nxe4 6.Nc3 – named after Viktor Knorre^[76]
• Koltanowski Gambit of the Italian Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.0-0 Nf6 5.d4 – named after George Koltanowski
• Kondratiyev Variation of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.Bd3 c5 5.exd5 Qxd5 6.Bd2 – named after Pavel Kondratiyev^[77]
• Konikowski Gambit of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Bc5 4.c3 d5 – named after Jerzy Konikowski^[78]
• Konstantinopolsky Opening – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.g3 – named after Alexander Konstantinopolsky^[17]
• Kopec System – 1.e4 c5 2.Bd3 – named after Danny Kopec^[79]

L

• Lamb Defense of the Blackmar–Diemer Gambit – 1.d4 d5 2.e4 dxe4 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.f3 Nc6 named after F. Lamb^[80]
• Larsen's Opening – 1.b3 – named after Bent Larsen^[81]
• Lasker Defence of the Evans Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 Bxb4 5.c3 Ba5 6.0-0 d6 7.d4 Bb6 – named after Emanuel Lasker^[82]
• Lasker Defence of the Queen's Gambit Declined – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Be7 5.e3 0-0 6.Nf3 h6 7.Bh4 Ne4 – named after Emanuel Lasker^[83]
• Leko Gambit of the Anti-Grünfeld – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.f3 e5 – named after Peter Leko^[84]
• Leonhardt Variation of the Evans Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 Bxb4 5.c3 Ba5 6.d4 b5 – named after Paul Saladin Leonhardt^[85]
• Levitsky Attack – 1.d4 d5 2.Bg5 – named after Stepan Levitsky
• Levenfish Attack in the Sicilian Defence, Dragon Variation – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 g6 6.f4 – named after Grigory Levenfish^[86]
• Levenfish Variation of the Grünfeld Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.Nf3 Bg7 5.Qb3 dxc4 6.Qxc4 0-0 7.e4 b6 – named after Grigory Levenfish^[87]
• Lisitsin Gambit of the Zukertort Opening – 1.Nf3 f5 2.e4 – named after Georgy Lisitsin^[88]
• Lolli Variation of the Two Knights Defense – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5 6.d4 – named after Giambattista Lolli^[89]
• Lucena Defence of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Be7 – named after Luis Ramirez de Lucena^[10]
• Lundin Defense – 1.d4 Nc6 – named after Erik Lundin^[90]
• Lutikov Variation of the Grünfeld Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.f3 – named after Anatoly Lutikov^{[44][unreliable source]}
• Lutikov Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d6 9.Bc2 – named after Anatoly Lutikov^[10]

M

• MacLeod Attack – 1.e4 e5 2.c3 – named after Nicholas MacLeod
• Makogonov System of the King's Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.h3 – named after Vladimir Makogonov^[91]
• Makogonov Variation of the Grünfeld Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.e3 Bg7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.b4 – named after Vladimir Makogonov^[10]
• Maróczy Bind of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 g6 5.c4 – named after Géza Maróczy^[7]
• Marshall Attack of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d5 – named after Frank Marshall^[92]
• Marshall Defense to the Queen's Gambit – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 Nf6 – named after Frank Marshall^[10]
• Marshall Gambit in the Semi-Slav Defense – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c6 4.e4 dxe4 5.Nxe4 Bb4+ 6.Bd2 – named after Frank Marshall^[10]
• Marshall Gambit of the Tarrasch Defense – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c5 4.cxd5 exd5 5.e4 – named after Frank Marshall^[10]
• Marshall Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 d5 – named after Frank Marshall^[10]
• Max Lange Attack of the Two Knights Defense – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.d4 exd4 5.0-0 Bc5 6.e5 – named after Max Lange^[17]
• McCutcheon Variation of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Bb4 – named after John Lindsay McCutcheon^[93]
• McDonnell Gambit of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.Bc4 g4 6.Nc3 – named after Alexander McDonnell^[94]
• Mieses Opening – 1.d3 – named after Jacques Mieses^[17]
• Mikenas Variation of the Modern Benoni – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.f4 Bg7 8.e5 – named after Vladas Mikėnas^[95]
• Miles Variation of the Queen's Indian Defense – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 b6 4.Bf4 – named after Tony Miles^[10]
• Moeller Attack of the Italian Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.c3 Nf6 5.d4 cxd4 6.cxd4 Bb4+ 7.Nc3 Nxe4 8.0-0 Bxc3 9.d5 – named after Jorgen Moeller^[96]
• Monticelli Trap of the Bogo-Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Bb4+ 4.Bd2 Bxd2+ 5.Qxd2 b6 6.g3 Bb7 7.Bg2 0-0 8.Nc3 Ne4 9.Qc2 Nxc3 10.Ng5 – named after Mario Monticelli
• Morozevich Variation of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2 Be7 – named after Alexander Morozevich^[97]
• Morozevich Variation of the Slav Defence – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 dxc4 5.a4 Bf5 6.Ne5 Ndb7 7.Nxc4 Qc7 8.g3 e5 9.dxe5 Nxe5 10.Bf4 Nfd7 11.Bg2 g5 – named after Alexander Morozevich^[98]
• Morphy Defense to the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 – named after Paul Morphy^[10]
• Morphy Gambit of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nh3 – named after Paul Morphy^[99]
• Muzio Gambit of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.Bc4 g4 5.0-0 gxf3 6.Qxf3 – named after Mutio^[100] d'Alessandro, a third-rate Neapolitan player, following a mistranslation by Jacob Sarratt of Alessandro Salvio^[101]

N

• Nadanian Attack of the Queen's Pawn Opening – 1.d4 Nf6 2.Nf3 h6 3.c4 g5 – named after Ashot Nadanian^[102]
• Nadanian Variation of the Grünfeld Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.cxd5 Nxd5 5.Na4 – named after Ashot Nadanian^[103]
• Najdorf Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 – named after Miguel Najdorf^[104]
• Napoleon Opening – 1.e4 e5 2.Qf3 – named after Napoleon Bonaparte^[105]
• Neumann Defense of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.h4 g4 5.Ne5 Nc6 – named after Gustav Neumann^[106]
• Nimzo-Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 – named after Aron Nimzowitsch^[107]
• Nimzowitsch Defence – 1.e4 Nc6 – named after Aron Nimzowitsch^[108]
• Nimzowitsch Variation of the Sicilian Defense – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nf6 – named after Aron Nimzowitsch^[32]
• Noteboom Variation of the Semi-Slav Defence – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c6 4.Nf3 dxc4 – named after Daniël Noteboom^[109]

O

• O'Kelly Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 a6 – named after Albéric O'Kelly de Galway^[110]
• Opočenský Opening (i.e. Trompowsky Attack) – 1.d4 Nf6 2.Bg5 – named after Karel Opočenský^[111]
• Opočenský Variation of the Grünfeld Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.e3 Bg7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.Bd2 – named after Karel Opočenský^{[44][unreliable source]}
• Opočenský Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 6.Be2 – named after Karel Opočenský^[112]
• Owen's Defense – 1.e4 b6 – named after John Owen^[17]

P

• Panov Attack of the Caro–Kann Defence – 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4.c4 – named after Vasily Panov^[7]
• Parham Attack – 1.e4 e5 2.Qh5 – named after Bernard Parham^[113]
• Paulsen Attack of the Petrov's Defence – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nc4 – named after Louis Paulsen^[7]
• Perenyi Attack of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 e6 6.Be3 a6 7.g4 e5 8.Nf5 g6 9.g5 – named after Bela Perenyi^[114]
• Petrosian Variation of the King's Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Nf3 0-0 6.Be2 e5 7.d5 – named after Tigran Petrosian^[10]
• Petrosian Variation of the Queen's Indian Defense – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 b6 4.a3 – named after Tigran Petrosian^[10]
• Petrov Defense – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 – named after Alexander Petrov^[7]
• Philidor Countergambit – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 f5 – named after François-André Danican Philidor^[7]
• Philidor Defence – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6 – named after François-André Danican Philidor^[7]
• Philidor Variation of the Bishop's Opening – 1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 Bc5 3.c3 – named after François-André Danican Philidor
• Pirc Defence – 1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 g6 – named after Vasja Pirc^[7]
• Polerio Defense of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.h4 g4 5.Ne5 Be7 – named after Giulio Cesare Polerio^[115]
• Pollock's Defense to the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Na5 – named after William Pollock^[10]
• Polugaevsky Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 6.Bg5 e6 7.f4 b5 – named after Lev Polugaevsky^[116]
• Ponziani Opening – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.c3 – named after Domenico Lorenzo Ponziani^[7]
• Popov Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a5 – named after Bulgarian correspondence player Georgi Alexandrov Popov^[117][118]
• Prie Attack of the Queen's Pawn Opening – 1.d4 d5 2.a3 – named after Éric Prié^[119]
• Puc Variation of the Nimzo-Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e3 c6 – named after Stojan Puc^[120]

Q

• Quinteros Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Qc7 – named after Miguel Quinteros^[121]

R

• Ragozin Defence of the Queen's Gambit – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 Bb4 – named after Viacheslav Ragozin^[7]
• Réti Opening – 1.Nf3 d5 2.c4 – named after Richard Réti^[17]
• Rice Gambit of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.h4 g4 5.Ne5 Nf6 6.Bc4 d5 7.exd5 Bd6 8.0-0 – named after Isaac Rice^[7]
• Richter–Rauzer Attack in the Sicilian Defense – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 Nc6 6.Bg5 e6 7.Qd2 – named after Kurt Richter and Vsevolod Rauzer^[32]
• Richter–Veresov Attack – 1.d4 d5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.Bg5 – named after Kurt Richter and Gavriil Veresov^[122]
• Riumin Variation of the Queen's Indian Defense – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 b6 4.g3 Bb7 5.Bg2 Bb4+ 6.Bd2 Be7 named after Nikolai Riumin^[123]
• Robatsch Defence – 1.e4 g6 2.d4 Bg7 – named after Karl Robatsch^[7]
• Rossolimo Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 – named after Nicolas Rossolimo^[124]
• Rousseau Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 f5 4.d3 – named after Eugène Rousseau^[125]
• Rubinstein Variation of the Budapest Gambit – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe4 Ng4 4.Bf4 – named after Akiba Rubinstein^[7]
• Rubinstein Variation of the Four Knights Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bb5 Nd4 – named after Akiba Rubinstein^[7]
• Rubinstein Variation of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 – named after Akiba Rubinstein^[7]
• Rubinstein Variation of the Nimzo-Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e3 – named after Akiba Rubinstein^[7]
• Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 – named after Ruy López de Segura^[7]

S

• Sämisch Variation of the King's Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.f3 – named after Friedrich Sämisch^[15]
• Sämisch Variation of the Nimzo-Indian Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.a3 – named after Friedrich Sämisch^[126]
• Santasiere's Folly – 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.b4 – named after Anthony Santasiere^[127]
• Schallopp Defense of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 Nf6 – named after Emil Schallopp^[17]
• Schlechter Gambit of the Bird's Opening – 1.f4 e5 2.fxe5 Nc6 – named after Carl Schlechter^{[citation needed]}
• Schlechter–Rubinstein System of the Tarrasch Defence – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c5 4.cxd5 exd5 5.Nf3 Nc6 6.g3 – named after Carl Schlechter and Akiba Rubinstein^[10]
• Schlechter Variation of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Bd3 – named after Carl Schlechter^[128]
• Schlechter Variation of the Grunfeld Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.e3 c6 – named after Carl Schlechter^[129]
• Schlechter Variation of the Slav Defence – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 g6 – named after Carl Schlechter^[129]
• Schliemann–Jaenisch Gambit of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 f5 – named after Carl Jaenisch and Adolf Karl Wilhelm Schliemann^[17]
• Semi-Tarrasch Defense of the Queen's Gambit Declined – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Nf3 c5 – named after Siegbert Tarrasch^[130]
• Shabalov–Shirov Gambit of the Semi-Slav Defense – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 e6 5.e3 Nbd7 6.Qc2 Bd6 7.g4 – named after Alexander Shabalov and Alexei Shirov^[131]
• Short Variation of the Caro–Kann Defence Advance – 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.c3 e6 5.Be2 – named after Nigel Short
• Smith–Morra Gambit of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.d4 cxd4 3.c3 dxc3 4.Nxc3 – named after Texas master Ken Smith and Morra^[132]
• Smyslov Variation of the Grünfeld Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.Nf3 Bg7 5.Qb3 dxc4 6.Qxc4 0-0 7.e4 Bg4 – named after Vasily Smyslov^[133]
• Smyslov Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 0-0 9.h3 h6 – named after Vasily Smyslov^[134]
• Snyder Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.b3 – named after Robert Snyder^[135]
• Sokolsky Opening – 1.b4 – named after Alexey Sokolsky^[17]
• Soldatenkov Variation of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 Bc5 3.Nf3 d6 4.fxe5 – named after Vasily Soldatenkov^[136]
• Soltis Variation of the Yugoslav Attack – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 g6 6.Be3 Bg7 7.f3 0-0 8.Qd2 Nc6 9.Bc4 Bd7 10.0-0-0 Rc8 11.Bb3 Ne5 12.h4 h5 – named after Andrew Soltis^[137]
• Soultanbeieff Variation of Slav Defence – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 dxc4 5.a4 e6 Victor Soultanbeieff^[138]
• Sozin–Fischer Attack of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 d6 6.Bc4 e6 7.Be3 Be7 8.Bb3 0-0 9.0-0 – named after Veniamin Sozin and Bobby Fischer^[139]
• Spielmann Variation of the Caro–Kann Defence – 1.e4 c6 2.Nc3 d5 3.Qf3 – named after Rudolph Spielmann^[140]
• Stamma Gambit of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.h4 – named after Philipp Stamma^[141]
• Staunton Gambit of the Dutch Defence – 1.d4 f5 2.e4 – named after Howard Staunton^[7]
• Steinitz Attack of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.e5 – named after Wilhelm Steinitz^[142]
• Steinitz Defense of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 d6 – named after Wilhelm Steinitz^[143]
• Steinitz Gambit of the Vienna Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.f4 – named after Wilhelm Steinitz^[7]
• Steinitz Variation of the Petrov Defense – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.d4 – named after Wilhelm Steinitz^[144]
• Steinitz Variation of the Scotch Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 exd4 4.Nxd4 Qh4 5.Nc3 – named after Wilhelm Steinitz^[145]
• Steinitz Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.g3 – named after Wilhelm Steinitz^[146]
• Sveshnikov Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 e5 – named after Evgeny Sveshnikov^[147]
• Szén Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nc6 5.Nb5 – named after József Szén^[148]

T

• Taimanov Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nc6 – named after Mark Taimanov^[149]
• Tal Gambit of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.f4 d5 3.exd5 Nf6 – named after Mikhail Tal
• Tal Variation of the Caro–Kann Defence – 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 bf5 4.h4 – named after Mikhail Tal
• Tarrasch Defense – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c5 – named after Siegbert Tarrasch^[150]
• Tarrasch Variation of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2 – named after Siegbert Tarrasch^[151]
• Tennison Gambit – 1.Nf3 d5 2.e4 – named after Otto Tennison^[10]
• Torre Attack – 1.d4 Nf6 2.Nf3 e6 3.Bg5 – named after Carlos Torre^[152]
• Traxler Variation of the Two Knights Defence – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 – named after Karel Traxler^[153]
• Trompowsky Attack – 1.d4 Nf6 2.Bg5 – named after Octavio Trompowsky^[7]

U

• Ufimtsev Defence – 1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 g6 – named after Anatoly Ufimtsev^[154]
• Uhlmann–Szabo System
• Urusov Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 Nf6 3.d4 exd4 4.Nf3 – named after the Russian Prince Sergey Urusov

V

• Van 't Kruijs Opening – 1.e3 – named after Maarten van 't Kruijs^[7]
• Velimirovic Attack of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 e6 6.Bc4 Nc6 7.Be3 Be7 8.Qe2 – named after Dragoljub Velimirović^[155]
• Villemson Gambit of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.d4 – named after Martin Villemson^[156]
• Vinogradov Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Qe7 – named after Paul Vinogradov^[157]
• Vitolins Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 e6 6.Bb5+ – named after Alvis Vītoliņš^[158]

W

• Wade Defence – 1.d4 d6 2.Nf3 Bg4 – named after Robert Wade^[159]
• Wagner Gambit of the Swiss Gambit – 1.f4 f5 2.e4 fxe4 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.g4 – named after Alexander Wagner^[160]
• Ware Defense – 1.e4 a5 – named after Preston Ware
• Ware Opening – 1.a4 – named after Preston Ware^[17]
• Winawer Variation of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Bb4 – named after Simon Winawer^[161]
• Wolf Gambit of the French Defence – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Bb4 5.Nge2^{[citation needed]}
• Worrall Attack of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.Qe2 – named after Thomas Herbert Worrall^[162]

Z

• Zaitsev Gambit of the Grünfeld Defence – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.h4 – named after Alexander Zaitsev^[163]
• Zaitsev Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 0-0 9.h3 Bb7 – named after Igor Zaitsev^[17]
• Zilbermints Gambit of the Englund Gambit – 1.d4 e5 2.dxe5 Nc6 3.Nf3 Nge7 – named after Lev Zilbermints^[164]
• Zukertort Opening – 1.Nf3 – Named after Johannes Zukertort^[88]
• Zvjaginsev Variation of the Sicilian Defence – 1.e4 c5 2.Na3 – named after Vadim Zvjaginsev^[165]

See also

• Chess opening
• List of chess openings
• List of chess openings named after places

References

1. Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), The Oxford Companion to Chess (2 ed.), Oxford University Press, pp. 461–480, ISBN 0-19-280049-3
2. "The chess games of Istvan Abonyi". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
3. "Sicilian Defense: Najdorf Variation, Adams Attack (B90)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
4. "Adler vs Geza Maroczy, Budapest 1896, Budapest Defense: Adler Variation (A52)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
5. "Chess Opening explorer: C20 Alapin's opening – 1. e4 e5 2. Ne2". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
6. "Chess openings Sicilian, Alapin (B22)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
7. Sunnucks, Anne (1970), Encyclopaedia of Chess, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0-7091-4697-1
8. "ChessBase Magazine 132". ChessBase. Archived from the original on 2009-10-02. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
9. "ECO C13".
10. "ECO classification". World Correspondence Chess Federation. Archived from the original on 2009-04-19. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
11. Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 13.
12. "Charles Amar". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
13. "Adolf Anderssen vs. Paul Morphy, Anderssen Opening: General (A00)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
14. New in Chess: Yearbook 42. New in Chess. 1997.
15. Bologan, Victor (2009). A Complete Black Repertoire. Chess Stars. ISBN 978-954-8782-71-5.
16. Bucker, Stefan. "Symmetry and Chaos: Balogh's Defense" (PDF). ChessCafe.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
17. Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), The Oxford Companion to Chess (second ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-866164-9
18. "B00: Reversed Grob (Borg/Basman defence/macho Grob)". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
19. Benko, Pal (1974). The Benko Gambit. Batsford.
20. Mednis, Edmar (1994). How Karpov Wins. Courier Dover Publications.
21. "Ruy Lopez, Bird's Defense (C61)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
22. Wilhelm Steinitz, The Modern Chess Instructor (1889, reprinted 1990), Edition Olms AG, Zürich, p. xii. ISBN 3-283-00111-1.
23. "King's Pawn Opening: The Bongcloud – Chess Openings – Chess.com".
24. "Morant vs. Abbe de Feuquieres, Paris 1680, King's Gambit: Accepted. Bonsch-Osmolovsky Variation (C34)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
25. Pedersen, Steffen (2000). The Botvinnik Semi-Slav. Gambit Publications. ISBN 978-1-901983-26-5.
26. "Brief notes on the history of Chess 1900 1". Chess-Poster.com. Archived from the original on 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
27. "King's Gambit: Accepted, Breyer Gambit (C33)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
28. "Ruy Lopez, Closed, Breyer (C95)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
29. CÂMARA, Hélder. Diagonais: crônicas de xadrez. São Paulo : Saraiva, 1996. ISBN 978-8502021167
30. "Reti Opening: Anglo-Slav Variation, Capablanca Variation (A12)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
31. "King's Gambit Accepted: Carrera Gambit (C33)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
32. "B20: Sicilian defence". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
33. Raetsky, Alexander; Chetverik, Maxim (2005). Petroff Defence. Everyman Chess. ISBN 1-85744-378-0.
34. Urcan, Olimpiu (2007). Surviving Changi. E.E. Colman: A Chess Biography. Singapore Heritage Society. ISBN 978-981-05-7922-7.
35. "King Pawn Game: Damiano Defense (C40)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
36. traditionally attributed to Ruy López de Segura
37. McDonald, Neil (2001). Concise Chess Openings. Everyman. ISBN 1-85744-297-0.
38. "Ruy Lopez: Morphy Defense, Duras Variation (C77)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
39. "King's Gambit: Accepted, Eisenberg Variation (C30)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
40. Smith, Ken & Hall, John (1994). The Englund Gambit and the Blackburne-Hartlaub Gambit Complex. Chess Digest. ISBN 0-87568-242-1.
41. Pinski, Jan (2005). Benko Gambit. Quality Chess. ISBN 91-975243-8-7.
42. Gutman, Lev (2004). Budapest Fajarowicz: The Fajarowicz-Richter Gambit in Action. Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-8708-9.
43. Bobby Fischer, "A Bust to the King's Gambit", American Chess Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Summer 1961), pp. 3–9.
44. Wall, Bill. "List of chess openings". Archived from the original on 2009-10-28. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
45. "Efim Bogoljubov vs. Aron Nimzowitsch, English Opening: Anglo-Indian Defense. Flohr-Mikenas-Carls Variation". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
46. Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 469.
47. "D70-D99: Grünfeld: Three Knights (Flohr Attack)". Chess Archaeology. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
48. Rizzitano, James (2005). How to Beat 1 d4. Gambit. p. 160. ISBN 1-904600-33-6.
49. "Attacking the Spanish". New In Chess. Archived from the original on 2016-04-01. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
50. "Yearbook 63". New In Chess. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
51. "SO Glek Variation 4.g3 – Yearbook Surveys". New In Chess. Archived from the original on 2016-02-23. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
52. "King's Indian Defense: Gligoric – Taimanov Variation (E92)". chesstempo.com. Retrieved 2015-07-23.
53. "Neo-Grünfeld Defense: Goglidze Attack (D70)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
54. Grivas, Efstratios (2005). Complete Guide to the Grivas Sicilian. Gambit Publications. ISBN 978-1-904600-36-7.
55. Michael Basman (1991). The Killer Grob. Cadogan. ISBN 0-08-037131-0.
56. "C40: Irregular King's Knight: Gunderam". Chess Archaeology. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
57. "Death of a chess original – Bukhuti Gurgenidze, 1933–2008". ChessBase. 2008-05-26. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
58. "Queen's Gambit Refused: Austrian Defense, Gusev Countergambit (D06)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
59. Schiller, Eric (1998). "McConnell Defense". Unorthodox Chess Openings. Cardoza Publishing. p. 287. ISBN 0-940685-73-6.
60. "Queen's Gambit Declined: Harrwitz Attack". Chess.com. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
61. Rizzitano, James (2006). How to Beat 1.d4. Gambit. ISBN 1-904600-33-6.
62. "Frank Melville Teed vs. Eugene Delmar, New York 1896, Dutch Defense: Hopton Attack (A80)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
63. "A56: Benoni: Hromádka". Chess Archaeology. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
64. "Nimzo-Indian Defense: Huebner Variation, Main Line (E41)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
65. "Dutch, Ilyin-Genevsky Variation with Qc2 (A98)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
66. Wall, Bill. "The Rice Gambit". Archived from the original on 2009-10-26. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
67. Lane, Gary (2008). The greatest ever chess tricks and traps. Everyman Chess. ISBN 978-1-85744-577-0.
68. "Russian Game: Karklins–Martinovsky Variation (C42)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
69. "Caro-Kann Defense: Karpov Variation". Chess.com. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
70. "RL Karpov Variation 9...Nd7". New in Chess. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
71. "B27: Sicilian, Katalimov variation". 365Chess. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
72. "King's Gambit: Declined, Keene Defense (C30)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
73. Pritchett, Craig (2006). Sicilian Scheveningen. Everyman Chess. ISBN 978-1-85744-413-1.
74. "ECO A00-A49 (anglais)". Fédération québécoise des échecs. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
75. "Ruy Lopez: Closed Variations, Kholmov Variation (C92)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
76. "Ruy Lopez, Open, Knorre variation (ECO: C80)". Chess-Ref.org. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
77. "French, Winawer, Kondratiyev variation (ECO: C15)". Chess-Ref.org. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
78. "The Gambiteers Guild: Spanish Gambits". Vikingskak.dk. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
79. "FOXY OPENINGS - VOLUME 30 - Kopec Anti-Sicilian System". Archived from the original on 2016-01-06.
80. "Blackmar-Diemer Gambit: Declined, Lamb Defense (D00)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
81. "ECO A01: Nimzovich-Larsen attack". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
82. "C52: Evans gambit, Lasker defence".
83. "D56: Queen's Gambit Declined, Lasker defence".
84. "Vladimir Kramnik vs. Peter Leko, Tilburg 1998, Indian Game: Anti-Grunfeld. Alekhine Variation Leko Gambit (E60)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
85. Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 474.
86. "Sicilian, Dragon, Levenfish Variation (B71)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
87. "D70-D99: Grünfeld: Russian (Levenfish)". Retrieved 2009-10-29.
88. Gordon, Stephen W. (1994). The Lisitsin Gambit. The House of Staunton. ISBN 0875682502.
89. "Italian Game: Two Knights Defense, Lolli Attack (C57)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
90. "A40: Queen's pawn, Lundin (Kevitz-Mikenas) defence". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
91. "King's Indian, Makagonov System (5.h3) (E71)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
92. Winter, Edward. "The Marshall Gambit". Retrieved 2009-06-01.
93. "French, McCutcheon (C12)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
94. "Mcdonnell Gambit".
95. "Benoni Defense: Mikenas Variation (A66)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
96. "Paul Keres vs. Sachsenmaier, Italian Game: Classical Variation. Greco Gambit Moeller-Therkatz Attack (C54)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
97. "French Defense: Tarrasch Variation, Morozevich Variation (C03)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
98. Boris Avrukh, The Classical Slav (2014), Quality Chess, p. 381, ISBN 978-1-907982-39-2.
99. "French Defense: Morphy Gambit (C01)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
100. original spelling
101. Harold James Ruthven Murray, A History of Chess, p826
102. "SOS Articles". New In Chess. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
103. "Ashot Nadanian – Yearbook Surveys". New In Chess. Archived from the original on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
104. "Sicilian, Najdorf (B90)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
105. "Napoleon Bonaparte vs. The Turk (Automaton), Schoenbrunn 1809, King Pawn Game: Napoleon Attack". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
106. "C39: King's Gambit Accepted, Kieseritzsky, Neumann Defense". 365chess.com. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
107. Hansen, Carsten (2002). The Nimzo-Indian: 4 e3. Gambit Publications Ltd. ISBN 1-901983-58-7.
108. Harding, T. D. (1981). The Nimzowitsch defence : 1e4 Nc6. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-3597-9.
109. "Semi-Slav Defense: Noteboom Variation (D31)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
110. "Sicilian, O'Kelly Variation (B28)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
111. Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 281.
112. "Sicilian, Najdorf, Opocensky Variation (B92)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
113. "Bernard Parham: Creator of the Matrix System". Thechessdrum.net. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
114. Lane, Gary. "Ideas Behind Modern Chess Openings: Black" (PDF). ChessCafe.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
115. "King's Gambit Accepted: Kieseritzsky, Polerio Defense". Chess.com. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
116. Adams, Jimmy (1978). Sicilian Najdorf Polugaevsky Variation. The Chess Player. ISBN 0-906042-09-7.
117. "SOS Vol. 9 Chapter 15: Ruy Lopez: the Popov Variation". New in Chess. Retrieved 2009-10-29. [last available backup from 2016 on web.archive.org]
118. "ChessPub Forum: 3...a5 against the Ruy Lopez - G. Popov Variation". ChessPub.com. Retrieved 2024-03-11.
119. Olthof, Rene, ed. (2006). Yearbook 78. New in Chess. p. 243.
120. Litmanowicz, Władysław & Giżycki, Jerzy (1986, 1987). Szachy od A do Z. Wydawnictwo Sport i Turystyka Warszawa. ISBN 83-217-2481-7 (1. A-M), ISBN 83-217-2745-X (2. N-Z)
121. "Sicilian Defense: Quinteros Variation (B27)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
122. Gufeld, Eduard; Stetsko, Oleg (2000). Richter-Veresov System: The Chameleon Chess Repertoire. Thinkers Pr Inc / Chessco. ISBN 978-0-938650-97-3.
123. "Queen's Indian Defense: Riumin Variation (E16)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
124. "Sicilian, Rossolimo Variation (B31)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
125. Tim McGrew (2002-07-01). "Giuoco Fortissimo: The Rousseau Gambit Part 1" (PDF). Chesscafe.com.
126. "Nimzo-Indian, Samisch Variation (E27)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
127. Santasiere, Anthony (1973). Futuristic chess opening: Santasiere's folly, or, The opening with a future. Dallas, Tex: Chess Digest.
128. "Carl Schlechter vs. Géza Maróczy, French Defense: Schlechter Variation (C00)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
129. "Schlechter Variation 4...g6 – Yearbook Surveys". New in Chess. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
130. Colins, Sam (2005). Understanding the Chess Openings. Gambit Publications. ISBN 1-904600-28-X.
131. Krasenkow, Michal (2009-03-03). "Shabalov-Shirov Gambit accepted". ChessBase. Retrieved 2009-11-16.
132. Burgess, Graham (1994). Winning with the Smith-Morra Gambit. Batsford. ISBN 0-8050-3574-5.
133. "Grunfeld Defense, Smyslov (D99)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
134. "Ruy Lopez, Closed, Smyslov Defense (C93)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
135. "Sicilian Defense: Snyder Variation (B20)". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
136. Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 476.
137. "History of Opening Theory: Soltis Variation of the Dragon". Chess.com. 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
138. "Isaac Kashdan vs. Victor Soultanbeieff, Olympiad 1933, Slav Defense: Soultanbeieff Variation". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
139. "Sicilian, Fischer-Sozin Attack (B86)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
140. "ECO B00-B49 (anglais)". Fédération québécoise des échecs. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
141. "King's Gambit Accepted, Pawn's gambit (Stamma gambit)". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
142. "C00: French, Steinitz Attack". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
143. "Ruy Lopez, Old Steinitz Defense (C62)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
144. "Petrov, modern (Steinitz) attack". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
145. "C45 Scotch, Steinitz variation". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
146. "B20: Sicilian, Steinitz variation". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
147. Aagaard, Jacob (2000). Easy Guide to the Sveshnikov Sicilian. Everyman Chess. ISBN 978-1-85744-280-9.
148. Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1987). "Szén Variation". The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. p. 339. ISBN 0-19-281986-0.
149. "Sicilian, Taimanov (Bastrikov) Variation (B47)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
150. de Firmian, Nick (2008). Modern Chess Openings (15 ed.). McKay. ISBN 978-0-8129-3682-7.
151. Raymond, Keene (1984). French Defence: Tarrasch Variation. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-4577-0.
152. Gufeld, Eduard; Stetsko, Oleg (1994). Winning With the Torre Attack. Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-3280-0.
153. "The Traxler Counter Attack". ChessBase. 2004-06-13. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
154. "B07: Pirc, Ufimtsev-Pytel variation". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
155. Palliser, Richard. "The Velimirovic Attack". ChessPublishing.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
156. Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 477.
157. "C60: Ruy Lopez, Vinogradov variation". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
158. "Sicilian Defense: Richter-Rauzer Variation, Vitolins Variation (B62)". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
159. Jouni Yrjölä & Jussi Tella (2001). An Explosive Chess Opening Repertoire for Black. Gambit Publications Ltd. ISBN 1-901983-50-1.
160. "Guide to Chess Gambits (Part 2)". Mark-weeks.com. 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
161. "French, Winawer (C18)". ChessGames.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
162. Marin, Mihail (2007). A Spanish Repertoire for Black. Quality Chess. ISBN 978-91-976005-0-7.
163. Saba, Marco. "Scacchi: Enciclopedia pratica dei Gambetti". Studimonetari.org. Archived from the original on 2021-02-18. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
164. Kaissiber 5, p. 35
165. "Yearbook 78 – Products". New In Chess. Retrieved 2009-10-26.

External links

• Bill Wall's list of chess openings^{[unreliable source]}
• ECO Information and Index
• Chess Archaeology
• Unorthodox Chess Openings by Eric Schiller