List of ancient Daco-Thracian peoples and tribes

This is a list of four ancient peoples and their tribes that were possibly related and formed an extinct Indo-European branch of peoples and languages in the eastern Balkans, low Danube basin. These peoples dwelt from west of the Tyras (Dniester) river and east of the Carpathian Mountains in the north, to the north coast of the Aegean Sea in the south, from the west coast of the Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea) in the east, to roughly the Angrus (modern South Morava) river basin, Tisia (modern Tisza) and Danubius (modern Danube) rivers in the west. This list is based in the possible ethnolinguist affiliation of these peoples - Geto-Dacians, Moesians, Thracians and Paeonians (including possibly or partly Thracian or Dacian tribes) and not only on a geographical base (that includes other peoples that were not Dacians or Thracians like the Celts that lived in Dacia or in Thrace).

Ancestors

Map 1: Indo-European migrations as described in The Horse, the Wheel, and Language by David W. Anthony

• Proto-Indo-Europeans (Proto-Indo-European speakers)
  • Proto-Daco-Thracians (Proto-Daco-Thracian speakers)

Daco-Moesians

Geto-Dacians

Map 4: Geographical distribution of attested placenames with the -dava suffix, according to Olteanu (2010). The dava distribution confirms Dacia and Moesia as the zone of Dacian speech. The dava zone is, with few exceptions, consistent with Ptolemy's definition of Dacia's borders. There is no conclusive evidence that Dacian was a predominant language outside the dava zone in the 1st century AD. According to Strabo, the Thracians spoke the same language as the Dacians, in which case Dacian was spoken as far as the Aegean sea and the Bosporus. But Strabo's view is controversial among modern linguists: dava placenames are absent south of the Balkan mountains, with one exception (see Thracian, below)

Map 5: Dacian kingdom during the reign of Burebista, 82 BC, showing Dacian and Getae tribes.

Map 6: Dacian tribes.

• Dacians / Daci (a closely related people to the Getae, mainly west of the Carpathian Mountains, roughly matching the Dacia Superior Roman Province)
  • Albocenses^[1]
  • Ansamenses
  • Apuli / Appuli / Apulenses (Dacian Apuli)^[1] with the center at Apulon
  • Biephi / Biephes^[1]
  • Bures / Buri (Northwest Buri), they lived in the northwest of Dacia - South of Slovakian Carpathians, in the Upper Basin of the Tisia / Tisza, although related, they were a different tribe from the one centered in Buridava. (not to be confused with the Germanic tribe called Buri)
  • Caucoenses or Cauci^[1]
  • Costoboci / Costoboces / Coertoboci^[1] also Koistobokoi and Koistobokoi Montanoi^{[2][page needed]}
  • Osi / Osii, they were a Dacian tribe ^[3] but it is also argued that it was Germanic^[4] or Celtic.^[5] It was among the enemies of the Romans in the Marcomannic Wars (166-180 AD), according to Julius Capitolinus"^[2]
  • Predasenses / Predavensii^[1]
  • Ratacenses / Rhadacenses^[1]
  • Saboci / Sabokoi, they were a Dacian tribe, among the enemies of the Romans in the Marcomannic Wars (166-180 AD), according to Julius Capitolinus"^[2]
  • Serri
  • Senses / Sensii^[1]
  • Suci
  • Trixae^[1]
• Getae^[6] (a closely related people to the Dacians, mainly east of the Carpathian Mountains, roughly matching the Dacia Inferior Roman Province)
  • Britolages
  • Buridavenses / Burridensii (Southeast Buri), their capital was Buridava, on the southern slope of the Carpathian Mountains (although related, they were a different tribe from the one that lived in the northwest of Dacia - South of Slovakian Carpathians, in the Upper Basin of the Tisia (modern Tisza) (not to be confused with the Germanic tribe called Buri)
  • Carpi / Carpiani / Carpians, Carpathian Mountains name is based on this tribe
  • Ciaginsi / Ciagisi^[1]
  • Cotesii
  • Crobyzi / Krobyzoi / Crobidae,^[7] perhaps Getae^[8]/^[8][1]
  • Getae Proper
    • Aedi^[9]
    • Clariae^[9]
    • Scaugdae^[9]
  • Harpii
  • Obulenses
  • Ordes
  • Piephigi^[1]
  • Potulatenses^[1]
  • Saldenses / Saldensii^[1]
  • Terici / Terizi^[10]
  • Tyragetae / Tyrageti^{[11][unreliable source?]}
  • Troglodytae (Getian Troglodytae)^[12]

Dacians mixed with other peoples

Daco-Celts

• Anartes / Anarti (Dacianized Celtic tribe, Celtic origin tribe later assimilated by the Dacians)^[1]
• Teurisci^[1]

Daco-Scythians

• Napae (Dacianized Scythian tribe, Scythian origin tribe later assimilated by the Dacians, after whom the city of Napoca is possibly named^[13]

Moesians / Moesi / Mysi

• Artacii / Artakioi^{[14][failed verification]}
• Aureliani
• Picenses - They lived south of the Danube Iron Gates (see Map 5).
• Triballi^[15]

Thracians

Map 8: 1849 map of Roman regions, fortresses and tribes in Thrace and Dacia (about 150 AD)

Map 9: Thracian tribes in Thrace and the Odrysian Kingdom, Odrysians were one of the most powerful Thracian tribes. Sapeia, a name derived from the Sapaei tribe, was Northern Thrace and Asteia, a name derived from the Astae or Asti tribe, was Southern Thrace.

Certain tribes and subdivisions of tribes were named differently by ancient writers but modern research points out that these were in fact the same tribe.^[16] The name Thracians itself seems to be a Greek exonym and we have no way of knowing what the Thracians called themselves.^[17] Also certain tribes mentioned by Homer are not indeed historical.

• Agrianes^[18] (it is also claimed that this tribe was Paeonian)^[19]
• Apsynthii^[20]
• Astae / Asti,^[21][22] they appear in the 2nd century BC to 1st century BC
• Beni^[23]
• Bessi / Biessoi,^[24] they were among the enemies of the Romans in the Marcomannic Wars (166-180 AD), according to Julius Capitolinus"^[2]
• Bisaltae^[25]
• Bistones^[26]
• Bithyni or Bythini, migrated to Asia Minor or Anatolia
• Brenae^[27]
• Caeni / Kainoi^[21]
• Cebrenii^[28]
• Cicones (Kikones),^[26] mentioned by Homer in Odyssey
• Coelaletae^[29]
• Coreli / Coralli^[21]
• Corpili / Corpillices^[27]
• Crousi^[30]
• Dersaei^[26]
• Dentheletae^[31]
• Derrones (it is also claimed that this tribe was Paeonian)^[19]
• Digeri^[32]
• Dii / Dioi^[33]
• Diobesi^[33]
• Dolonci^[34]
• Edoni / Edones^[26]
• Maduateni^[21]
• Maedi^[35]
  • MaedoBythini,^[36] Maedi that migrated to Asia Minor or Anatolia
• Melanditae^[37]
• Melinophagi^[38]
• Nipsaei^[39]
• Odomanti / Odomantes^[40] (it is also claimed that this tribe was Paeonian)
• Odrysae / Odrysians^[41]
• Paeti^[26]
• Pieres^[42] (They also may have been a Brygian tribe, related to the Phrygians and the Mygdones, and not a Thracian tribe)
• Saii / Saioi / Saianes (Saians) - Thracian tribe that inhabited Thassos island before Phoenician and Greek colonization.
• Samothraci / Samothrakoi - Thracian tribe that lived in the island of Samothrace after the Pelasgians and before the Greeks that came from Samos island.
• Sapaei,^[43] close to Abdera, ruled Thrace after the Odrysians
• Satrae / Satri^[44]
• Scyrmiadae^[39]
• Sintians^[45]
• Sithones^[46]
• Sycaeboae^[28]
• Thyni,^[37] migrated to Asia Minor/Anatolia
• Tilataei^[47]
• Tralles^[48][49]
• Tranipsae^[37]
• Trausi^[50]
• Treres^[51]

Thracians mixed with other peoples

Thraco-Celts

• Tricornenses / Tricornesii (Romanized Thraco-Celtic community, artificially created by the Romans, that replaced the Celtic Celegeri)^[52]

Thraco-Phrygians

Mixed tribes of Thracians and Phrygians, however Phrygians seem to have been a people ethnolinguistically closer to the Hellenic peoples, Greeks and ancient Macedonians, and not to the Thracians.

• Mygdones
• Pieres^[42] (They also may have been a Brygian tribe, related to the Phrygians and the Mygdones, and not a Thracian tribe)

Possible Daco-Thracian peoples

Paeonians (Paeones)

There are different views and still no agreement among scholars about the Paeonians' ethnic and linguistic kinship. Some such as Wilhelm Tomaschek and Paul Kretschmer claim that the language spoken by the Paeonians belonged to the Illyrian family, while Dimitar Dechev claims affinities with Thracian. Irwin L. Merker considers that the language spoken by the Paeonians was closely related to Greek (and ancient Macedonian if it was a distinct language from ancient Greek), a Hellenic language with "a great deal of Illyrian and Thracian influence as a result of this proximity".^[53]

Map 10: Paionian tribes (in yellow, north and northeast of Ancient Macedonians)

• Agrianes^[19] (also, Agriani and Agrii) (it is also claimed that this tribe was Thracian)
• Almopians^[54] (also Almopioi)
• Derrones^[55] (also Derroni) (it is also claimed that this tribe was Thracian)
• Doberes^[56]
• Laeaeans^[19] (also Laeaei and Laiai)
• Odomantes^[57] (also Odomanti) (it is also claimed that this tribe was Thracian)^[58]
• Paeoplae^[59]
• Siropaiones^[60]

Phrygians

Some scholars as Strabo believe that the Phrygians are Thracian tribe.^[61]

Cimmerians

• Cimmerians could have been a people of Thracian-Dacian origin with an Iranian overlordship, a mixture of Thracians and Iranians or a missing link and a transitional people between Indo-Iranian peoples and Thracians and Dacians.

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See also

• Cimmerians
• Dacians
• Getae
• Moesians
• Paeonians
• Prygians
• Scythians
• Thracians
• List of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia