List of HVDC projects

Electric power transmission through interconnectors using high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) involves usually two converter stations and a transmission line. Generally overhead lines are used, but an important class of HVDC projects use submarine power cables. A back-to-back station has no transmission line and joins two separate AC grids at a single point. Historical HVDC systems used the Thury system of motor-generators but these have all been made obsolete by later developments such as mercury-arc valves (now also obsolete), thyristors, and IGBT power transistors.

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Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
Cahora Bassa	Mozambique - Songo 15°36′41″S 32°44′59″E	South Africa - Apollo 25°55′11″S 28°16′34″E	1420 (0/1420)	533	1920	1979	Thyr	First HVDC with Project up to 500kV Siemens and ABB refurb 2013-2014	^[2]^[3]^[4]
Inga-Shaba	Democratic Republic of the Congo - Kolwezi 10°39′27″S 25°27′08″E	Democratic Republic of the Congo - Inga 05°31′27″S 13°36′39″E	1700 (0/1700)	500	560	1982	Thyr	Upgraded in 2014 Supplier: ABB, General Electric	^[2]^[5]^[6]^[7]
Caprivi Link	Namibia - Gerus 20°18′53″S 16°27′9″E	Namibia - Zambezi 17°30′6″S 24°13′20″E	950 (0/950)	350	300	2010	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[2]^[8]
Ethiopia–Kenya HVDC Interconnector	Ethiopia - Wolayta 6°54′27″N 37°43′19″E	Kenya - Suswa 1°03′44″S 36°21′35″E	1045 (0/1045)	500	2000	On going (2022)	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens
Xlinks Morocco-UK Power Project	Morocco - Guelmim-Oued Noun region	UK - Alverdiscott, Devon	3800		3600	Proposed (2022)		Supplier: Xlinks	^[9] ^[10]

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
HVDC Inter-Island 1	New Zealand - Benmore 44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E	New Zealand - Haywards 41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E	611 (40/571)	270	600	1965	Merc	Built as 250 kV 600 MW link Paralleled to operate at 270 kV as positive pole with HVDC Inter-Island 2 in 1992. Partially decommissioned in 2007, fully decommissioned in August 2012. Supplier: ABB	^[2]
HVDC Inter-Island 2	New Zealand - Benmore 44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E	New Zealand - Haywards 41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E	611 (40/571)	350	700	1992	Thyr	Negative pole, operates in bipole configuration with HVDC Inter-Island 3 (previously HVDC Inter-Island 1) Restricted to 500 MW due to cable rating. Supplier: ABB	^[2]
Terranora interconnector (Directlink)	Australia - Mullumbimby 28°34′15″S 153°27′8″E	Australia - Bungalora 28°15′20″S 153°28′20″E	59 (59/0)	80	180	2000	IGBT	Land cable Supplier: ABB	^[2]
Murraylink	Australia - Red Cliffs 34°17′31″S 142°14′19″E	Australia - Berri 34°14′17″S 140°36′01″E	176 (176/0)	150	200	2002	IGBT	Underground XLPE cable Supplier: ABB	^[2]
Basslink	Australia - Loy Yang 38°15′45″S 146°36′29″E	Australia - George Town 41°6′53″S 146°53′31″E	370 (298/72)	400	500	2006	Thyr	One of the longest HVDC cable in operation Supplier: Siemens	^[2]^[11]^[12]
HVDC Inter-Island 3	New Zealand - Benmore 44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E	New Zealand - Haywards 41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E	611 (40/571)	350	735	2013	Thyr	Positive pole, operates in bipole configuration with HVDC Inter-Island 2 Supplier: Siemens	^[13]
Australia–ASEAN Power Link	Australia - Darwin	Singapore	4200 undersea 800 overland			2027		aka Sun Cable
Marinus link	Australia - Burnie	Australia - Latrobe Valley	Approximately 340 (90/250)		750 + 750	late 2020s			^[14]

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
Hokkaido - Honshu	Japan - Hakodate 41°55′55″N 140°39′47″E	Japan - Kamikita 40°48′06″N 141°11′52″E	193 (44/149)	250	300	1979	Thyr	Supplier: ABB, Hitachi, Toshiba	^[2]
Zhou Shan	China - Ningbo 29°55′25″N 121°46′51″E	China - Gao Tongge 30°02′13″N 122°04′03″E	54 (12/42)	100	50	1982	Thyr		^[2]
Gezhouba - Shanghai	China - Gezhouba Dam 30°43′44″N 111°14′39″E	China - Nan Qiao 30°57′22″N 121°24′48″E	1046 (0/1046)	500	1200	1989	Thyr	Power line shares pylons of HVDC Hubei - Shanghai in most part of its track Supplier: ABB, Siemens HVDC C&P System Refurbished by NR Electric	^[15]
Sileru-Barsoor	India - Sileru 17°52′01″N 81°39′21″E	India - Barsoor 19°8′20″N 81°23′47″E	196 (0/196)	200	100	1989	Thyr	Supplier: BHEL	^[2]
Ekibastuz–Tambov	Kazakhstan - Ekibastuz 51°48′57″N 75°18′58″E	Russia - Tambov 52°46′25″N 41°19′17″E	2414 (0/2414)	750	6000	-	Thyr	Construction sites abandoned around 1990 owing to collapse of Soviet Union, line was never completed
Rihand-Delhi	India - Rihand 24°01′13″N 82°47′21″E	India - Dadri 28°35′36″N 77°36′16″E	814 (0/814)	500	1500	1990	Thyr	Supplier: ABB, BHEL	^[16]
Haenam-Cheju	South Korea - Haenam 34°22′03″N 126°35′34″E	South Korea - Jeju 33°32′06″N 126°35′44″E	101 (101/0)	180	300	1996	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom	^[2]
Leyte - Luzon	Philippines - Ormoc, Leyte 11°5′19″N 124°38′21″E	Philippines - Naga, Camarines Sur 13°36′40″N 123°14′19″E	451 (21/430)	350	440	1998	Thyr	Supplier: ABB, Marubeni HVDC C&P System Refurbished by NR Electric	^[2]
Chandrapur-Padghe	India - Chandrapur 20°0′36″N 79°17′06″E	India - Padghe 19°21′26″N 73°11′18″E	752 (0/752)	500	1500	1999	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[17]
Kii Channel	Japan - Anan 33°49′40″N 134°38′14″E	Japan - Kihoku 34°12′50″N 135°30′07″E	100 (50/50)	250	1400	2000	Thyr	Supplier: Hitachi, Toshiba, Mitsubishi	^[2]
Tian-Guang	China - Tianshengqiao 24°54′56″N 105°05′47″E	China - Beijiao 23°18′58″N 113°15′05″E	960 (0/960)	500	1800	2001	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens HVDC C&P System Refurbished by NR Electric	^[2]
Thailand-Malaysia	Thailand - Khlong Ngae 6°42′56″N 100°27′8″E	Malaysia - Gurun 5°48′45″N 100°32′6″E	110 (0/110)	300	300	2001	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[2]
Shengsi	China - Shengsi 30°42′06″N 122°26′22″E	China - Anabasis Sizu 30°51′56″N 121°50′25″E	66.2 (63.21/2.99)	50	60	2002	Thyr		^[18]
Talcher-Kolar	India - Talcher, Odisha 21°06′01″N 85°03′49″E	India - Kolar, Karnataka 13°10′39″N 78°7′0″E	1450 (0/1450)	500	2500	2003	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[2]
Three Gorges - Changzhou	China - Longquan 30°47′6″N 111°31′48″E	China - Zhengping 31°36′42″N 119°59′27″E	890 (0/890)	500	3000	2003	Thyr	From north bank of Three Gorges to Zhengping, 200 km from Shanghai in the East grid Supplier: ABB, Siemens. Sharing of grounding electrode at Chujiahu with HVDC Hubei-Shanghai	^[2]^[19]^[20]
Guizhou - Guangdong I	China - Anshun, Guizhou 26°16′23″N 105°48′21″E	China - Zhaoqing, Guangdong 22°54′57″N 112°29′11″E	980 (0/980)	500	3000	2004	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[2]
Three Gorges - Guangdong	China - Jingzhou 30°27′26″N 112°08′18″E	China - Huizhou 23°16′15″N 114°12′5″E	940 (0/940)	500	3000	2004	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[2]^[21]
Three Gorges - Shanghai	China - Yidu 30°31′45″N 111°22′35″E	China - Shanghai 31°14′13″N 121°11′13″E	1060 (0/1060)	500	3000	2006	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[2]^[22]
Guizhou - Guangdong II	China - Xingren 25°27′56″N 105°15′14″E	China - Shenzhen 22°45′1″N 113°59′28″E	1200 (0/1200)	500	3000	2007	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens, Sharing of grounding electrode at Linwu with HVDC Yunnan - Guangdong	^[2]
Ballia - Bhiwadi	India - Ballia 26°04′16″N 83°42′48″E	India - Bhiwadi 28°11′0″N 76°48′58″E	800 (0/800)	500	2500	2010	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[2]
Baoji - Deyang	China - Baoji 34°34′47″N 107°19′49″E	China - Denyang 31°19′22″N 104°34′51″E	574 (0/574)	500	3000	2010	Thyr		???
Hulunbeir - Liaoning	China - Hulunbeir 48°31′04″N 119°43′30″E	China - Shenyang 41°07′25″N 122°46′44″E	920 (0/920)	500	3000	2010	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[2]^[23]
Xiangjiaba-Shanghai	China - Fulong 28°32′47″N 104°25′04″E	China - Fengxia 30°55′32″N 121°46′16″E	1980 (0/1980)	800	6400	2010	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[2]^[24]
Yunnan - Guangdong	China - Yunnan province 25°11′24″N 102°11′30″E	China - Zengcheng 23°15′19″N 113°40′44″E	1418 (0/1418)	800	5000	2010	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens, Sharing of grounding electrode at Linwu with HVDC Guizhou - Guangdong II highlight: worldwide first dc 800kv hvdc application	^[2]
Hubei - Shanghai	China - Jingmen 30°49′21″N 112°07′15″E	China - Fenjing 30°52′00″N 121°00′58″E	970 (0/970)	500	3000	2011	Thyr	Power line shares pylons of HVDC Gezhouba - Shanghai in most part of its track, sharing of grounding electrode at Chujiahu with HVDC Shanghai-Changzhou	???
Nanhui Wind Farm Integration	China	China	8.4 (8.4/0)	30	18	2011	IGBT	Supplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd	^[25]
Ningdong - Shandong	China - Yinchuan 38°06′56″N 106°30′55″E	China - Qingdao 36°18′41″N 119°52′53″E	1335 (0/1335)	660	4000	2011	Thyr	Supplier:Alstom; C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd	^[2]
Qinghai - Tibet	China - Geermu 36°21′20″N 95°11′05″E	China - Lhasa 29°52′39″N 91°11′44″E	1038 (0/1038)	400	1500	2011	Thyr	Powerline reaches altitudes up to 5300 m above sea level Supplier: CET, SGCC	^[2]
Mundra - Haryana	India - Mundra 22°49′46″N 69°33′22″E	India - Mohindergarh 28°21′40″N 76°12′56″E	960 (0/960)	500	2500	2012	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[2]
Dalian City Infeed	China - Dalian North	China - Dalian South	43 (43/0)	320	1000	2013	IGBT		^[26]
Jinping - Sunan	China - Jinping 27°50′11″N 102°08′30″E	China - Suzhou 31°03′44″N 120°37′20″E	2090 (0/2090)	800	7200	2013	Thyr	Supplier: ABB, C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd ACC Provided by NR Electric in Jinping Converter Station	^[27]
Nanao Multi-terminal VSC HVDC	China - Sucheng 23°26′40″N 116°48′50″E	China - Jinniu 23°26′14″N 117°01′36″E; China - Qingao 23°25′46″N 117°07′45″E	32 (10/32)	±160	200/100/50	2013	IEGT/IGBT	SEPRI (Electric Power Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid) is technically responsible for the entire project. Multiple suppliers are involved: three different VSC HVDC valve suppliers, two different HVDC land/sea cable suppliers and three different control & protection system/equipment suppliers.	^[28]^[29]
Nuozhadu - Guangdong	China - Nuozhadu 22°39′20″N 100°40′00″E	China - Jiangmen 22°42′33″N 112°52′12″E	1413	800	6400	2013	Thyr		???
Xiluodo - Guangdong	China - Zhaotong 28°07′21″N 104°22′27″E	China - Conghua 23°34′00″N 113°27′03″E	1286 (0/1286)	500	6400	2013	Thyr		???
Hami - Zhengzhou	China-Hami 42°35′20″N 93°27′46″E	China-Zhengzhou 34°48′46″N 114°03′24″E	2210	800	8000	2014	Thyr	Supplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric	^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]
Jindo - Jeju	South Korea - Jindo 34°23′08″N 126°11′14″E	South Korea - Jeju 33°27′17″N 126°28′25″E	105 (105/0)	250	400	2014	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom (converter stations), LS Cable and System (cables).	^[2]^[36]^[37]
Xiluodo - West Zhejiang	China - Xiluodu 28°27′37″N 104°20′20″E	China - Jinghua 28°53′46″N 119°43′00″E	1680	800	8000	2014	Thyr	Supplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd	???
Zhoushan Multi-terminal DC Interconnection	China - Zhoushan 30°09′07″N 121°59′29″E	China - Qushan 30°25′26″N 122°16′48″E ; China - Daishan 30°19′37″N 122°11′35″E ; China - Yangshan 30°36′26″N 122°07′40″E ; China - Sijiao 30°41′45″N 122°25′50″E	134 (134/0)	±200	400	2014	IGBT	Supplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric	^[38]
Humeng - Shandong	China	China		800	6400	2015	Thyr		???
Irkutsk - Beijing	Russia - Irkutsk	China - Beijing		800	6400	2015	Thyr		???
Champa-Kurukshetra	India - Champa	India - Kurukshetra	1365 (0/1365)	800	2 x 3000	2016	Thyr	2 Bipoles. Supplier: Alstom	^[39]
Goupitan - Guangdong	China	China			3000	2016	Thyr		???
Jinsha River II - East China	China	China		800	6400	2016	Thyr		???
North-East Agra	India - Agra 27°05′01″N 78°04′22″E	India - Biswanath 26°44′23″N 93°13′09″E	1728 (0/1728)	800	6000	2016	Thyr	Will supply electricity to serve 90 million people Bipole Ultra high voltage, multiterminal (intermediate converter station at Alipurdauar 26°29′23″N 89°27′41″E) Supplier: ABB	^[40]
New HVDC Hokkaido-Honshu	Japan - Imabetsu 41°08′01″N 140°30′46″E	Japan - Hokuto 41°54′57″N 140°35′07″E	122 (24/98)	250	300	2019	IGBT	suppliers: Toshiba	^[41]^[42]
Matiari to Lahore Transmission Line Project	Pakistan - Matiari, Sindh	Pakistan - Lahore, Punjab	878	660	4000	2021	Thyr	±660 kV Bipole HVDC with Converter/ Grounding Electrode Stations	^[43]
Inner Mongolia - Linyi	China - Shizhustan 38°46′40″N 106°52′00″E	China - Linyi 35°33′07″N 118°37′07″E		800	6400	2017	Thyr		???
Jiuquan- Xiangtan	China - Qiaowan 40°36′03″N 96°43′22″E	China - Xiangtan 27°38′55″N 112°47′25″E		800	6400	2017	Thyr	Supplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric	???
North Shanxi - Nanjing	China - North Shanxi 39°39′35″N 112°27′45″E	China - Nanjing 32°54′47″N 118°35′33″E				2017	Thyr		???
Northwest Yunnan - Guangdong	China - Xinsong 26°24′55″N 99°49′12″E	China - Dongfang 22°44′17″N 113°52′07″E	1953	800	5000	2018	Thyr		???
Xilin Hot - Taizhou	China - Xilin Hot 44°14′40″N 116°30′22″E	China - Taizhou 33°07′25″N 119°58′05″E		800	10000	2017	Thyr		???
Yinchuan - Zhuji	China - Yinchuan 37°43′45″N 106°32′22″E	China - Zhuji 29°56′25″N 120°13′12″E		800	6400	2017	Thyr	HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric	???
Dianxibei - Guangdong	China-Lijiang	China-Zhengzhen	1928/0	800	5000	2017	Thyr	Supplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd	???
Jinsha River II - Fujian	China	China		800	6400	2018	Thyr		???
Humeng - Liaoning	China	China		800	6400	2018	Thyr		???
Rudong Offshore Wind Connector	China - Jiangsu Rudong	China - Jiangsu Rudong Platform	100 (100/0)	400	1100	2022	IGBT	Suppliers: XJ and RXHK for valve, ZTT Cable
Sheyang Offshore Wind Connector	China - Jiangsu Sheyang	China - Jiangsu Sheyang Platform	83 (83/0)	250	1100	2022	IGBT
Zhangbei DC Grid Project	China - Beijing	China - Zhangbei China - Fengning China - Kangbao	495 (0/495)	500	3000/3000/1500/1500	2021	IGBT	Four terminal DC Grid Suppliers: NR Electric, others	^[44]
Wudongde multi-terminal UHVDC demonstration project	China - Yunnan	China - Guangxi China - Guangdong	1489 (0/1489)	800	8000/3000/5000	2021	Thyr/IGBT	Three terminal Hybrid DC system, Yunnan (Thyristor), Guangdong and Guangxi (IGBT)
Raigarh-Pugalur	India - Raigarh 21°51′21″N 83°21′01″E	India - Pugalur 10°49′33″N 77°32′13″E India - Thrissur	1830	800	6000	2019	Thyr	Supplier: ABB; One of the World's biggest Multi-terminal HVDC system with Ultra High Voltage DC Transmission system (UHVDC)	^[45]
CASA-1000	Tajikistan - Sangtuda	Pakistan - Nowshera	750	500	1300	2025	Thyr	±500 kV Bipole HVDC with Converter Stations	^[46]^[47]
India–Sri Lanka HVDC Interconnection	Madurai - India	Anurathapura - Sri Lanka	285	±320	500/1000	2030	Thyr
Andaman HVDC Connection	Paradip - India	Port Blair - India	1160	±320	250/125	2030	IGBT	one of the world's longest deep-sea UG cable HVDC system	^[48]

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
Miesbach-Munich Power Transmission	Germany - Miesbach	Germany - Munich	58 (0/58)	2	0.0025	1882	Single machine	Demonstration facility Dismantled
Gorzente River - Genoa DC transmission scheme	Italy - Gorzente River	Italy - Genoa	?	6	?	1889	Thury	Upgraded later to a voltage of 14 kV, power of 2.5 MW and a length of 120 km Dismantled
La Chaux-de-Fonds DC transmission scheme	Switzerland - ?	Switzerland - ?	?	14	?	1897	Thury	Dismantled
St. Maurice - Lausanne DC transmission scheme	Switzerland - St. Maurice	Switzerland - Lausanne	?	22	3.7	1899	Thury	Dismantled
Lyon-Moutiers DC transmission scheme	France - Lyon	France - Moutiers	200 (10/190)	75	30	1906	Thury	Dismantled in 1936
Wilesden-Ironbridge DC transmission scheme	UK - Wilesden	UK - Ironbridge	?	100	?	1910	Thury	Dismantled
Chambéry DC transmission scheme	France - ?	France - ?	?	150	?	1925	Thury	Dismantled in 1937
HVDC Zurich-Wettingen	Switzerland - Wettingen 47°27′25″N 8°19′15″E	Switzerland - Zurich	20 (0/20)	50	0.5	1939	Merc	Experimental facility built by BBC Dismantled
HVDC Charlottenburg-Moabit	Germany - Berlin-Moabit	Germany - Berlin-Charlottenburg	4.6 (0/4.6)	100	14	1942	Merc	Experimental facility built by Siemens Dismantled in 1945
Lehrte-Misburg HVDC	Germany - Lehrte 52°22′54″N 9°55′03″E	Germany - Hannover/Misburg	?	80	16	1944	Merc	Experimental facility Dismantled
Elbe-Project	Germany - Vockerode 51°50′32″N 12°21′26″E	Germany - Berlin, Marienfelde 52°25′39″N 13°22′13″E	115 (115/0)	200	60	1945	Merc	Never placed in service Dismantled
HVDC Trollhättan-Mellerud	Sweden - Trollhättan	Sweden - Mellerud	50 (0/50)	45	6.5	1946	Merc	Experimental facility built by ASEA Dismantled
Moscow–Kashira	Russia - Moscow 55°39′32″N 37°38′16″E	Russia - Kashira 54°51′29″N 38°14′45″E	100 (100/0)	200	30	1951	Merc	Built of parts of HVDC Elbe-Project Shut down	^[2]
Gotland 1	Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″E	Sweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E	98 (98/0)	200	20	1954	Merc	World's first commercial HVDC link, by ASEA. Expanded by ABB in 1970, decommissioned in 1986	^[2]^[49]
Cross-Channel	France - Echingen 50°41′48″N 1°38′21″E	UK - Lydd 50°54′54″N 0°56′50″E	64 (64/0)	100	160	1961	Merc	Shut down in 1984	^[2]
Volgograd-Donbass	Russia - Volzhskaya 48°49′34″N 44°40′20″E	Ukraine - Mikhailovskaya 48°39′13″N 38°33′56″E	475 (0/475)	400	750	1965	Merc/Thyr	Shut down in 2014	^[2]
Konti-Skan 1	Denmark - Vester Hassing 57°3′46″N 10°5′24″E	Sweden - Stenkullen 57°48′15″N 12°19′13″E	176 (87/89)	250	250	1965	Merc	Replaced in August 2006 by modern converters using thyristors	^[2]
SACOI 1	Italy - Suvereto 43°3′10″N 10°41′42″E ( before 1992: Italy - San Dalmazio 43°15′43″N 10°55′05″E)	France- Lucciana 42°31′40″N 9°26′59″E ; Codrongianos, Italy 40°39′7″N 8°42′48″E	483 (365/118)	200	200	1965	Merc	Replaced in 1986 by Thyr, multiterminal scheme. The line reused by SACOI 2, see below.	^[2]
Kingsnorth	UK - Kingsnorth 51°25′11″N 0°35′46″E	UK - London-Beddington 51°22′23″N 0°7′38″W	85 (85/0)	266	320	1975	Merc	Bipolar scheme Supplier: English Electric Shut down in 1987	^[50]
Kingsnorth	UK - Kingsnorth	UK - London-Willesden 51°32′03″N 0°15′29″W	111 (111/0)	266	320	1975	Merc	Opposite pole of Kingsnorth - Beddington. Cable wholly underground except for Thames crossing - crossed on upstream side of Putney District line railway bridge
Skagerrak 1 + 2	Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″E	Norway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E	230 (130/100)	250	500	1977	Thyr	Supplier: STK(Nexans) Control system upgrade by ABB in 2007	^[51]^[52]^[53]
Gotland 2	Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″E	Sweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E	99.5 (92.9/6.6)	150	130	1983	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
Interconnexion France Angleterre (new)	France - Les Mandarins 50°54′11″N 1°47′5″E	UK - Sellindge 51°6′21″N 0°58′32″E	72 (72/0)	270	2000	1986	Thyr	2 bipolar systems Supplier: Alstom	^[2]^[54]
Gotland 3	Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″E	Sweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E	98 (98/0)	150	130	1987	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
Konti-Skan 2	Denmark - Vester, Hassing 57°3′46″N 10°5′24″E	Sweden - Lindome 57°36′24″N 12°6′40″E	147 (87/60)	285	300	1988	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
Fenno-Skan	Finland - Rauma 61°09′07″N 21°37′32″E	Sweden - Dannebo 60°24′14″N 18°08′10″E	233 (200/33)	400	500	1989	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
SACOI 2	Italy - Suvereto 43°3′10″N 10°41′42″E ( before 1992: Italy - San Dalmazio 43°15′43″N 10°55′05″E)	France- Lucciana 42°31′40″N 9°26′59″E ; Codrongianos, Italy 40°39′7″N 8°42′48″E	422 (118/304)	200	300	1992	Thyr	Multiterminal scheme Supplier: Alstom
Skagerrak 3	Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″E	Norway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E	230 (130/100)	350	440	1993	Thyr	Supplier: Nexans ABB	^[51]
Baltic Cable	Germany - Lübeck- Herrenwyk 53°53′46″N 10°48′9″E	Sweden - Kruseberg 55°30′1″N 13°8′45″E	262 (250/12)	450	600	1994	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
Kontek	Denmark - Bjæverskov 55°27′1″N 12°0′27″E	Germany - Bentwisch 54°6′3″N 12°13′1″E	170 (170/0)	400	600	1996	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
Hellsjön-Grängesberg	Sweden - Hellsjön 60°02′50″N 15°08′52″E	Sweden - Grängesberg 60°03′53″N 14°59′39″E	10 (0/10)	180	3	1997	IGBT	Experimental HVDC Supplier: ABB
Visby-Näs	Sweden - Näs 57°05′58″N 18°14′27″E	Sweden - Visby 57°37′29″N 18°21′18″E	70 (70/0)	80	50	1999	Thyr
SwePol	Poland - Wierzbięcin 54°30′8″N 16°53′28″E	Sweden - Stärnö 56°9′11″N 14°50′29″E	245 (245/0)	450	600	2000	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[55]
Tjæreborg	Denmark - Tjæreborg/Enge 55°26′52″N 8°35′34″E	Denmark - Tjæreborg/Substation 55°28′07″N 8°33′36″E	4.3 (4.3/0)	9	7	2000	IGBT	Interconnection to wind power generating stations
Italy-Greece	Greece - Arachthos 39°11′00″N 20°57′48″E	Italy - Galatina 40°9′53″N 18°7′49″E	310 (200/110)	400	500	2001	Thyr
Moyle	UK - Auchencrosh 55°04′10″N 4°58′50″W	UK - N. Ireland- Ballycronan More 54°50′34″N 5°46′11″W	63.5 (63.5/0)	250	500	2001	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens, Nexans	^[56]
HVDC Troll	Norway - Kollsnes 60°33′01″N 4°50′26″E	Norway - Offshore platform Troll A 60°40′00″N 3°40′00″E	70 (70/0)	60	80	2004	IGBT	Power supply for offshore gas compressor Supplier: ABB	^[57]
Estlink	Finland - Espoo 60°12′14″N 24°33′06″E	Estonia - Harku 59°23′5″N 24°33′37″E	105 (105/0)	150	350	2006	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[57]
NorNed	Netherlands - Eemshaven 53°26′4″N 6°51′57″E	Norway - Feda 58°16′58″N 6°51′55″E	580 (580/0)	450	700	2008	Thyr	Supplier: ABB, Nexans	^[57]
BritNed	UK - Grain 51°26′24″N 0°43′0″E	Netherlands - Maasvlakte 51°57′27″N 4°01′17″E	245 (245/0)	450	1000	2010	Thyr	Operational since April 2011. Supplier: Siemens	^[57]^[58] ^[59]^[60]
StoreBælt	Denmark - Fraugde 55°22′01″N 10°30′25″E	Denmark - Herslev 55°31′53″N 11°19′01″E	56 (56/0)	400	600	2010	Thyr	Operational since August 2010. Supplier: Siemens	^[57]
Cometa	Spain - Morvedre 39°38′28″N 0°14′7″W	Spain - Santa Ponsa 39°32′2″N 2°30′21″E	247 (247/0)	250	400	2011	Thyr	Expected completion 2011 Supplier: Siemens (converter stations); Prysmian/Nexans (cables)	^[57]
Fenno-Skan 2	Finland - Rauma 61°09′07″N 21°37′32″E	Sweden - Finnböle 60°25′30″N 17°3′42″E	303 (200/103)	500	800	2011	Thyr
SAPEI	Italy - Latina 41°25′47″N 12°48′25″E	Italy - Fiume Santo 40°50′29″N 8°18′21″E	435 (435/0)	500	1000	2011	Thyr	The largest HVDC link in the Mediterranean Sea. Supplier: ABB	^[57]^[61]^[62]
Valhall HVDC	Norway - Lista 58°04′37″N 6°46′29″E	Norway - Valhall, Offshore platform	292 (292/0)	150	78	2011	IGBT	Supplier: ABB, Nexans	^[63]
BorWin1	Germany - Diele	Germany - BorWin Alpha platform	200 (200/0)	±150	400	2012	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[64]^[65]^[66]
East West Interconnector	Ireland - Woodland 53°28′16″N 6°34′3″W	UK - Shotton, Wales 53°13′38″N 3°4′22″W	130 (130/0)	±200	500	2012	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[67]
Fenno-Skan 1 Upgrade	Finland - Rauma	Sweden - Finnböle	233 (200/33)	400	500	2013	Thyr	Upgrade Supplier:ABB	^[68]^[69]^[70]
Estlink 2	Finland - Anttila 60°22′36″N 25°22′01″E	Estonia - Püssi 59°22′13″N 27°04′05″E	171 (157/14)	450	650	2014	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens, Nexans
ÅL-link	Finland - Naantali (sv:Nådendal) 60°27′49″N 22°03′49″E	Åland - Ytterby	158 (158/0)	80	100	2015	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[71]^[72]^[73]
BorWin2	Germany - Diele 53°7′30″N 7°18′29″E	Germany - BorWin Beta platform 54°21′18″N 6°01′30″E	200 (200/0)	±300	800	2015	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens	^[74]
DolWin1	Germany - Heede 52°58′57″N 7°15′26″E	Germany - DolWin Alpha platform 53°59′42″N 6°25′16″E	165 (165/0)	±320	800	2015	IGBT	Supplier:ABB	^[75]
HelWin1	Germany - Büttel 53°55′01″N 9°13′55″E	Germany - HelWin Alpha platform 54°27′07″N 7°44′20″E	130 (130/0)	±250	576	2015	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens	^[76]
HelWin2	Germany - Büttel 53°55′01″N 9°13′55″E	Germany - HelWin Beta platform 54°27′11″N 7°44′20″E	130 (130/0)	±320	690	2015	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens
INELFE	France - Baixas 42°43′56″N 2°48′14″E	Spain - Santa Llogaia 42°13′59″N 2°56′39″E	64 (64/0)	±320	2000	2015	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens, Cables: Prysmian. €700m, 8 km tunnel near HSR	^[77] ^[78]^[79]^[80]
LitPol Link HVDC was B2B	Lithuania - Alytus	Poland - Elk	160 (0/160)	70	500	2015²^[81]	Thyr	Switched to AC in 2025 to facilitate the Baltic countries' synchronization with CESA. Supplier: ABB	^[82]^[83]^[84]
NordBalt	Sweden - Nybro 56°46′4″N 15°51′15″E	Lithuania - Klaipėda 55°40′54″N 21°15′24″E	450 (450/0)	300	700	2015	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[85]
Skagerrak 4	Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″E	Norway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E	244 (244/0)	500	700	2015	IGBT	Suppliers: Nexans, ABB	^[86]
SylWin1	Germany - Büttel 53°55′01″N 9°13′55″E	Germany - SylWin Alpha platform 55°03′47″N 7°14′28″E	205 (205/0)	±320	864	2015	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens	^[87]
Troll A 3&4	Norway - Kollsnes	Norway - Troll A 3&4 platform	70 (70/0)	66	100	2015	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[88]^[89]^[90]^[91]^[92]^[93]
DolWin2	Germany - Heede 52°58′52″N 7°15′26″E	Germany - DolWin Beta platform 53°58′41″N 6°55′23″E	135 (135/0)	±320	900	2016	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[94]
DolWin3	Germany - Heede 52°58′57″N 7°15′26″E	Germany - DolWin Gamma platform 53°59′42″N 6°25′16″E	160 (160/0)	±320	900	2017	IGBT	Supplier: Alstom	^[95]
HVDC MON.ITA Project	Italy-Cepagatti 42°23′41″N 14°07′30″E	Montenegro - Lastva Grbaljska 42°19′03″N 18°47′41″E	415 (415/0)	±500	1000	2019	Thyr	Supplier: Toshiba (converter stations); Nexans (cables).	^[96]^[97]^[98]
Western HVDC Link	UK - Hunterston 55°43′16″N 4°53′7″W	UK - Flintshire Bridge 53°13′54″N 3°1′58″W	422 (422/0)	600	2200	2017-18	Thyr	Supplier: Prysmian Group, Siemens First subsea 600kV link	^[99]^[100]
Caithness - Moray Link³	UK - Spittal 58°28′47″N 3°27′08″W	UK - Blackhillock 57°31′24″N 2°56′55″W	160	320	1200	2018	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[101]^[102]
BorWin3	Germany - Diele	Germany - BorWin Gamma platform	200 (200/0)	±320	900	2019	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens
COBRAcable	Denmark - Endrup via Fanø 55°31′49″N 8°42′13″E	Netherlands - Eemshaven 53°26′07″N 6°52′02″E	325	±320	700	2019⁴	IGBT	Suppliers: Siemens, Prysmian, Cost € 449m	^[103]^[104]^[105]^[106]^[107]
Johan Sverdrup Phase 1	Norway - Haugsneset	Norway - Johan Sverdrup platform	200 (200/0)	±80	100	2019	IGBT	Supplier: ABB, NKT	^[108]
France-Italy via Fréjus Road Tunnel	France, Grand-Île	Italy, Piossasco	190	±320	2x600	2019	IGBT	Supplier: Alstom (converter stations); Prysmian (cables).	^[109]^[110]^[111]^[112]
Nemo Link	Belgium - near Bruges	UK - Richborough Energy Park	140 (140/0)	400	1000	2019	IGBT	Converter stations: Siemens, cables: J-power systems^[113]	^[114]^[115]
ALEGrO	Belgium - Visé	Germany - Oberzier	100 (100/0)	320	1000	2020⁵	IGBT	Converter stations: Siemens Cables: General Cable	^[116]^[117]^[118] ^[119] ^[120]
SydVästlänken	Sweden - Barkeryd 57°44′52″N 14°39′19″E	Sweden - Hurva 55°49′59″N 13°36′08″E	260 (197/63)	±300	2x720	2021	IGBT	Supplier: Alstom
IFA-2	France - Tourbe, Normandie	UK - Chilling, Hampshire	204	320	1000	2021	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[121]^[122]^[123]^[124]
NORD.LINK	Norway - Tonstad 58°40′07″N 6°45′16″E	Germany - Wilster 53°55′18″N 9°20′41″E	623 (570/53)	525	1400	2021	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[125]
North Sea Link	Norway - Kvilldal	UK - Blyth	730 (730/0)	515	1400	2021	IGBT	Supplier: ABB, Prysmian Group, Nexans, MACH 3 Control & Protection	^[126]^[127]^[128]^[129]
ElecLink	France - Les Mandarins	UK - Sellindge	70	320	1000	2022	IGBT	In the Channel Tunnel Cost €580m	^[130]^[131]
Johan Sverdrup Phase 2	Norway - Haugsneset	Norway - Johan Sverdrup platform	200 (200/0)	±80	200	2022	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens, NKT	^[108]^[132]
Viking Link	Denmark - Revsing	UK - Bicker Fen	740	525	1400	2023	IGBT	Suppliers: Siemens, Prysmian and NKT	^[133]^[134]
DolWin6	Germany - Emden/Ost	Germany - DolWin Zeta platform	90 (90/0)	±320	900	2023	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens, Prysmian	^[135]^[136]
Dogger Bank A	UK - Creyke Beck 53°48′33″N 0°25′1″W	UK - Dogger Bank A platform	207 (207/0)	320	1200	2023	IGBT/BIGT	Suppliers: ABB, Aibel and NKT, 172 km submarine cable and 35 km underground cable	^[137]^[138]^[139]^[140] ^[141]
Shetland HVDC Connection	UK - Upper Kergord 60°17′35″N 1°16′15″W	UK - near Staxigoe 58°27′50″N 3°4′52″W ^[142]	260 (260/0)	320	600	2024⁶	IGBT		^[143]^[144]
DolWin5	Germany - Emden/Ost	Germany - DolWin Epsilon platform	130 (130/0)	±320	900	2024	IGBT/BIGT	Supplier: ABB, Aibel, Prysmian	^[145]^[146]^[147]
Ariadne Interconnection	Greece – Athens	Greece – Heraklion	335 (335/0)	500	1000	2024			^[148]
Dogger Bank B	UK - Creyke Beck 53°48′33″N 0°25′1″W	UK - Dogger Bank B platform	207 (207/0)	320	1200	2024	IGBT/BIGT	Suppliers: ABB, Aibel and NKT, 172 km submarine cable and 35 km underground cable	^[137]^[138] ^[140] ^[141]
Greenlink	Ireland – County Wexford	UK – Pembrokeshire, Wales	200	320	500	2025			^[149]
BorWin5	Germany - Garrel/Ost	Germany - BorWin Epsilon platform	230	320	900	2025			^[150]
Dogger Bank C	UK - Lazenby	UK - Dogger Bank C platform	270	320	1200	2026	IGBT/BIGT		^[140] ^[151]^[152]
Sofia	UK - Lazenby	UK - Sofia platform	227	320	1320	2026			^[153]^[154]
Celtic Interconnector	Ireland	France	575	500	700	2026			^[155]
East Anglia THREE	UK - Bramford	UK - East Anglia THREE platform	190	320	1400	2026			^[156]^[157]
SüdOstLink	Germany – Wolmirstedt	Germany – Landshut	500	525	2000	2027			^[158]
Hornsea 3 Link 1	UK - Norwich	UK - Hornsea 3 Link 1 platform	170	320		2027			^[159]^[160]^[161]
Hornsea 3 Link 2	UK - Norwich	UK - Hornsea 3 Link 2 platform	170	320		2027			^[159]^[160]^[161]
EuroAsia Interconnector	Israel - Hadera, via Cyprus - Kofinou	Greece - Korakia, Crete	1208	500	2000	2027			^[162]^[163]
EuroAfrica Interconnector	Egypt - Damietta - via Cyprus - Kofinou	Greece - Korakia, Crete	1396	500	2000	2027			^[164]^[165]^[166]^[167]
NeuConnect	Germany - Wilhelmshaven	UK - Isle of Grain	725	±525	1400	2028
Harmony Link	Lithuania - Darbėnai	Poland - Zarnowiec	330	±320	700	2028
DolWin4	Germany - Hanekenfähr	Germany - DolWin4 platform	215	320	900	2028			^[168]^[169]
BorWin4	Germany - Hanekenfähr	Germany - BorWin4 platform	280	320	900	2029			^[168]^[169]
IJmuiden Ver Alpha	Netherlands - Borssele	Netherlands - IJmuiden Ver Alpha platform	176	525	2000	2029			^[170]^[171]^[172]
IJmuiden Ver Beta	Netherlands - Maasvlakte	Netherlands - IJmuiden Ver Beta platform		525	2000	2029			^[173]^[174]
IJmuiden Ver Gamma	Netherlands - Maasvlakte	Netherlands - IJmuiden Ver Gamma platform		525	2000	2029			^[175]^[174]
Eastern Green Link EGL1	UK - Torness nuclear power station	UK - Hawthorn Pit	196	400	2000	2029			^[176]^[177]
Eastern Green Link EGL2	UK - Peterhead	UK - Drax, North Yorkshire	505	400	2000	2029			^[176]^[177]
Western Isles HVDC connection	UK - Arnish Point near Stornoway	UK - Beauly	156	320	600	2030			^[178]
FAB Link	France - Menuel on Cherbourg Peninsula	UK - Exeter via Alderney	210 (210/0)	320	1400	2030	IGBT		^[179]^[180]
Nederwiek 1	Netherlands - Borssele	Netherlands - Nederwiek 1 platform	217	525	2000	2030			^[171]^[172]
Nederwiek 2	Netherlands - Maasvlakte	Netherlands - Nederwiek 2 platform		525	2000	2030			^[181]^[174]
BalWin1	Germany - Wehrendorf	Germany - BalWin1 platform	360	525	2000	2030			^[182]^[183]
BalWin2	Germany - Westerkappeln	Germany - BalWin2 platform	380	525	2000	2031			^[182]^[183]
SuedLink DC3	Germany - Brunsbuettel 53°53'47.4"N 9°11'47.6"E	Germany - Grossgartach 49°08'36.2"N 9°09'03.9"E	700	±525	2000	2027	IGBT	Suppliers: VSC substations: Siemens Energy, DC cable: nkt Common project of Tennet TSO and Transnet BW highlight: first 525kV fully underground DC cable project
SuedLink DC4	Germany - Wilster 53°55'14.3"N 9°20'34.8"E	Germany - Bergrheinfeld 49°59'22.4"N 10°09'02.9"E	550	±525	2000	2027	IGBT	Supplier substations: tbd dc cable: Prysmian Common project of TenneT TSO and Transnet BW highlight: first 525kV fully underground DC cable project
Tyrrhenian Link	Italy – Battipaglia	Italy – Sardinia	970		1000	2028		Connects mainland Italy to Sicily and Sardinia	^[184]
Adriatic Link	Italy – Abruzzo	Italy – Marche	250		1000	2028			^[185]
LirlC	Belfast, Northern Ireland	Ayrshire, Scotland	142		700	2032			^[186]
Estlink 3	Finland	Estonia			700–1000	2035

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
HVDC Mechanicville–Schenectady	USA - Mechanicville, NY 42°54′45″N 73°40′49″W	USA - Schenectady, NY	37 (0/37)	12	5	1932	Merc	Experimental, frequency conversion 40 to 60 Hz Dismantled after WW II	^[190]
Vancouver Island 1	Canada - Delta, BC 49°5′31″N 123°2′31″W	Canada - North Cowichan, BC 48°49′39″N 123°42′55″W	75 (42/33)	260	312	1968 - 2014	Merc	Supplier: ASEA	^[2]
Pacific DC Intertie	USA - Celilo, OR 45°35′39″N 121°6′51″W	USA - Sylmar, CA 34°18′39″N 118°29′21″W, 34°18′42″N 118°28′53″W	1362 (0/1362)	±500	3100	1970	Thyr	Transmission voltage ±400 kV until 1984 Maximum transmission power 1440 MW until 1982 From 1982 to 1984 1600 MW From 1984 to 1989 2000 MW Merc replaced by Thyr in 2004 Original supplier: ASEA, General Electric In 1989 upgraded by ABB In 2004 upgraded by ABB and Siemens	^[2]^[191]^[192]
Nelson River Bipole 1	Canada - Gillam, Manitoba 56°21′41″N 94°36′48″W	Canada - Rosser, Manitoba 49°59′39″N 97°25′39″W	895 (0/895)	463.5	1854	1971	Thyr	Used the largest mercury arc rectifiers ever built Original supplier: English Electric. In 1992/1993, Pole 1 upgraded to Thyr by Alstom. In 2004, Pole 2 upgraded to Thyr by Siemens.	^[2]^[193]
Vancouver Island 2	Canada - Delta, BC 49°5′31″N 123°2′31″W	Canada - North Cowichan, BC 48°49′39″N 123°42′55″W	75 (33/42)	280	370	1977 - 2016	Thyr	Supplier: General Electric	^[2]
Square Butte	USA - Center, ND (Young) 47°4′18″N 101°11′45″W	USA - Adolph, MN (Arrowhead) 46°46′25″N 92°17′39″W	749 (0/749)	250	500	1977	Thyr	Supplier: General Electric In 2004 Control system upgrade by ABB	^[2]^[194]^[195]
Nelson River Bipole 2	Canada - Sundance, Manitoba 56°30′14″N 94°8′24″W	Canada - Rosser, Manitoba 49°59′39″N 97°25′49″W	940 (0/940)	500	2000	1978-1985	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[2]^[193]
CU	USA - Underwood, ND (Coal Creek) 47°22′24″N 101°9′23″W	USA - Rockford, MN (Dickinson) 45°6′40″N 93°48′36″W	687 (0/687)	400	1000	1979	Thyr	Supplier: ABB In 2004, control system upgrade by ABB	^[2]^[196]
Path 27	USA - Intermountain, UT 39°30′2″N 112°34′51″W	USA - Adelanto, CA 34°33′4″N 117°26′14″W	785 (0/785)	±500	1920	1986	Thyr	Supplier: Asea
Quebec - New England Transmission	Canada - Radisson, Quebec 53°43′33″N 77°44′17″W	Canada - Nicolet, QC 46°04′47″N 72°14′58″W; USA - Ayer, MA 42°34′13″N 71°31′27″W	1105 (5/1100)	450	2250	1991	Thyr	3 terminals^{[dubious – discuss]} Converter stations near Windsor, Quebec and Monroe, New Hampshire were decommissioned in 2007. Supplier: ABB	^[2]
Cross Sound Cable	USA - New Haven, Connecticut 41°17′12″N 72°54′8″W	USA - Shoreham, New York 40°57′33″N 72°52′3″W	40 (40/0)	150	330	2002	IGBT	Buried underwater cable Supplier: ABB	^[197]
Neptune Cable	USA - Long Island (Hicksville) NY 40°45′38″N 73°33′4″W	USA -Sayreville, NJ 40°28′25.38″N 74°21′11.1″W	105 (105/0)	500	660	2007	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[198]
Trans Bay Cable	USA - Pittsburg, California 38°01′51″N 121°53′48″W	USA - San Francisco, CA 37°45′17″N 122°23′09″W	85 (85/0)	200	400	2010	IGBT	First HVDC system using Modular Multi-Level Converter Supplier: Siemens, Pirelli	^[199]^[200]^[201]
Eastern Alberta Transmission Line	Canada – Newell, AB 50°30′41″N 112°01′02″W	Canada – Heathfield, AB 53°51′28″N 113°13′52″W	485 (0/485)	500	1000	2015/2016	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[202]
Western Alberta Transmission Line	Canada – Genesee, AB 53°21′13″N 114°18′33″W	Canada – Langdon, AB 50°57′37″N 113°43′11″W	350 (0/350)	500	1000	2015	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[202]^[203]
Nelson River Bipole 3	Canada - Keewatinohk, Manitoba 56°39′25″N 93°51′14″W	Canada - Riel, Manitoba 49°51′59″N 96°56′24″W	1324 (0/1324)	500	2000	2018	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[2]^[193]
Labrador-Island Link	Canada - Muskrat Falls, NL	Canada - Soldiers Pond, NL	1135 (35/1100)	350	900	2017	Thyr	Drilling for cable landfall began in 2014. Supplier: Alstom Grid	^[204]^[205]
Maritime Link	Canada - Bottom Brook, NL 48°31′52″N 58°15′39″W	Canada - Woodbine, NS 45°59′30″N 60°16′26″W	360 (170/190)	200	500	2017	IGBT	Right-of-way clearing began in 2014. Supplier: ABB	^[206]^[207]^[208]^[209]
New England Clean Power Link	USA - Alburgh, VT	USA - Ludlow, VT	248 (248/0)	320	1000	?		Connects to Quebec	^[210]^[211]^[212] ^[213]
TransWest Express	USA – Sinclair, WY	USA – Boulder City, NV	1165 (0/1165)	600	3000	2027		Ground breaking in 2023	^[214]^[215]^[216]
Grain Belt Express	USA - Ford County, KS	USA - Sullivan County, IN	750 (0/750)	600	5000	?			^[217]^[218]
SOO Green	USA - Mason City, Iowa	USA - Plano, Illinois	563	525	2100	2023		Buried along railroad right-of-way Supplier: Siemens	^[219]
Clean Path NY	USA - Upstate New York	USA - New York City	280	345/400	1300	2022			^[220]
Champlain Hudson Power Express	Canada–New York border	USA - New York City	545		1250	2025		60% submarine under Lake Champlain and 40% underground	^[221]
New England Clean Energy Connect	USA - Beattie Twp, ME	USA - Lewiston, ME	314	320	1200	2024			^[222]
SunZia Transmission	USA – Torrance County, NM	USA – Pinal County, AZ	880	525	3000	2026		Project combined with 3,500 MW wind project	^[223]

List of HVDC projects

Legend

Africa

Australia and Oceania

Asia

Europe

North America

South America

Back to back

Maps

Africa

Australia and Oceania

Europe

South America

See also

References

Sources

Wikiwand - on

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
Itaipu 1	Brazil - Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná 25°27′58″S 54°32′33″W	Brazil - São Roque, São Paulo 23°40′2″S 47°6′19″W	785 (0/785)	600	3150	1984	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[2]
Itaipu 2	Brazil - Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná 25°27′58″S 54°32′33″W	Brazil - São Roque, São Paulo 23°40′2″S 47°6′19″W	805 (0/805)	600	3150	1987	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[2]
Rio Madeira	Brazil, Porto Velho 08°54′53″S 63°57′27″W	Brazil, Araraquara 21°49′59″S 48°20′52″W	2375 (0/2375)	600	7100	2013	Thyr	The longest transmission link in the world Suppliers: ABB, Alstom	^[224]
Xingu-Estreito (aka, Belo Monte 1)	Brazil - Anapu, Pará	Brazil - Ibiraci, Minas Gerais	2077 (0/2077)	800	4000	2017	Thyr	Supplier: SIEMENS	^[225]
Xingu-Rio (aka, Belo Monte 2)	Brazil - Pará	Brazil - Rio de Janeiro	2550	800	4000	2019	Thyr	Supplier: NARI/XD/CET	^[225]

Name	Location	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
Carnegie Steel Company B2B	USA - Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	?	?	?	Merc	built for an interconnection between 60 Hz-utility system and a 25 Hz System, dismantled	^[226]
Sakuma B2B	Japan - Sakuma 35°04′57″N 137°47′56″E	125	300	1965	Merc	replaced in 1993 by new converter using light-triggered thyristors
Eel River B2B	Canada - Eel River, NB 48°01′05″N 66°26′39″W	80	320	1972	Thyr	life extension project 2014	^[227]^[228]
David A. Hamil B2B	USA - Stegall, Nebraska 41°49′15″N 103°56′32″W	±50	100	1977	Thyr	Supplier: GE
Shin Shinano B2B	Japan - Shin Shinano 36°08′14″N 137°52′58″E	125	600	1977	Thyr	Supplier: Toshiba, Hitachi
Acaray B2B	Paraguay - Ciudad de Este 25°27′26″S 54°37′26″W	25.6	50	1981	Thyr
Vyborg B2B	Russia - Vyborg 60°40′49″N 28°55′7″E	±85	1065	1982	Thyr	extended up to 1420 MW in 2001
Dürnrohr B2B	Austria - Dürnrohr 48°19′46″N 15°52′48″E	145	550	1983	Thyr	shut down in October 1996, dismantled in 2007
Artesia, New Mexico (Eddy County HVDC B2B) B2B	USA - Artesia, NM 32°48′51.7″N 104°14′29.6″W	82	200	1983	Thyr
Chateauguay B2B	Canada – Châteauguay, QC 45°15′11″N 73°52′11″W	140	1000	1984	Thyr	Control system upgrade by ABB in 2009	^[229]^[230]
Oklaunion B2B	USA - Oklaunion, TX 34°5′6″N 99°11′1″W	82	200	1984	Thyr	ABB replacement in 2014	^[231]^[232]
Blackwater, New Mexico B2B	USA - Blackwater, NM 34°18′3″N 103°10′27″W	57	200	1984	Thyr	Valve cooling and control systems upgrade by ABB in 2009	^[233]^[234]
Madawaska, Quebec B2B	Canada - Dégelis, QC 47°30′31″N 68°31′25″W	140	350	1985	Thyr
Miles City, Montana B2B	USA - Miles City, MT 46°24′31″N 105°47′36″W	82	200	1985	Thyr
Highgate, VT B2B	USA - Highgate, VT 44°56′17″N 73°3′15″W	56	200	1985	Thyr	Refurbishment by ABB in 2012,	^[235]
Uruguaiana B2B	Brazil - Uruguaiana 29°48′22″S 57°0′17″W	17.9	53.9	1986	Thyr
Broken Hill B2B	Australia - Broken Hill 31°59′10″S 141°25′9″E	8.33	40	1986	Thyr
Virginia Smith B2B	USA - Sidney, NE 41°9′51″N 102°59′15″W	50	200	1988	Thyr		^[236]
Vindhyachal B2B	India - Vindhyachal 24°05′38″N 82°40′44″E	176	500	1989	Thyr
McNeill B2B	Canada - Mc Neill, AB 50°35′56″N 110°01′25″W	42	150	1989	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom
Wolmirstedt B2B	Germany - Wolmirstedt 52°16′21″N 11°38′10″E	160	600	(1992)	Thyr	construction work was stopped after reunification, static inverter hall is today part of a recycling yard
Etzenricht B2B	Germany - Etzenricht 49°37′52″N 12°6′56″E	160	600	1993	Thyr	shut down in October 1995, dismantled in 2009
Vienna-Southeast B2B	Austria - Vienna 48°7′22″N 16°25′6″E	142	600	1993	Thyr	shut down in October 1996, dismantled in 2007
Chandrapur B2B	India - Chandrapur 20°5′21″N 79°8′36″E	205	2x500	1998	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom
Welsh HVDC Converter Station B2B	USA - Titus County, TX 33°03′30.3″N 94°50′36.54″W	162	600	1998	Thyr
Garabi HVDC	Brazil - Garabi 28°15′19″S 55°40′18″W	±70	2200	1999	Thyr	Brazil-Argentina Interconnection. Supplier: ABB In 2002, the second phase 'Garabi 2' was supplied by ABB .	^[237]
Vizag 1	India - Visakhapatnam Gazuwaka 17°38′33″N 83°7′57″E	205	500	1999	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom
Minami-Fukumitsu B2B	Japan - Minami - Fukumitsu 36°29′46″N 136°54′57″E	125	300	1999	Thyr
Rivera B2B	Uruguay - Rivera 30°56′29″S 55°33′34″W	22	70	2000	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom
Eagle Pass, Texas B2B	USA - Eagle Pass, TX 28°42′58.8″N 100°29′26.88″W	15.9	36	2000	IGBT
Sasaram B2B	India - Sasaram 25°07′42″N 83°42′29″E	205	500	2003	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom
Rapid City DC Tie B2B	USA - Rapid City, SD 44°00′37″N 103°9′54″W	13	200	2003	Thyr		^[238]^[239]
Vizag 2	India - Visakhapatnam 17°38′26″N 83°8′10″E	176	500	2005	Thyr	Installed at Gazuwaka. Supplier:ABB. This is similar in specs to Vizag I and connects the Eastern and Southern grids.	^[240]
Lingbao B2B	China - Lingbao 34°32′56″N 110°50′49″E	168	360	2005	Thyr	Supplier: NR(Protection&Control), Extension project 2010: Supplier: ABB;C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd	^[241]^[242]
Lamar Co., Colorado B2B	USA - Lamar, CO 38°12′25.08″N 102°31′43.92″W	63.6	210	2005	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens; Combination of B2B HVDC & Grid Power Flow Controller (GPFC)	^[243]
Higashi-Shimuzu B2B	Japan - Shimuzu 35°03′24″N 138°29′58″E	125	300	2006	Thyr
Sharyland B2B	USA - Mission, TX 26°10′01″N 98°19′25″W	21	150	2007	Thyr
Al Fadhili B2B	Saudi Arabia - Al Fadhili 26°53′52″N 49°20′47″E	222	3x600	2008	Thyr	Used mainly for Dynamic Reserve Power Sharing rather than economic energy transfer. Supplier: Alstom	^[244]
Outaouais B2B	Canada - Buckingham, QC 45°36′01″N 75°26′47″W	315	2x625	2009	Thyr	Expected completion 2009. Supplier:ABB	^[57]
Heihe B2B	China - Heihe 50°15′19″N 127°25′37″E	±125	750	2011	Thyr	Supplier: NR(Protection&Control)^[245]