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This is an incomplete list of Dutch expressions used in English; some are relatively common (e.g. cookie), some are comparatively rare. In a survey by Joseph M. Williams in Origins of the English Language it is estimated that about 1% of English words are of Dutch origin.[1]
In many cases the loanword has assumed a meaning substantially different from its Dutch forebear. Some English words have been borrowed directly from Dutch. But typically, English spellings of Dutch loanwords suppress combinations of vowels of the original word which do not exist in English and replace them with existing vowel combinations respectively. For example, the oe in koekje or koekie becomes oo in cookie,[2] the ij (considered a vowel in Dutch) and the ui in vrijbuiter becomes ee and oo in freebooter, the aa in baas becomes o in boss, the oo in stoof becomes o in stove.
As languages, English and Dutch are both West Germanic, and descend further back from the common ancestor language Proto-Germanic. Their relationship however, has been obscured by the lexical influence of Old Norse as a consequence of Viking expansion from the 9th till the 11th century, and Norman French, as a consequence of the Norman conquest of England in 1066. Because of their close common relationship - in addition to the large Latin and French vocabulary both languages possess - many English words are essentially identical to their Dutch lexical counterparts, either in spelling (plant, begin, fruit), pronunciation (pool = pole, boek = book, diep = deep), or both (offer, hard, lip) or as false friends (ramp = disaster, roof = robbery, mop = joke). These cognates or in other ways related words are excluded from this list.
Dutch expressions have been incorporated into English usage for many reasons and in different periods in time. These are some of the most common ones:
- Many Latinate words in the English lexicon were borrowed from Latin. Quite a few of these words can further trace their origins back to a Germanic source - usually Old Low Franconian. Old Dutch is the western variant of this language. In cases it is not clear whether the loanword is from Old Dutch (Old West Low Franconian) or another Germanic language, they have been excluded from the list. See also: List of English Latinates of Germanic origin
- Since speakers of West Germanic languages spoken along the North Sea coast from the 5th to the 9th century lived close enough together to form a linguistic crossroads - water was the main way of transportation - Dutch and English share some traits that other West Germanic languages do not possess. Lexical examples are Dutch vijf / English five (compare German: Fünf) and Dutch leef / English live (compare German Leben). These words have been excluded from the list. See also: Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
- Since the Norman conquest of 1066 many Latinate words entered the English lexicon via French, which has – via Old French – a substantial base of Old Dutch (or Old Low Franconian) and Middle Dutch. For instance, French boulevard comes from Dutch bolwerk. In cases it is not clear whether the loanword in French is from Dutch or another Germanic language, they have been excluded from the list. See also: Influence of Franconian language on French
For some loanwords stemming from this period it is not always clear whether they are of Old Dutch, Old Norse, another Germanic language or an unknown Old English origin. These words have been excluded from the list, or indicated as such.
- About one-third of the invading Norman army of 1066 came from Dutch speaking Flemish. Many Flemings stayed in England after the Conquest and influenced the English language.
- The main part of refugees to England, Wales and Scotland from the 11th till the 17th century were from the Low Countries; particularly Flemish skilled weavers and textile workers immigrated as a result of floods, overpopulation and warfare in Flanders. In 1527, when England's population numbered 5 million, London alone had tens of thousands of Flemings,[3][4] while an estimated third of the Scottish population has a Flemish background.[5]
The Hanseatic League had in the late Middle Ages a trade network along the coast of Northern Europe and England, using to Dutch related Middle Low German as lingua franca. Some loanwords from this period could come from either language. These words have been excluded from the list, or indicated as such.
- In the Dutch Golden Age, spanning most of the 17th century, Dutch trade, science, military, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world, and many English words of Dutch origin concerning these areas are stemming from this period.
- English and Dutch rivalry at sea resulted in many Dutch naval terms in English.
- Via settlements in North America and elsewhere in the world Dutch language influenced English spoken there, particularly American English. That resulted also in numerous place names based on Dutch words and places. These are excluded from the list unless they are well known, like Brooklyn (from the Dutch town Breukelen) and Wall Street (from Dutch Walstraat). See also: List of place names of Dutch origin
- Due to contact between Afrikaans and English speakers in South Africa, many Dutch words entered English via Afrikaans, which has an estimated 90 to 95% vocabulary of Dutch origin. Only the words that entered standard English are listed here. Afrikaans words that do not stem from Cape Dutch but from an African, Indian or other European language, are not listed here. See also: List of English words of Afrikaans origin and List of South African slang words
- Aardvark
- from South African Dutch aardvark (earth + pig)[6]
- Aboard
- from Dutch Aan boord
- Afrikaans
- from Dutch Afrikaans (Africanish)[7]
- Aloof
- from Old French lof, based on Middle Dutch lof (windward direction), now oploeven + Middle English a[8]
- Apartheid
- from Afrikaans Apartheid, from Dutch apart + suffix -heid (separate + -hood)[9]
- Avast
- from 17th century Dutch hou'vast (hold fast, hold steady)[10]
- Bamboo
- from 16th century Dutch bamboe, based on Malay bambu[11]
- Batik
- from Dutch batik, based on Javanese amba + titik (to write + dot, point)[12]
- Bazooka
- from US slang bazoo (mouth), based on Dutch bazuin (trompet)[13]
- Beaker
- from either Old Norse bikarr or Middle Dutch beker (mug, cup)[14]
- Beleaguer
- from 16th century Dutch belegeren (besiege)[15]
- Berm
- from French berme, based on Old Dutch b(a)erm[16]
- Bicker
- from Middle Dutch bicken (to slash, attack) + Middle English frequentative suffix -er[17]
- Blare
- from an unrecorded Old English *blæren or from Middle Dutch blaren and blèren (to bleat, to shout)[18]
- Blasé
- via French blasé, past participle of blaser (="to satiate"), perhaps from Dutch blazen (="to blow"), with a sense of "puffed up under the effects of drinking"[19]
- Blaze (to make public, often in a bad sense, boastfully)
- from Middle Dutch blasen (="to blow, on a trumpet)[20]
- Blink
- perhaps from Middle Dutch blinken (="to glitter")[21]
- Blister
- via Old French blestre, perhaps from a Scandinavian source or from Middle Dutch blyster (="swelling")[22]
- Block (solid piece)
- via Old French bloc (="log, block"), from Middle Dutch blok (="trunk of a tree")[23]
- Bluff (poker term)
- from Dutch bluffen (="to brag, boast") or verbluffen (="to baffle, mislead")[24]
- Bluff (landscape feature)
- from Dutch blaf (="flat, broad"), apparently a North Sea nautical term for ships with flat vertical bows, later extended to landscape features[24]
- Blunderbuss
- from Dutch donderbus, from donder (="thunder") + bus (="gun," originally "box, tube"), altered by resemblance to blunder[25]
- Boer (Dutch colonist in South Africa)
- from Dutch boer (="farmer"), from Middle Dutch[26]
- Bogart
- after Humphrey Bogart.[27] Boomgaard means "orchard" ("tree-garden").[28]
- Bokkoms
- from Dutch bokking (="buckling"), a type of salter fish
- Boodle
- from Dutch boedel (="property")[29]
- Boom
- from boom (="tree"); cognate to English beam[30]
- Boomslang
- from boomslang (="tree snake"), a type of snake
- Booze
- from Middle Dutch busen (="to drink in excess");[31] according to JW de Vries busen is equivalent to buizen[32]
- Boss
- from baas[33]
- Boulevard
- from "bolwerk", which came as boulevard into French, then into English. "Bolwerk" was also directly borrowed as 'bulwark'
- Bow (front of a ship)
- from Old Norse bogr, Low German boog or Dutch boeg[34]
- Brackish
- from Middle Dutch or Low German brac (="salty", also "worthless"), now brak[35]
- Brandy (wine)
- from brandewijn (literally "burnt wine")[36]
- Brooklyn
- after the town of Breukelen near Utrecht
- Bruin/Bruins
- archaic English word for brown bear, derived from the Dutch word for brown bruin
- Buckwheat
- from Middle Dutch boecweite (="beech wheat") because of its resemblance to grains and seed of beech wheat[37]
- Bully
- from boel (="lover", "brother")[38]
- Bulwark
- from bolwerk[39]
- Bumpkin
- from bommekijn ('little barrel')[40]
- Bundle
- from Middle Dutch bondel or perhaps a merger of this word and Old English byndele ('binding')[41]
- Bung
- from Middle Dutch bonge (="stopper")[42]
- Buoy
- from boei (="shackle" or "buoy")[43]
- Bush (uncleared district of a British colony)
- probably from Dutch bosch, now bos or bosje in the same sense, since it seems to appear first in former Dutch colonies[44]
- Caboose
- from kambuis or kombuis (="ship's kitchen", "galley")[45]
- Cam
- from 18th century Dutch cam (cog of a wheel", originally comb, cognate of English comb), nowadays kam, or from English camber (having a slight arch)[46]
- Captain
- from kapitein
- Cockatoo
- from kaketoe[47]
- Cashier
- from Middle Dutch cassier[48]
- Coleslaw
- from 18th century Dutch koolsla (cabbage salad)[49]
- Commodore
- probably from Dutch kommandeur, from French commandeur, from Old French comandeor[50]
- Cookie
- from koekje, or in informal Dutch koekie (="biscuit", "cookie")[51]
- Coney Island
- (English dialect word for Rabbit) from Conyne Eylandt (literally "Rabbit Island"), in modern Dutch konijn and eiland.
- Cramp
- (metal bar bent at both ends) from Middle Dutch crampe or Middle Low German krampe.[52]
- Cricket
- from Old French criquet 'goal post', 'stick', perhaps from Middle Dutch cricke 'stick, staff'[53]
- Crimp
- from Old English gecrympan, perhaps reintroduced from Low German or Dutch krimpen (to shrink)[32]
- Croon
- via Scottish, from Middle Dutch kronen (= to lament, mourn)[54]
- Cruise
- from Dutch kruisen (="to cross, sail to and fro"), from kruis (="cross")[55]
- Cruller
- from 19th century Dutch krullen (to curl)[56]
- Dam
- from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German dam, or from Old Norse dammr[57]
- Dapper
- from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German dapper (bold, sturdy) in modern dutch “brave”[58]
- Deck
- from 16th century Middle Dutch dec or dekken (to cover)[59]
- Decoy
- possibly from 16th century Dutch de (the) + kooi (cage, used of a pond surrounded by nets, into which wildfowl were lured for capture).[60] Or from 16th century Dutch "eendekooi" (duck cage; a cage with an artificial duck to lure wild ducks); mistranslated as "een" dekooi; should have been read as "eend (duck)" -e- "kooi (cage)"-> a (article) dekooi -> (a) decoy[citation needed]
- Delve
- from Dutch delven / opdelven
- Dingus
- from Dutch dinges, literally "thing".[61]
- Dock
- from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German docke, nowadays dok[62]
- Dollar
- from Dutch (Rijks)daalder[63]
- Domineer
- from late 16th century Dutch dominieren (to rule), based on Middle French dominer[64]
- Dope
- from American English dope, based on Dutch doop (sauce) or dopen (to dip or to baptise)[65]
- Dredge
- from Scottish dreg-boat (boat for dredging), perhaps based on Middle Dutch dregghe (drag-net), nowadays dreggen[66]
- Drill (verb)
- from 17th century Dutch drillen
- Drug
- from Old French drogue, based on Middle Dutch droge-vate (dry barrels, with first element mistaken as word for the contents)[67]
- Drum
- probably from Middle Dutch tromme, now trom[68]
- Dune
- from French dune, based on Middle Dutch dune, now duin[69]
- Easel
- from ezel (=originally (and still) "donkey"; "(schilders)ezel"=easel, lit. "painter's donkey")[70]
- Elope
- from ontlopen (run away)[71]
- Etch
- from Dutch ets or etsen[72]
- Excise (noun)
- (="tax on goods") from Middle Dutch excijs, apparently altered from accijns (="tax"); English got the word, and the idea for the tax, from the Netherlands.[73]
- Filibuster
- from Spanish filibustero from French flibustier ultimately from Dutch vrijbuiter (="pirate" or "freebooter")[74]
- Flag
- from vlag
- Flushing, Queens
- from Vlissingen, a city in the Netherlands
- Foist
- from Dutch vuisten (="take in hand"), from Middle Dutch vuist (="fist")[75]
- Forlorn hope
- from verloren hoop (literally "lost heap or group", figuratively "suicide mission," "cannon fodder")[76] Forlorn also has identical cognates in German and the Scandinavian languages.
- Fraught
- from vrecht, vracht[77]
- Freebooter
- from vrijbuiter[78]
- Freight
- from vracht[79]
- Frolic
- from vrolijk (="cheerful")[80]
- Frigate
- from Dutch fregat
- Furlough
- from verlof (="permission (to leave)")[81]
- Galoot
- (="awkward or boorish man"), originally a sailor's contemptuous word (="raw recruit, green hand") for soldiers or marines, of uncertain origin; "Dictionary of American Slang" proposes galut, Sierra Leone creole form of Spanish galeoto (="galley slave"); perhaps rather Dutch slang kloot (="testicle"), klootzak (="scrotum"), used figuratively as an insult[82]
- Gas
- from gas, a neologism from Jan Baptista van Helmont, derived from the Greek chaos[83]
- Geek
- from geck (gek) (="fool")[84][85]
- Gherkin
- from Dutch plural of gurk "cucumber", shortened form of East Frisian augurk[86]
- Gimp (cord or thread)
- from Dutch gimp[87]
- Gin
- from jenever[88]
- Gnu
- from gnoe, earlier t’gnu, from a Khoikhoi word[89]
- Golf
- from kolf (="bat, club," but also a game played with these)[32][full citation needed]
- Grab
- from grijpen (="to seize, to grasp, to snatch")[90]
- Gruff
- from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German grof (="coarse (in quality), thick, large")[91]
- Guilder
- from gulden[92]
- Gulp
- likely from Flemish gulpe or Dutch gulpen (="to gush, pour forth, guzzle, swallow"), probably of imitative origin.[93]
- Hale (verb)
- (="drag, summon"), from Old Frankonian haler (="to pull, haul"), from Frankonian *halon or Old Dutch halen, both from Proto Germanic[94]
- Hankering
- from Middle Dutch hankeren or Dutch hunkeren[95]
- Harlem
- called after the city of Haarlem near Amsterdam
- Hartebeest
- from both Afrikaans (Hartebees) and Dutch (Hartenbeest)[96]
- Heckle
- from Middle Dutch hekelen[97]
- Hoboken
- possibly named after the Flemish town Hoboken, from Middle Dutch Hooghe Buechen or Hoge Beuken (="High Beeches" or "Tall Beeches")
- Howitzer
- from Dutch houwitzer, which in turn comes from German Haussnitz and later Haubitze.
- Hoist
- from Middle Dutch hijsen (=raise)[98]
- Holster
- from holster[99]
- Hooky
- from hoekje (=corner) in the sense of "to go around the corner"[100]
- Hoyden
- maybe from heiden (=backwoodsman), from Middle Dutch (=heathen)[101]
- Hump
- perhaps from Dutch homp (="lump")[102]
- Hustle, Hustler
- from Dutch hutselen, husseln "to shake, to toss"[103]
- Iceberg
- from Dutch ijsberg (literally 'ice mountain')[104]
- Ietsism
- from Dutch ietsisme (literally: somethingism) an unspecified faith in an undetermined higher or supernatural power or force
- Isinglass
- from Dutch huizenblas (no longer used) from Middle Dutch huusblase, from huus sturgeon + blase bladder[105]
- Keelhauling
- from kielhalen (literally "to haul keel"), kiel (= keel)[108]
- Keeshond
- prob. from special use of Kees (nickname corresponding to proper name Cornelis) + hond "dog"[109]
- Kill (body of water)
- from kil from Middle Dutch kille (literally "riverbed")[110]
- Kink
- from kink referring to a twist in a rope or cable[111]
- Knapsack
- from Middle Dutch knapzak (snack + bag)[112][113]
- Knickerbocker
- The pen-name was borrowed from Washington Irving's friend Herman Knickerbocker, and literally means "toy marble-baker." Also, descendants of Dutch settlers to New York, USA, are referred to as Knickerbockers and later became used in reference to a style of pants[114]
- Maelstrom
- from 17th century Dutch mael + stroom (turning + current), possibly based on Old Norse mal(u)streymur[119]
- Manikin
- from Middle Dutch manneken (little man)[120]
- Mannequin
- from French Mannequin, based on Middle Dutch manneken (little man)[121]
- Mast
- from mast
- Marshal
- from Old French, based on Frankish (Old Dutch) marhskalk, now maarschalk[122]
- Mart
- from Middle Dutch markt (market)[123]
- Measles
- possibly from Middle Dutch mazelen (blemish)[124]
- Meerkat
- from South African Dutch meer + kat (lake + cat), perhaps an alteration of Hindi markat (ape)[125]
- Morass
- from Middle Dutch marasch (swamp), partly based on Old French marais (marsh), in modern Dutch: moeras[126]
- Mud
- from Middle Dutch modde (="thick mud") now modder, and/or Middle Low German mudde[127]
- Patroon
- from patroon (="patron")[131]
- Peg
- from Middle Dutch pegge, now peg (="peg")[132]
- Pickle
- c.1440, probably from Middle Dutch and still pekel[133]
- Pinkie
- From Dutch Pink / Pinkje / Pinkie[134]
- Pit
- the stone of a drupaceous fruit : from pit[135]
- Plug
- from plugge, originally a maritime term, still plug in Dutch.[136]
- Polder
- from polder
- Poppycock
- from pappekak (=dialect for "soft dung")[137]
- Potassium
- from potaschen c. 1477 see Potash
- Prop
- probably from Middle Dutch proppe (="vine prop, support; stop for a bottle"), now still prop[138]
- Pump
- from pomp[139]
- Puss
- perhaps from early 16th century Dutch poes (still in use as poes / poesje) or Low German puus (pet name for cat), but probably much older than the record, because present in many Indo-European languages.[140]
- Sail
- from zeil
- Santa Claus
- from Middle Dutch Sinterklaas (="Saint Nicholas"), bishop of Minor Asia who became a patron saint for children. (Dutch and Belgian feast celebrated on the 5th and 6 December respectively) (Origins of Santa Claus in US culture)[145]
- School (group of fish)
- from Dutch school (group of fish)[146]
- Scone
- via Scottish, shortened from Middle Dutch schoonbrood "fine bread", from schoon (bright) + brood (bread)[147]
- Scow
- from schouw (a type of boat)[148]
- Scum (as in lowest class of humanity)
- from schuim (froth, foam)[149]
- Ship
- from Dutch schip
- Shoal
- from Middle Dutch schole (="large number (of fish)") (modern Dutch: school) (etymology not sure)
- Skate
- from schaats. The noun was originally adopted as in Dutch, with 'skates' being the singular form of the noun; due to the similarity to regular English plurals this form was ultimately used as the plural while 'skate' was derived for use as singular."[150]
- Sketch
- from schets[151]
- Scour
- from Middle Dutch scuren (now "schuren"), cognate of the English word "shower"[152]
- Skipper
- from Middle Dutch scipper (now schipper, literally "shipper")[153]
- Sled, sleigh
- from Middle Dutch slede, slee[154]
- Slim
- "thin, slight, slender," from Dutch slim "bad, sly, clever, smart" from Middle Dutch slim "bad, crooked, smart, intelligent"[155]
- Slobber
- from Middle Dutch slabberen.[156]
- Sloop
- from sloep[157]
- Slurp
- from slurpen[158]
- Smack (boat)
- possibly from smak "sailboat," perhaps so-called from the sound made by its sails[159]
- Smearcase
- from smeerkaas (="cheese that can be spread over bread, cottage-cheese") or smeerkees (="someone who is very dirty")
- Smelt
- from smelten (="to melt")[160]
- Smuggler
- from Low German smukkelen and Dutch smokkelen (="to transport (goods) illegally"), apparently a frequentative formation of a word meaning "to sneak"
- Snack
- perhaps from Middle Dutch snakken (="to long" (snakken naar lucht="to gasp for air") originally "to eat"/"chatter")[161]
- Snap
- from Middle Dutch or Low German snappen (to bite, seize)[162]
- Snicker
- from Dutch snikken (="to gasp, sob")[163]
- Snoop
- from 19 century Dutch snoepen (to eat (possibly in secret) something sweet)[164]
- Snoot, Snooty
- from Middle Dutch snute, now snuit (=face)
- Snout
- from Middle Dutch snute[165]
- Snuff
- from snuiftabak (literally "sniff tobacco")[166]
- Spa
- The term is derived from the name of the town of Spa, Belgium, whose name is known from Roman times, when the location was called Aquae Spadanae,[167] sometimes incorrectly connected to the Latin word spargere meaning to scatter, sprinkle or moisten.[168]
- Spangle
- probably from Middle Dutch spange (=brooch, clasp)[169]
- Splice
- from Middle Dutch splissen (="to splice") now splijten[170]
- Splinter
- from splinter[171]
- Split
- from Middle Dutch splitten[172]
- Spook
- from spook (="ghost(ly image)")[173]
- Spoor
- from both Afrikaans and Dutch spoor (="track"/"trail")
- Spray
- from Middle Dutch sprayen[174]
- Sprinkle
- from Middle Dutch/Middle Low German sprenkel (="spot, speck")[175]
- Spout
- related to Middle Dutch spoiten (="to spout"):
- Starboard
- from Dutch stuurboord
- Still life
- from Dutch stilleven[176]
- Stoker
- from stoken (="stoke a fire")[177]
- Stoop (steps)
- from stoep (=road up a dike, usually right-angled)[178]
- Stockfish
- from Dutch stokvis (= "stick fish")
- Stock
- from Dutch stok (= "stick"). The Dutch word stok, pronounced similarly, was a wooden stick with carvings taken out of it and then split in half, one half was kept at the stock exchange and the other half was proof that the owner owned a certain amount of stock in something.
- Stove
- from Middle Dutch stove (="heated room"). The Dutch word stoof, pronounced similarly, is a small (often wooden) box with holes in it. One would place glowing coals inside so it would emanate heat, and then put one's feet on top of it while sitting (in a chair) to keep one's feet warm.[179]
- Stripe
- from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German stripe (="stripe, streak"), now strip[180]
- Sutler
- from zoetelaar (="one who sweetens", sweetener, old-fashioned for "camp cook")[181]
- Swab
- From Dutch zwabber[182]
- Tackle
- from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German takel (="the rigging of a ship,") perhaps related to Middle Dutch taken (="grasp, seize")[183]
- Tattle
- probably from Middle Flemish tatelen (="to stutter,") parallel to Middle Dutch, Middle Low German, East Frisian tateren (="to chatter, babble,") possibly of imitative origin.[184]
- Tattoo (military term)
- from taptoe (literally "close the tap"). So called because police used to visit taverns in the evening to shut off the taps of casks.[185]
- Tickle
- from kietelen[186]
- Trek
- from Dutch trekken ("to march, journey") via Afrikaans[187]
- Trigger
- from trekker (Trekken ="to pull")[188]
- Tub
- from Middle Low German, Middle Dutch, or Middle Flemish tubbe, of uncertain origin. Now tobbe and wastobbe (=washing tub) [189]
- Upsy-daisy (baby talk extension of up)
- from late 17th century Dutch op zijn, and also occasionally as an adverb, "extremely"[190]
- Vang
- from Dutch vangen (=to catch)
- Veld
- from Cape Dutch veldt, now veld, used in South African English and in Dutch to describe a field
- Waffle (noun)
- from Dutch wafel, from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German wafel[191]
- Walrus
- from walrus[192]
- Wagon
- from Dutch wagen, Middle Dutch waghen (= "cart, carriage, wagon")[193]
- Wentletrap
- from Dutch wenteltrap: wentelen (= "winding, spiraling") and trap (= "stairway")
- Wiggle
- from wiggelen (= "to wobble, to wiggle") or wiegen (= "to rock")[194]
- Wildebeest
- from Dutch "wilde" (= "wild") and "beest" (= "beast")
- Witloof
- from Belgian Dutch witloof (literally wit "white" + loof "foliage"), Dutch witlof[195]
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- Yacht
- from Dutch jacht, short for jachtschip (literally "hunting ship")[196]
- Yankee
- from Jan Kees, a personal name, originally used mockingly to describe pro-French revolutionary citizens, with allusion to the small keeshond dog, then for "colonials" in New Amsterdam. This is not the only possible etymology for the word yankee, however; the Oxford English Dictionary has quotes with the term from as early as 1765, quite some time before the French Revolution. Nowadays it commonly refers to Americans from the United States.[197]
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