This is a list of people associated to Leiden University, including alumni as well as people who have taught or studied at Leiden University.
- Piet Aalberse, politician
- Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, theologian
- John Quincy Adams, 6th President of the United States
- Princess Aimée of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven-Söhngen
- Nebahat Albayrak, politician
- Johannes Alberti, theologian
- Bernhard Siegfried Albinus, anatomist
- Alexander, Prince of Orange
- Josette Altmann Borbón, First Lady of Costa Rica 1994–1998
- Tinde van Andel, ethnobotanist
- Princess Anita of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven-van Eijk
- Sophia Antoniadis, first female professor at Leiden
- Ayaan Hirsi Ali, activist
- János Apáczai Csere, mathematician
- Jacobus Arminius, theologian
- Tobias Asser, Nobel laureate (Peace 1911)
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- Jimly Asshiddiqie, 1st Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia
- Touraj Atabaki, academic
- Caspar Barlaeus, theologian
- Johann Bartsch, physician
- Beatrix, Former Queen of the Netherlands
- Johann Peter Berg, German Protestant theologian, historian, and Orientalist
- Alexander Johan Berman, theologian and literary critic
- Joost Berman, lawyer, judge and poet
- Kune Biezeveld, theologian
- C. Jouco Bleeker, scholar of religion
- Nicolaas Bloembergen, Nobel laureate (Physics 1981)
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- Thomas Blondeau, novelist
- Leonard Blussé, historian
- Herman Boerhaave, physician
- Herman Bavinck, theologian
- Bart Bok, astronomer
- Frits Bolkestein, Netherlands Deputy Prime Minister 2005–06
- Gerardus Johannes Petrus Josephus Bolland, philosopher
- Ben Bot, politician
- Alexander Boswell, judge
- Rolf Bremmer, academic
- Laurens Jan Brinkhorst, politician
- Thomas Browne, writer
- Sebald Justinus Brugmans, botanist
- Ian Buruma, writer
- Kofi Abrefa Busia, Prime Minister of Ghana 1969–72
- Ditmir Bushati, Albanian politician
- John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, U.K. Prime Minister 1762–63
- Paulus Buys, Grand Pensionary of Holland 1572–84
- Boediono, Vice President of Indonesia
- Baron d'Holbach, philosopher
- Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck, Netherlands Prime Minister 1918–25, 1929–33
- Michiel Jan de Goeje, orientalist
- Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz, physicist
- Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, 11th Secretary-General of NATO
- Pieter de la Court, economist
- René Descartes, philosopher and mathematician
- Willem de Sitter, physicist
- Gijs de Vries, politician
- Jouke de Vries, academic
- Hendrik de Wit, botanist
- Johan de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland 1653–72
- Tim de Zeeuw, astronomer
- Nicolaas Diederichs, President of South Africa 1975–78
- René Diekstra, psychologist
- Kanta Dihal, research scientist and author
- Edsger W. Dijkstra, computer scientist
- Djumhana Wiriaatmadja, Prime Minister of Pasundan 1949–1950
- Volkert Doeksen, CEO
- Ana Dolidze, lawyer
- Janus Dousa, statesman
- Otto Duintjer, philosopher
- Enrico Fermi, Nobel laureate (Physics 1938)
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- Henry Fielding, novelist
- Horst Fischer, lawyer
- Paul Fleming, poet
- Prince Floris of Orange-Nassau
- Justin Fox (born 1964), American financial journalist, commentator, and writer
- John Lauder, Lord Fountainhall, jurist
- Prince Frederick of the Netherlands
- Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
- Richard D. Gill, professor of mathematical statistics
- Thomas Girdlestone, physician
- Franciscus Gomarus, theologian
- Samuel Goudsmit, physicist
- Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff, diplomat, statesman
- Gerrit de Graeff (I.) van Zuid-Polsbroek, patrician, politician
- Jacob Dircksz de Graeff, politician, burgomaster of Amsterdam
- Johann Georg Graevius, academic
- Christian Greco, Egyptologist
- Richard T. Griffiths, historian
- Jane Grogan, immunologist and cancer researcher
- Jacobus Gronovius, academic
- Hugo Grotius, jurist
- Hendrik Jacob Hamaker, jurist
- Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX, Vice-President of Indonesia 1973–78
- Mohammad Hatta, First Vice President of Indonesia
- David Hartley (the Younger), politician
- Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema, writer, resistance fighter, RAF pilot
- Daniel Heinsius, scholar
- Tiberius Hemsterhuis, philologist
- Paul Hermann, botanist and physician
- Felienne Hermans, computer scientist
- Johannes Hevelius, astronomer and jurist
- Nina den Heyer, politician in Bonaire
- Rosalyn Higgins, President of the International Court of Justice
- George Howe (physician), Scottish physician active in London; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians
- Johannes Hudde, politician and mathematician
- Johan Huizinga, historian
- Christiaan Huygens, mathematician and physicist
- Constantijn Huygens, Jr., statesman
- Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Nobel laureate (Physics 1913)
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- Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern, linguist
- Ko Kwat Tiong, lawyer, politician, Indonesian nationalist and civil servant
- Theodorus Klompe, geologist
- Pieter Kooijmans, judge of the International Court of Justice
- Ton Koopman, conductor
- Tjalling Charles Koopmans, Nobel laureate (Economics 1975)
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- Maarten Kossmann, linguist who specializes in Berber languages.
- Hugo Krabbe, jurist and legal philosopher
- Hendrik Anthony Kramers, physicist
- Dirk Willem van Krevelen, chemical engineer and scientist
- Abraham Kuijper, theologian and politician (Prime Minister 1901–05)
- Aert H. Kuipers, linguist
- Erik Kwakkel, codicologist
- Nathan Paget, Puritan physician
- Peter Simon Pallas, zoologist
- Antonie Pannekoek, astronomer and political theorist
- Senarath Paranavithana, archaeologist and epigraphist
- Thomas Parker, minister and scholar
- Alexander Pechtold, Dutch politician
- Perizonius, scholar
- Phoa Liong Gie, Indonesian jurist, politician and newspaper owner
- Frank N. Pieke, cultural anthropologist
- Nicolaas Gerard Pierson, Netherlands Prime Minister 1897–1901
- Theodoor Gautier Thomas Pigeaud, academic
- Archibald Pitcairne, physician
- Ronald Plasterk, scientist and politician
- Prijono, politician
- Ali Sastroamidjojo, Prime Minister of Indonesia
- Joseph Justus Scaliger, theologian and scholar
- Henry G. Schermers, jurist
- Edith Schippers, politician
- Sander Schimmelpenninck, opinion writer & -commentator, and television presenter
- Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck, Grand Pensionary of Holland 1805–6
- Gerard Schouw, politician
- William Sherard, botanist
- Boudewijn Sirks, academic
- Jan Six, politician
- Willebrord Snell, astronomer
- Rudolph Snellius, mathematician and linguist
- Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, orientalist
- Achmad Soebardjo, diplomat
- Soenario, politician
- Noto Soeroto, poet, journalist and activist
- Soetan Sjahrir, Prime Minister of Indonesia 1945–47
- Andreas Sparman, 17th-century Swedish court physician and author
- Myles Standish, military leader
- Jan Steen, painter
- Miep Stegmann, first woman psychiatrist in Belgium
- Simon Stevin, engineer, scientist
- Martinus Theunis Steyn, lawyer, Orange Free State president
- Pieter Steyn, Grand Pensionary of Holland 1749–72
- Dirk Jan Struik, mathematician
- Franciscus Sylvius, physician and scientist
- Albert Szent-Györgyi, Nobel laureate (Medicine 1937)
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- Morris Tabaksblat, CEO
- Igor Tamm, Nobel laureate (Physics 1958)
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- Paul-Peter Tak, immunologist
- Julius Terpstra, politician
- Johan Rudolf Thorbecke, Netherlands Prime Minister 1871–72
- Jan Tinbergen, Nobel laureate (Economics 1969)
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- Nikolaas Tinbergen, Nobel laureate (Medicine 1973)
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- Isaac Titsingh, surgeon, scholar, merchant-trader and ambassador (Law 1765)
- Jaana Toivari-Viitala, egyptologist and chair of the Finnish Egyptology Society
- Nicolaes Tulp, surgeon and politician
- Coenraad van Beuningen, diplomat
- Ronald Venetiaan, president Suriname
- Armin van Buuren, musician
- Ludolph van Ceulen, mathematician
- Jan Kappeyne van de Coppello, Netherlands Prime Minister 1877–79
- Marcel R.M. van den Brink, oncologist and medical researcher
- Johannes van den Driesche, theologian
- Adriaen van der Donck, lawyer
- Lousewies van der Laan, politician
- Max van der Stoel, politician
- Bram van der Stok, aviator
- Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Nobel laureate (Physics 1910)
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- Thomas van Erpe, orientalist
- Melanie Schultz van Haegen, politician
- Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart, Nobel laureate (Peace 1954)
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- Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp, Netherlands Prime Minister 1813–14
- Egbert van Kampen, mathematician
- Pieter van Musschenbroek, scientist
- Rembrandt van Rijn, painter
- Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Nobel laureate (Chemistry 1901)
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- Cornelis van Vollenhoven, academic
- Pieter van Vollenhoven, royalty
- Ronald Venetiaan, Surinam President
- Maxime Verhagen, Netherlands Deputy Prime Minister
- Paul Verhoeven, film director
- Marjolijn Verspoor, linguist
- Gisbertus Voetius, theologian
- Thomas von der Dunk, historian
- Gerhard Johann Vossius, theologian