List of Quebec senators
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of past and present members of the Senate of Canada representing the province of Quebec.
Quebec has 24 permanent Senate divisions that are fixed under section 22 of the Constitution Act, 1867, which provides that "In the Case of Quebec each of the Twenty-four Senators representing that Province shall be appointed for One of the Twenty-four Electoral Divisions of Lower Canada..." Lower Canada (later the eastern portion of the Province of Canada) was Quebec's predecessor colony.
In addition to the other qualifications for appointment to the Senate, a Quebec senator must, in accordance with subsection 23(5) of the Constitution Act, 1867, "have his Real Property Qualification in the Electoral Division for which he is appointed, or shall be resident in that Division". In other words, the senator must either live in his or her division or own an immovable in the division worth at least $4,000 on a net basis. The Quebec senator must continue to meet this qualification to remain in office under subsection 31(5) of the Constitution Act, 1867.
In other provinces, although senators can designate their own divisions within the province they represent, those designations do not have legal significance.
Name | Current affiliation | Division | Date appointed | Appointed by1 | On the advice of | Mandatory retirement | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Michèle Audette | Non-affiliated | De Salaberry | July 29, 2021 | Simon | J. Trudeau | July 20, 2046 | |
Diane Bellemare | Progressive Senate Group | Alma | September 6, 2012 | Johnston | Harper | October 13, 2024 | |
Patrick Brazeau | Non-affiliated | Repentigny | January 8, 2009 | Jean | Harper | November 11, 2049 | |
Claude Carignan | Conservative | Mille Isles | August 27, 2009 | Jean | Harper | December 4, 2039 | |
Jean-Guy Dagenais | Canadian Senators Group | Victoria | January 17, 2012 | Johnston | Harper | February 2, 2025 | |
Pierre Dalphond | Progressive Senate Group | De Lorimier | June 6, 2018 | Payette | J. Trudeau | May 1, 2029 | |
Renée Dupuis | Independent Senators Group | The Laurentides | November 10, 2016 | Johnston | J. Trudeau | January 17, 2024 | |
Éric Forest | Independent Senators Group | Gulf | November 21, 2016 | Johnston | J. Trudeau | April 6, 2027 | |
Rosa Galvez | Independent Senators Group | Bedford | December 6, 2016 | Johnston | J. Trudeau | June 21, 2042 | |
Amina Gerba | Progressive Senate Group | Rigaud | July 29, 2021 | Simon | J. Trudeau | March 14, 2036 | |
Clément Gignac | Progressive Senate Group | Kennebec | July 29, 2021 | Simon | J. Trudeau | May 7, 2030 | |
Marc Gold | Non-affiliated | Stadacona | November 25, 2016 | Johnston | J. Trudeau | June 30, 2025 | |
Leo Housakos | Conservative | Wellington | January 8, 2009 | Jean | Harper | January 10, 2043 | |
Tony Loffreda | Independent Senators Group | Shawinegan | July 23, 2019 | Payette | J. Trudeau | August 14, 2037 | |
Paul Massicotte | Independent Senators Group | De Lanaudière | June 26, 2003 | Clarkson | Chrétien | September 10, 2026 | |
Marie-Françoise Mégie | Independent Senators Group | Rougemont | November 25, 2016 | Johnston | J. Trudeau | September 21, 2025 | |
Julie Miville-Dechêne | Independent Senators Group | Inkerman | June 20, 2018 | Payette | J. Trudeau | July 10, 2034 | |
Chantal Petitclerc | Independent Senators Group | Grandville | April 1, 2016 | Johnston | J. Trudeau | December 15, 2044 | |
Raymonde Saint-Germain | Independent Senators Group | De la Vallière | November 25, 2016 | Johnston | J. Trudeau | October 7, 2026 | |
Judith Seidman | Conservative | De la Durantaye | August 27, 2009 | Jean | Harper | September 1, 2025 | |
Larry Smith | Canadian Senators Group | Saurel | May 25, 2011 | Johnston | Harper | April 28, 2026 | |
Josée Verner | Canadian Senators Group | Montarville | June 13, 2011 | Johnston | Harper | December 30, 2034 |
1 Senators are appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the prime minister listed.
The boundaries for all Quebec districts are mandated in the Constitution Act 1867 and cannot change without a constitutional amendment. The boundaries are described in the 1859 Consolidated Statutes of Canada.[1]
Self-designated Senate divisions can be used by senators appointed under the Regional Expansion Clause Section 26 of the Constitution Act 1867. This clause can be used to increase the Senate seats by one or two senators for each region (Ontario, Quebec, the Maritimes and the Western Provinces). Prime Minister Brian Mulroney is the only one to use this clause, on September 27, 1990.
These senators were appointed under a constitutional provision that allowed the number of Quebec senators to temporarily increase by one or two. As such, these senators belonged to no constitutionally-mandated division, and could designate one of their choosing.
Name | Affiliation | Division | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normand Grimard | Progressive Conservative | Quebec | September 27, 1990 | Hnatyshyn | Mulroney | June 16, 2000 | Retirement | |
Thérèse Lavoie-Roux | Progressive Conservative | Acadie | September 27, 1990 | Hnatyshyn | Mulroney | March 12, 2001 | Resignation |
The Alma Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The Parishes of Long Point, Pointe-aux-Trembles, Rivière des Prairies, Sault aux Récollets, in the county of Hochelaga, and that part of the Parish of Montreal which lies to the East of the prolongation of St. Denis Street; the County of Laval, that part of the City of Montreal which lies to the East of Bonsécours and St. Denis Streets, and their prolongation."
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
James Leslie | Conservative | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | December 6, 1873 | Death | |
Edward Goff Penny | Liberal | March 13, 1874 | Dufferin | Mackenzie | October 11, 1881 | Death | |
Alexander Walker Ogilvie | Conservative | December 24, 1881 | Lorne | Macdonald | January 18, 1901 | Resignation | |
Robert Mackay | Liberal | January 21, 1901 | Minto | Laurier | December 25, 1916 | Death | |
George Green Foster | Conservative | July 27, 1917 | Devonshire | Borden | May 1, 1931 | Death | |
Charles Ballantyne | Conservative | February 3, 1932 | Bessborough | Bennett | October 19, 1950 | Death | |
Progressive Conservative | December 11, 1942 | ||||||
Hartland Molson | Independent | July 28, 1955 | Massey | St. Laurent | May 31, 1993 | Resignation | |
David Angus | Progressive Conservative | June 10, 1993 | Hnatyshyn | Mulroney | July 21, 2012 | Retirement | |
Conservative | February 2, 2004 | ||||||
Diane Bellemare | Conservative | September 6, 2012 | Johnston | Harper | October 11, 2024 | Retirement | |
Non-affiliated | March 8, 2016 | ||||||
Independent Senators Group | November 14, 2019 | ||||||
Progressive Senate Group | September 17, 2021 |
The Bedford Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The Counties of Missisquoi, Brome, and Shefford."
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asa Belknap Foster | Conservative | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | January 1, 1874 | Resignation | |
Gardner Green Stevens | Liberal | February 12, 1876 | Dufferin | Mackenzie | April 15, 1892 | Death | |
George Barnard Baker | Liberal-Conservative | January 7, 1896 | Aberdeen | Bowell | February 9, 1910 | Death | |
Rufus Henry Pope | Conservative | November 14, 1911 | Connaught | Borden | May 16, 1944 | Death | |
Jacob Nicol | Liberal | July 14, 1944 | Athlone | King | September 23, 1958 | Death | |
Louis-Philippe Beaubien | Progressive Conservative | November 16, 1960 | Vanier | Diefenbaker | March 28, 1985 | Death | |
Paul David | Progressive Conservative | April 16, 1985 | Sauvé | Mulroney | December 25, 1994 | Retirement | |
Céline Hervieux-Payette | Liberal | March 21, 1995 | LeBlanc | Chrétien | April 22, 2016 | Retirement | |
Rosa Galvez | Independent Senators Group | December 6, 2016 | Johnston | Trudeau, J. | Incumbent |
The De la Durantaye Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The remainder of the County of L'Islet, the countie[s] of Montmagny and Bellechasse and the Parishes of St. Joseph, St. Henri and Notre Dame de la Victoire, in the County of Lévi." The demarcation of the Grandville Senate division provides an explanation of what constitutes the "remainder of the County of L'Islet".
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Joseph-Noël Bossé | Conservative | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | January 1, 1868 | Resignation | |
Jean-Charles Chapais | Conservative | January 30, 1868 | Monck | Macdonald | July 17, 1885 | Death | |
John Jones Ross | Conservative | April 12, 1887 | Lansdowne | Macdonald | May 4, 1901 | Death | |
Alphonse Déchêne | Liberal | May 13, 1901 | Minto | Laurier | May 1, 1902 | Death | |
Jules Tessier | Liberal | March 12, 1903 | Minto | Laurier | January 6, 1934 | Death | |
Émile Fortin | Conservative | August 14, 1935 | Bessborough | Bennett | May 18, 1936 | Death | |
Fernand Fafard | Liberal | January 29, 1940 | Tweedsmuir | King | May 14, 1955 | Death | |
Jean-François Pouliot | Liberal | July 28, 1955 | Massey | St. Laurent | June 28, 1968 | Resignation | |
Louis Giguère | Liberal | September 10, 1968 | Michener | Trudeau, P. E. | December 18, 1986 | Retirement | |
Jean Bazin | Progressive Conservative | December 29, 1986 | Sauvé | Mulroney | December 8, 1989 | Resignation | |
Mario Beaulieu | Progressive Conservative | August 30, 1990 | Hnatyshyn | Mulroney | June 22, 1994 | Resignation | |
Lise Bacon | Liberal | September 15, 1994 | Hnatyshyn | Chrétien | August 25, 2009 | Retirement | |
Judith Seidman | Conservative | August 27, 2009 | Jean | Harper | Incumbent |
The De la Vallière Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The Counties of Nicolet and Yamaska, the Townships of Wendover, Grantham, and the part of Upton which lies in the County of Drummond."
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Charles-Christophe Malhiot | Liberal | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | November 9, 1874 | Death | |
Anselme-Homère Pâquet | Liberal | February 9, 1875 | Dufferin | Mackenzie | December 22, 1891 | Death | |
Auguste-Réal Angers | Conservative | December 16, 1892 | Stanley | Thompson | June 10, 1896 | Resignation | |
Alfred Thibaudeau | Liberal | August 22, 1896 | Aberdeen | Laurier | August 15, 1926 | Death | |
Donat Raymond | Liberal | December 20, 1926 | Willingdon | King | June 5, 1963 | Death | |
Romuald Bourque | Liberal | July 6, 1963 | Vanier | Pearson | August 14, 1974 | Death | |
Jean Marchand | Liberal | December 9, 1976 | Léger | Trudeau, P. E. | December 15, 1983 | Resignation | |
Pierre de Bané | Liberal | June 29, 1984 | Sauvé | Trudeau, P. E. | August 2, 2013 | Retirement | |
Raymonde Saint-Germain | Independent Senators Group | November 25, 2016 | Johnston | Trudeau, J. | Incumbent |
The De Lanaudière Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The remainder of the County of Maskinongé, the Counties of Berthier and Joliette, with the exception of the Parish of St. Paul, the Township of Kidldare and its augmentation, and the Township of Cathcart". The demarcation of the Shawinigan Senate division provides an explanation of what constitutes the "remainder of the County of Maskinongé".
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Louis Auguste Olivier | Liberal | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | September 8, 1873 | Resignation | |
Joseph-Hyacinthe Bellerose | Conservative | October 7, 1873 | Dufferin | Macdonald | August 13, 1899 | Death | |
Joseph Philippe Baby Casgrain | Liberal | January 29, 1900 | Minto | Laurier | January 6, 1939 | Death | |
Édouard-Charles St-Père | Liberal | February 9, 1940 | Tweedsmuir | King | January 31, 1950 | Death | |
Sarto Fournier | Liberal | June 12, 1953 | Massey | St. Laurent | July 23, 1980 | Death | |
Thomas Lefebvre | Liberal | July 9, 1984 | Sauvé | Turner | November 20, 1992 | Death | |
In abeyance - the appointment of Thérèse Lavoie-Roux to the temporary division of Acadie under section 26 of the Constitution Act, 1867 required this division be left vacant between Lefebvre's death and Lavoie-Roux's retirement on March 12, 2001 | |||||||
Paul Massicotte | Liberal | June 26, 2003 | Clarkson | Chrétien | Incumbent | ||
Senate Liberal Caucus | January 29, 2014 | ||||||
Independent Senators Group | October 30, 2017 |
The De Lorimier Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The Counties of St. John and Napierville; St. Jean Chrysostôme and Russeltown in the County of Chateauguay; Hemmingford in the County of Huntingdon."
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jacques-Olivier Bureau | Liberal | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | February 7, 1883 | Death | |
Alexandre Lacoste | Conservative | January 11, 1884 | Lansdowne | Macdonald | September 13, 1891 | Resignation | |
Alphonse Desjardins | Conservative | October 1, 1892 | Stanley | Abbott | June 16, 1896 | Resignation | |
François Béchard | Liberal | July 17, 1896 | Aberdeen | Laurier | April 13, 1897 | Death | |
Raoul Dandurand | Liberal | January 22, 1898 | Aberdeen | Laurier | March 11, 1942 | Death | |
Thomas Vien | Liberal | October 5, 1942 | Athlone | King | April 1, 1968 | Resignation | |
Raymond Eudes | Liberal | April 8, 1968 | Michener | Pearson | October 25, 1980 | Death | |
Philippe Gigantès | Liberal | January 13, 1984 | Schreyer | Trudeau, P. E. | August 16, 1998 | Retirement | |
Joan Fraser | Liberal | September 17, 1998 | LeBlanc | Chrétien | February 2, 2018 | Resignation | |
Pierre Dalphond | Independent Senators Group | June 6, 2018 | Payette | Trudeau, J. | Incumbent | ||
Progressive Senate Group | May 21, 2020 |
The De Salaberry Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The remainder of the County of Chateauguay, the remainder of the County of Huntingdon, and the County of Beauharnois." The demarcation of the De Lorimier Senate division provides an explanation of which parishes are excluded from the De Salaberry Senate division.
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Louis Renaud | Conservative | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | October 1, 1873 | Resignation | |
François-Xavier-Anselme Trudel | Conservative | October 31, 1873 | Dufferin | Macdonald | January 17, 1890 | Death | |
Joseph Tassé | Conservative | February 9, 1891 | Stanley | Macdonald | January 17, 1895 | Death | |
Joseph-Octave Villeneuve | Conservative | January 2, 1896 | Aberdeen | Bowell | June 27, 1901 | Death | |
Frédéric Liguori Béique | Liberal | February 7, 1902 | Minto | Laurier | September 12, 1933 | Death | |
Guillaume-André Fauteux | Conservative | December 30, 1933 | Bessborough | Bennett | September 10, 1940 | Death | |
Léon Mercier Gouin | Liberal | November 7, 1940 | Athlone | King | March 18, 1976 | Resignation | |
Yvette Boucher Rousseau | Liberal | March 27, 1979 | Schreyer | Trudeau, P. E. | March 17, 1988 | Death | |
Jean-Marie Poitras | Progressive Conservative | September 26, 1988 | Sauvé | Mulroney | May 25, 1993 | Resignation | |
Pierre Claude Nolin | Progressive Conservative | June 18, 1993 | Hnatyshyn | Mulroney | April 23, 2015 | Death | |
Conservative | February 2, 2004 | ||||||
André Pratte | Independent / Non-affiliated | April 1, 2016 | Johnston | Trudeau, J. | October 21, 2019 | Resignation | |
Independent Senators Group | June 1, 2017 | ||||||
Michèle Audette | Non-affiliated | July 29, 2021 | Simon | Trudeau, J. | Incumbent | ||
Independent Senators Group | September 27, 2021 | ||||||
Progressive Senate Group | June 27, 2022 |
The Grandville Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The Counties of Temiscouata and Kamouraska, the Parishes of St. Roch des Aulnets and St. Jean Port Joli, and the prolongation thereof in a straight line to the Province Line in the County of L'Islet."
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Luc Letellier de St-Just | Nationalist Liberal | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | December 15, 1876 | Resignation | |
Charles Pelletier | Liberal | February 2, 1877 | Dufferin | Mackenzie | September 1, 1904 | Resignation | |
Philippe-Auguste Choquette | Liberal | September 30, 1904 | Minto | Laurier | December 29, 1919 | Resignation | |
Thomas Chapais | Conservative | December 31, 1919 | Devonshire | Borden | July 15, 1946 | Death | |
Paul Henri Bouffard | Liberal | December 27, 1946 | Alexander | King | February 16, 1966 | Death | |
Léopold Langlois | Liberal | July 8, 1966 | Vanier | Pearson | October 2, 1988 | Retirement | |
John Lynch-Staunton | Progressive Conservative | September 23, 1990 | Hnatyshyn | Mulroney | June 19, 2005 | Retirement | |
Conservative | February 2, 2004 | ||||||
Andrée Champagne | Conservative | August 2, 2005 | Clarkson | Martin | July 17, 2014 | Retirement | |
Chantal Petitclerc | Independent | April 1, 2016 | Johnston | Trudeau, J. | Incumbent | ||
Independent Senators Group | December 2, 2016 |
The Gulf Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The Counties of Gaspé, Bonaventure and Rimouski."
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ulric-Joseph Tessier | Liberal | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | February 11, 1873 | Resignation | |
Eugène Chinic | Conservative | April 10, 1873 | Dufferin | Macdonald | November 3, 1882 | Resignation | |
Louis Robitaille | Conservative | February 8, 1883 | Lorne | Macdonald | December 28, 1884 | Resignation | |
Théodore Robitaille | Conservative | January 29, 1885 | Lansdowne | Macdonald | August 17, 1897 | Death | |
Jean-Baptiste Romuald Fiset | Liberal | October 20, 1897 | Aberdeen | Laurier | January 5, 1917 | Death | |
David Ovide L'Espérance | Conservative | July 26, 1917 | Devonshire | Borden | August 31, 1941 | Death | |
Joseph Arthur Lesage | Liberal | March 3, 1944 | Athlone | King | March 9, 1950 | Death | |
Charles Gavan Power | Liberal | July 28, 1955 | Massey | St. Laurent | May 30, 1968 | Death | |
Paul C. Lafond | Liberal | October 7, 1970 | Michener | Trudeau, P. E. | May 27, 1988 | Death | |
Roch Bolduc | Progressive Conservative | September 26, 1988 | Sauvé | Mulroney | September 10, 2003 | Retirement | |
Roméo Dallaire | Liberal | March 24, 2005 | Clarkson | Martin | June 17, 2014 | Resignation | |
Éric Forest | Independent Senators Group | November 21, 2016 | Johnston | Trudeau, J. | Incumbent |
The Inkerman Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The Counties of Argenteuil, Ottawa and Pontiac."
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
John Hamilton | Conservative | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | May 1, 1887 | Resignation | |
John Abbott | Liberal-Conservative | May 12, 1887 | Lansdowne | Macdonald | October 30, 1893 | Death | |
William Owens | Conservative | January 2, 1896 | Aberdeen | Bowell | June 8, 1917 | Death | |
Richard Smeaton White | Conservative | July 30, 1917 | Devonshire | Borden | December 17, 1936 | Death | |
Adrian Knatchbull-Hugessen | Liberal | January 12, 1937 | Tweedsmuir | King | January 1, 1967 | Resignation | |
Maurice Lamontagne | Liberal | April 6, 1967 | Léger | Pearson | June 12, 1983 | Death | |
Charlie Watt | Liberal | January 16, 1984 | Schreyer | Trudeau, P. E. | March 16, 2018 | Resignation | |
Julie Miville-Dechêne | Independent Senators Group | June 20, 2018 | Payette | Trudeau, J | Incumbent |
The Kennebec Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The Counties of Lotbinière, Mégantic and Arthabaska."
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Charles Cormier | Nationalist Liberal | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | May 7, 1887 | Death | |
Pierre-Étienne Fortin | Conservative | May 13, 1887 | Lansdowne | Macdonald | June 15, 1888 | Death | |
George Alexander Drummond | Conservative | December 1, 1888 | Stanley | Macdonald | February 2, 1910 | Death | |
Louis Lavergne | Liberal | October 13, 1910 | Grey | Laurier | January 1, 1930 | Resignation | |
Georges Parent | Liberal | June 3, 1930 | Willingdon | King | December 14, 1942 | Death | |
Cyrille Vaillancourt | Liberal | March 3, 1944 | Athlone | King | January 3, 1969 | Resignation | |
Jean-Pierre Côté | Liberal | September 1, 1972 | Michener | Trudeau, P. E. | April 20, 1978 | Resignation | |
Claude Wagner | Progressive Conservative | April 21, 1978 | Léger | Trudeau, P. E. | July 11, 1979 | Death | |
Guy Charbonneau | Progressive Conservative | September 27, 1979 | Schreyer | Clark | June 21, 1997 | Retirement | |
Serge Joyal | Liberal | November 26, 1997 | LeBlanc | Chrétien | February 1, 2020 | Retirement | |
Senate Liberal Caucus | January 29, 2014 | ||||||
Progressive Senate Group | November 14, 2019 | ||||||
Clément Gignac | Progressive Senate Group | July 29, 2021 | Simon | Trudeau, J. | Incumbent |
The La Salle Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The remainder of the County of Quebec, the County of Portneuf, and all that part of the Banlieue of Quebec which likes within the Parish of Notre Dame de Quebec." The demarcation of the Laurentides Senate division provides an explanation of what constitutes the "remainder of the County of Quebec".
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antoine Juchereau Duchesnay | Conservative | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | January 7, 1871 | Resignation | |
Louis Panet | Conservative | February 10, 1871 | Lisgar | Macdonald | March 26, 1874 | Resignation | |
Charles-Eugène Panet | Liberal | March 27, 1874 | Dufferin | Mackenzie | February 4, 1875 | Resignation | |
Hector Fabre | Nationalist | February 5, 1875 | Dufferin | Mackenzie | July 12, 1882 | Resignation | |
Pierre Antoine Deblois | Conservative | February 13, 1883 | Lorne | Macdonald | June 21, 1898 | Death | |
Joseph Arthur Paquet | Liberal | June 27, 1898 | Aberdeen | Laurier | March 29, 1901 | Death | |
Joseph Godbout | Liberal | April 4, 1901 | Minto | Laurier | April 1, 1923 | Death | |
Jacques Bureau | Liberal | September 5, 1925 | Byng | King | January 23, 1933 | Death | |
Lucien Moraud | Conservative | December 30, 1933 | Bessborough | Bennett | May 29, 1951 | Death | |
Progressive Conservative | December 11, 1942 | ||||||
Mark Robert Drouin | Progressive Conservative | October 4, 1957 | Massey | Diefenbaker | October 12, 1963 | Death | |
Azellus Denis | Liberal | February 3, 1964 | Vanier | Pearson | September 4, 1991 | Death | |
Marcel Prud'homme | Independent | May 26, 1993 | Hnatyshyn | Mulroney | November 30, 2009 | Retirement | |
Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu | Conservative | January 29, 2010 | Jean | Harper | February 12, 2024 | Retirement | |
Independent | June 4, 2015 | ||||||
Conservative | November 22, 2016 |
The Lauzon Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The remainder of the County of Lévi, the Counties of Dorchester and Beauce." The demarcation of the De la Durantaye Senate division provides an explanation of what constitutes the "remainder of the County of L'Islet".
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elzéar-Henri Juchereau Duchesnay | Conservative | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | May 12, 1871 | Death | |
Alexandre-René Chaussegros de Léry | Conservative | December 13, 1871 | Lisgar | Macdonald | April 11, 1876 | Resignation | |
Christian Pozer | Nationalist | September 20, 1876 | Dufferin | Mackenzie | July 18, 1884 | Death | |
Joseph Bolduc | Nationalist Conservative | October 3, 1884 | Lansdowne | Macdonald | August 13, 1924 | Death | |
Henri Sévérin Béland | Liberal | September 5, 1925 | Byng | King | April 22, 1935 | Death | |
Eugène Paquet | Conservative | August 14, 1935 | Bessborough | Bennett | May 8, 1951 | Death | |
Léonard Tremblay | Liberal | June 12, 1953 | Massey | St. Laurent | September 2, 1965 | Resignation | |
Jean-Paul Deschatelets | Liberal | February 24, 1966 | Vanier | Pearson | January 10, 1986 | Resignation | |
Michel Cogger | Progressive Conservative | May 2, 1986 | Sauvé | Mulroney | September 1, 2000 | Resignation | |
Yves Morin | Liberal | March 8, 2001 | Clarkson | Chrétien | November 28, 2004 | Retirement | |
Dennis Dawson | Liberal | August 2, 2005 | Clarkson | Martin | September 28, 2024 | Retirement | |
Senate Liberal Caucus | January 29, 2014 | ||||||
Progressive Senate Group | November 14, 2019 |
The Mille Isles Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The Counties of Terrebonne and Two Mountains."
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Léandre Dumouchel | Conservative | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | September 23, 1882 | Death | |
1. | Louis-Rodrigue Masson | Conservative | September 29, 1882 | Lorne | Macdonald | November 6, 1884 | Resignation |
Louis-Adélard Senécal | Conservative | January 25, 1887 | Lansdowne | Macdonald | October 11, 1887 | Death | |
Jean-Baptiste Rolland | Conservative | October 22, 1887 | Lansdowne | Macdonald | March 22, 1888 | Death | |
Charles-Séraphin Rodier | Conservative | December 12, 1888 | Stanley | Macdonald | January 26, 1890 | Death | |
2. | Louis-Rodrigue Masson | Conservative | February 3, 1890 | Stanley | Macdonald | June 11, 1903 | Resignation |
Laurent-Olivier David | Liberal | June 19, 1903 | Minto | Laurier | August 24, 1926 | Death | |
Napoléon Kemner Laflamme | Liberal | December 21, 1927 | Willingdon | King | August 10, 1929 | Death | |
Jules-Édouard Prévost | Liberal | June 3, 1930 | Willingdon | King | October 13, 1943 | Death | |
Armand Daigle | Liberal | March 3, 1944 | Athlone | King | March 8, 1957 | Death | |
Gustave Monette | Progressive Conservative | October 12, 1957 | Massey | Diefenbaker | December 23, 1969 | Death | |
Thérèse Casgrain | Independent | October 7, 1970 | Michener | Trudeau, P. E. | July 10, 1971 | Retirement | |
Renaude Lapointe | Liberal | November 10, 1971 | Michener | Trudeau, P. E. | January 3, 1987 | Retirement | |
Solange Chaput-Rolland | Progressive Conservative | September 26, 1988 | Sauvé | Mulroney | May 14, 1994 | Retirement | |
Jean-Louis Roux | Liberal | August 31, 1994 | Hnatyshyn | Chrétien | August 8, 1996 | Resignation | |
Léonce Mercier | Liberal | August 9, 1996 | LeBlanc | Chrétien | August 11, 2001 | Retirement | |
Michel Biron | Liberal | October 4, 2001 | Clarkson | Chrétien | March 16, 2009 | Retirement | |
Claude Carignan | Conservative | August 27, 2009 | Jean | Harper | Incumbent |
The Montarville Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The Counties of Verchères, Chambly and Laprairie."
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Louis Lacoste | Conservative | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | November 26, 1878 | Death | |
Charles Boucher de Boucherville | Conservative | February 12, 1879 | Lorne | Macdonald | September 11, 1915 | Death | |
Charles-Philippe Beaubien | Conservative | December 3, 1915 | Connaught | Borden | January 17, 1949 | Death | |
Adélard Godbout | Liberal | June 25, 1949 | Alexander | St. Laurent | September 18, 1956 | Death | |
Henri Charles Bois | Liberal | January 3, 1957 | Massey | St. Laurent | July 18, 1962 | Death | |
Louis-Philippe Gélinas | Liberal | June 11, 1963 | Vanier | Pearson | December 10, 1965 | Resignation | |
John Ewasew | Liberal | December 17, 1976 | Léger | Trudeau, P. E. | March 26, 1978 | Death | |
Dalia Wood | Liberal | March 26, 1979 | Schreyer | Trudeau, P. E. | January 31, 1999 | Resignation | |
Sheila Finestone | Liberal | August 11, 1999 | LeBlanc | Chrétien | January 28, 2002 | Retirement | |
Raymond Lavigne | Liberal | March 26, 2002 | Clarkson | Chrétien | March 21, 2011 | Resignation | |
Liberal without caucus | June 8, 2006 | ||||||
Josée Verner | Conservative | June 13, 2011 | Johnston | Harper | Incumbent | ||
Independent Senators Group | October 17, 2017 | ||||||
Canadian Senators Group | November 4, 2019 |
The Repentigny Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The Parish of St. Paul, the Township of Kildare and its augmentation, and the Township of Cathcart, in the County of Joliette, the Counties of L'Assomption and Montcalm."
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Joseph-François Armand | Conservative | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | January 1, 1903 | Death | |
Joseph-Hormisdas Legris | Liberal | February 10, 1903 | Minto | Laurier | March 6, 1932 | Death | |
Joseph Hormisdas Rainville | Conservative | October 6, 1932 | Bessborough | Bennett | April 14, 1942 | Death | |
Pamphile Réal Du Tremblay | Liberal | November 19, 1942 | Athlone | King | October 6, 1955 | Death | |
J.-Eugène Lefrançois | Liberal | April 25, 1957 | Massey | St. Laurent | November 5, 1976 | Resignation | |
Pietro Rizzuto | Liberal | December 23, 1976 | Léger | Trudeau, P. E. | August 3, 1997 | Death | |
Marisa Ferretti Barth | Liberal | September 22, 1997 | LeBlanc | Chrétien | April 28, 2006 | Retirement | |
Patrick Brazeau | Conservative | January 8, 2009 | Jean | Harper | Incumbent | ||
Independent | February 7, 2013 |
The Rigaud Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The remainder of the Parish of Montreal, and the Counties of Jacques Cartier, Vaudreuil and Solanges." The demarcation of the Alma Senate division provides an explanation of what constitutes the "remainder of the Parish of Montreal".
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Charles Wilson | Conservative | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | May 4, 1877 | Death | |
Joseph-Rosaire Thibaudeau | Liberal | January 4, 1878 | Dufferin | Mackenzie | June 16, 1909 | Death | |
Arthur Boyer | Liberal | June 28, 1909 | Grey | Laurier | January 24, 1922 | Death | |
Gustave Benjamin Boyer | Liberal | March 11, 1922 | Byng | King | December 2, 1927 | Death | |
Lawrence Alexander Wilson | Liberal | June 3, 1930 | Willingdon | King | March 3, 1934 | Death | |
Arthur Sauvé | Conservative | July 20, 1935 | Bessborough | Bennett | February 6, 1944 | Death | |
Vincent Dupuis | Liberal | April 18, 1945 | Athlone | King | May 11, 1967 | Death | |
Lazarus Phillips | Liberal | February 9, 1968 | Michener | Pearson | October 10, 1970 | Retirement | |
Carl Goldenberg | Liberal | November 4, 1971 | Michener | Trudeau, P. E. | October 20, 1982 | Retirement | |
Jean Le Moyne | Liberal | December 23, 1982 | Schreyer | Trudeau, P. E. | February 17, 1988 | Retirement | |
Gérald Beaudoin | Progressive Conservative | September 26, 1988 | Sauvé | Mulroney | February 1, 2004 | Retirement | |
Conservative | February 2, 2004 | April 15, 2004 | |||||
Yoine Goldstein | Liberal | August 29, 2005 | Clarkson | Martin | May 11, 2009 | Retirement | |
Jacques Demers | Conservative | August 27, 2009 | Jean | Harper | August 25, 2019 | Retirement | |
Independent | December 3, 2015 | ||||||
Amina Gerba | Progressive Senate Group | July 29, 2021 | Simon | Trudeau, J. | Incumbent |
The Rougemont Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The remainder of the County of St. Hyacinth, the Counties of Rouville and Iberville." The demarcation of the Saurel Senate division provides an explanation of what constitutes "the remainder of the County of St. Hyacinth".
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
William Henry Chaffers | Liberal | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | July 19, 1894 | Death | |
William Hales Hingston | Conservative | January 2, 1896 | Aberdeen | Bowell | February 19, 1907 | Death | |
Georges-Casimir Dessaulles | Liberal | March 12, 1907 | Grey | Laurier | April 19, 1930 | Death | |
Rodolphe Lemieux | Liberal | June 3, 1930 | Willingdon | King | September 28, 1937 | Death | |
Élie Beauregard | Liberal | February 9, 1940 | Tweedsmuir | King | August 27, 1954 | Death | |
Henri Courtemanche | Progressive Conservative | January 20, 1960 | Vanier | Diefenbaker | December 22, 1961 | Resignation | |
Jacques Flynn | Progressive Conservative | November 9, 1962 | Vanier | Diefenbaker | August 22, 1990 | Resignation | |
John Sylvain | Progressive Conservative | September 7, 1990 | Hnatyshyn | Mulroney | February 1, 1996 | Resignation | |
Shirley Maheu | Liberal | February 1, 1996 | LeBlanc | Chrétien | February 2, 2006 | Death | |
Michael Fortier | Conservative | February 27, 2006 | Jean | Harper | September 7, 2008 | Resignation | |
Suzanne Duplessis | Conservative | January 14, 2009 | Jean | Harper | June 30, 2015 | Retirement | |
Marie-Françoise Mégie | Independent Senators Group | November 25, 2016 | Johnston | Trudeau, J. | Incumbent |
The Saurel Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The Counties of Richelieu and Bagot, the Parishes of St. Denis, La Présentation, St. Barnabé, and St. Jude, in the County of St. Hyacinth."
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jean-Baptiste Guevremont | Conservative | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | June 14, 1896 | Resignation | |
Louis-Joseph Forget | Conservative | June 15, 1896 | Aberdeen | Tupper | April 7, 1911 | Death | |
Joseph-Marcellin Wilson | Liberal | May 3, 1911 | Grey | Laurier | January 1, 1939 | Resignation | |
Athanase David | Liberal | February 9, 1940 | Tweedsmuir | King | January 26, 1953 | Death | |
Marianna Beauchamp Jodoin | Liberal | May 19, 1953 | Massey | St. Laurent | June 1, 1966 | Resignation | |
Alan Macnaughton | Liberal | July 8, 1966 | Vanier | Pearson | July 30, 1978 | Retirement | |
Fernand Leblanc | Liberal | March 27, 1979 | Schreyer | Trudeau, P. E. | July 1, 1992 | Retirement | |
Fernand Roberge | Progressive Conservative | May 26, 1993 | Hnatyshyn | Mulroney | July 19, 2000 | Resignation | |
Jean Lapointe | Liberal | June 13, 2001 | Clarkson | Chrétien | December 6, 2010 | Retirement | |
Larry Smith | Conservative | December 20, 2010 | Johnston | Harper | March 25, 2011 | Resignation | |
May 25, 2011 | Johnston | Harper | Incumbent | ||||
Canadian Senators Group | August 4, 2022 |
The Shawinegan Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The Counties of Champlain and St. Maurice, the Town of Three Rivers, the Parishes of River du Loup, St. Léon, St. Paulin, and the Township of Hunterstown and its augmentation, in the County of Maskinongé."
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
James Ferrier | Conservative | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | May 30, 1888 | Death | |
Hippolyte Montplaisir | Liberal-Conservative | February 9, 1891 | Stanley | Macdonald | June 20, 1927 | Death | |
Philippe-Jacques Paradis | Liberal | December 14, 1927 | Willingdon | King | June 20, 1933 | Death | |
Charles Bourgeois | Conservative | August 15, 1935 | Bessborough | Bennett | May 15, 1940 | Death | |
Charles-Édouard Ferland | Liberal | April 18, 1945 | Athlone | King | April 18, 1951 | Resignation | |
Léon Méthot | Progressive Conservative | October 12, 1957 | Massey | Diefenbaker | August 6, 1972 | Death | |
Maurice Riel | Liberal | October 5, 1973 | Michener | Trudeau, P. E. | April 3, 1997 | Retirement | |
Lucie Pépin | Liberal | April 8, 1997 | LeBlanc | Chrétien | September 7, 2011 | Retirement | |
Ghislain Maltais | Conservative | January 6, 2012 | Johnston | Harper | April 22, 2019 | Retirement | |
Tony Loffreda | Independent | July 23, 2019 | Johnston | J. Trudeau | Incumbent | ||
Independent Senators Group | November 7, 2019 |
The Stadacona Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The remainder of the City and Banlieue of Quebec." The demarcation of the La Salle Senate division provides an explanation of what constitutes the "remainder of the City...of Quebec".
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Narcisse-Fortunat Belleau | Conservative | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | October 23, 1867 | Appointment declined | |
Joseph-Édouard Cauchon | Independent Conservative | November 2, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | June 30, 1872 | Resignation | |
Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau | Conservative | February 20, 1873 | Dufferin | Macdonald | January 8, 1874 | Resignation | |
Pierre Baillargeon | Liberal | March 27, 1874 | Dufferin | Mackenzie | December 15, 1891 | Death | |
Auguste Landry | Conservative | February 23, 1892 | Stanley | Abbott | December 20, 1919 | Death | |
Lorne Campbell Webster | Conservative | January 10, 1920 | Devonshire | Borden | September 27, 1941 | Death | |
Jean-Marie Dessureault | Liberal | June 9, 1945 | Athlone | King | August 16, 1970 | Resignation | |
Martial Asselin | Progressive Conservative | September 1, 1972 | Michener | Trudeau, P. E. | August 7, 1990 | Resignation | |
Claude Castonguay | Progressive Conservative | September 23, 1990 | Hnatyshyn | Mulroney | December 9, 1992 | Resignation | |
Jean-Claude Rivest | Progressive Conservative | March 11, 1993 | Hnatyshyn | Mulroney | January 31, 2015 | Resignation | |
Conservative | February 2, 2004 | ||||||
Independent | August 31, 2004 | ||||||
Marc Gold | Independent Senators Group | November 25, 2016 | Johnston | Trudeau, J. | Incumbent | ||
Non-affiliated | January 24, 2020 |
The Senate division of The Laurentides is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The Counties of Chicoutimi, Charlevoix, Saguenay and Montmorency, the Seigniory of Beauport, the Parish of Charlebourg, the Townships of Stoneham and Tewkesbury, in the County of Quebec."
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
David Edward Price | Conservative | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | August 22, 1883 | Death | |
James Gibb Ross | Conservative | January 11, 1884 | Lansdowne | Macdonald | October 1, 1888 | Death | |
Evans John Price | Conservative | December 1, 1888 | Stanley | Macdonald | August 30, 1899 | Death | |
Joseph Shehyn | Liberal | February 5, 1900 | Minto | Laurier | July 14, 1918 | Death | |
Pierre Édouard Blondin | Conservative | July 20, 1918 | Devonshire | Borden | October 29, 1943 | Death | |
Télesphore-Damien Bouchard | Liberal | March 3, 1944 | Athlone | King | November 13, 1962 | Death | |
Maurice Bourget | Liberal | April 27, 1963 | Vanier | Pearson | March 29, 1979 | Death | |
Arthur Tremblay | Progressive Conservative | September 27, 1979 | Schreyer | Clark | June 18, 1992 | Retirement | |
In abeyance - the appointment of Normand Grimard to the temporary division of Quebec under section 26 of the Constitution Act, 1867 required this division be left vacant between Tremblay's retirement and Grimard's retirement on June 16, 2000 | |||||||
Raymond Setlakwe | Liberal | June 20, 2000 | Clarkson | Chrétien | July 3, 2003 | Retirement | |
Madeleine Plamondon | Independent | September 9, 2003 | Clarkson | Chrétien | September 21, 2006 | Retirement | |
Michel Rivard | Conservative | January 2, 2009 | Jean | Harper | August 7, 2016 | Retirement | |
Independent | March 8, 2016 | ||||||
Renée Dupuis | Independent Senators Group | November 10, 2016 | Johnston | Trudeau, J. | Incumbent |
The Victoria Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The remainder of the City of Montreal exclusive of the Parish." The demarcation of the Alma Senate division provides an explanation of what constitutes the "remainder of the city of Montreal".
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thomas Ryan | Liberal-Conservative | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | May 25, 1889 | Death | |
Edward Murphy | Liberal-Conservative | May 30, 1889 | Stanley | Macdonald | December 5, 1895 | Death | |
James O'Brien | Liberal-Conservative | January 2, 1896 | Aberdeen | Bowell | May 28, 1903 | Death | |
Henry Joseph Cloran | Liberal | June 30, 1903 | Minto | Laurier | February 8, 1928 | Death | |
Edmund William Tobin | Liberal | June 3, 1930 | Willingdon | King | June 24, 1938 | Death | |
William James Hushion | Liberal | February 15, 1940 | Duff1 | King | January 29, 1954 | Death | |
John Thomas Hackett | Progressive Conservative | July 28, 1955 | Massey | St. Laurent | September 15, 1956 | Death | |
Josie Alice Quart | Progressive Conservative | November 16, 1960 | Vanier | Diefenbaker | April 17, 1980 | Death | |
Leo Kolber | Liberal | December 23, 1983 | Schreyer | Trudeau, P. E. | January 18, 2004 | Retirement | |
Francis Fox | Liberal | August 29, 2005 | Clarkson | Martin | December 2, 2011 | Resignation | |
Jean-Guy Dagenais | Conservative | January 17, 2012 | Johnston | Harper | Incumbent | ||
Canadian Senators Group | November 18, 2019 |
Notes:
1 Lyman Duff served as acting Governor General from February 11, 1940 to June 21, 1940 in his capacity as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada
The Wellington Senate division is defined in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada (1859) as "The remainder of the County of Drummond, the County of Richmond, the Town of Sherbrooke, the Counties of Wolfe, Compton, and Stanstead." The demarcation of the De la Vallière Senate division provides an explanation of what constitutes the "remainder of the County of Drummond".
Name | Affiliation | Date appointed/ affiliation change |
Appointed by | On the advice of | End of term | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
John Sewell Sanborn | Liberal | October 23, 1867 | Monck | Royal Proclamation | October 1, 1872 | Resignation | |
Matthew Henry Cochrane | Conservative | October 17, 1872 | Dufferin | Macdonald | August 12, 1903 | Death | |
William Mitchell | Liberal | March 5, 1904 | Minto | Laurier | May 10, 1926 | Death | |
Wilfrid Laurier McDougald | Liberal | June 25, 1926 | Byng | King | May 3, 1932 | Resignation | |
Albert Joseph Brown | Conservative | October 6, 1932 | Bessborough | Bennett | November 16, 1938 | Death | |
Charles Benjamin Howard | Liberal | February 9, 1940 | Tweedsmuir | King | March 25, 1964 | Death | |
Paul Desruisseaux | Liberal | July 8, 1966 | Vanier | Pearson | May 1, 1980 | Retirement | |
Jacques Hébert | Liberal | April 20, 1983 | Schreyer | Trudeau, P. E. | June 21, 1998 | Retirement | |
Aurélien Gill | Liberal | September 17, 1998 | LeBlanc | Chrétien | August 26, 2008 | Retirement | |
Leo Housakos | Conservative | January 8, 2009 | Jean | Harper | Incumbent |
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