List of Columbiformes by population

This is a list of Columbiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology.

This list is not comprehensive, as not all Columbiformes have had their numbers quantified.

Species by global population

Common name	Binomial name	Population	Status	Trend	Notes	Image
Negros fruit dove	Ptilinopus arcanus	0-49[1]	CR[1]	Unknown[1]	Possibly extinct. Last specimen collected in 1953.[1]
Silvery pigeon	Columba argentina	1-49[2]	CR[2]	[2]	Preliminary maximum estimate; may be revised upwards.[2]
Sulu bleeding-heart	Gallicolumba menagei	1-49[3]	CR[3]	Unknown[3]	Maximum estimate; may be extinct. Last specimen was collected in 1891.[3]
Tooth-billed pigeon	Didunculus strigirostris	70-380[4]	CR[4]	[4]	Equal to 50-249 mature individuals.[4]
Mindoro bleeding-heart	Gallicolumba platenae	70-400[5]	CR[5]	[5]	Equal to 50-249 mature individuals.[5]
Negros bleeding-heart	Gallicolumba keayi	70-400[6]	CR[6]	[6]	Equal to 50-249 mature individuals.[6]
Purple-winged ground dove	Claravis geoffroyi	50-249[7]	CR[7]	[7]
Socorro dove	Zenaida graysoni	150[8]	EW[8]	N/A	Not recorded in the wild since 1972. Re-introductions are planned.[8]
Polynesian ground dove	Gallicolumba erythroptera	150[9]	CR[9]	[9]
Blue-eyed ground dove	Columbina cyanopis	110-260[10]	CR[10]	[10]	Equal to 50-249 mature individuals.[10]
Grenada dove	Leptotila wellsi	136-182[11]	CR[11]	[11]
Rapa fruit dove	Ptilinopus huttoni	145-273[12]	CR[12]	[12]	Roughly equal to 50-249 mature individuals.[12]
Marquesan imperial pigeon	Ducula galeata	300[13]	EN[13]	[13]	Minimum estimate. Equal to 200-249 mature individuals.[13]
Tawitawi brown dove	Phapitreron cinereiceps	350 – 1500[14]	EN[14]	[14]
Tuxtla quail-dove	Geotrygon carrikeri	350 – 1500[15]	EN[15]	[15]
White-fronted ground dove	Gallicolumba kubaryi	350 – 1500[16]	VU[16]	[16]
Pink pigeon	Nesoenas mayeri	360 – 395[17]	EN[17]	[17]
Makatea fruit dove	Ptilinopus chalcurus	444-2,200[18]	VU[18]	[18]	Equal to 300–1,500 mature individuals.[18]
Spotted imperial pigeon	Ducula carola	500-1,500[19]	VU[19]	[19]	Estimate for mature individuals requires confirmation from future surveys.[19]
Lilac-crowned fruit dove	Ptilinopus rarotongensis	560-3,400[20]	NT[20]	[20]	Equal to 250–4,999 mature individuals.[20]
Blue-headed quail-dove	Starnoenas cyanocephala	1,000 – 2499[21]	EN[21]	[21]	Population may be underestimated.[21]
Comoro green-pigeon	Treron griveaudi	1,000-2,499[22]	EN[22]	[22]	Estimate for mature individuals only.[22]
Mindoro imperial pigeon	Ducula mindorensis	1,000-2,499[23]	EN[23]	[23]	Equal to 600–1,700 mature individuals.[23]
Palau ground dove	Gallicolumba canifrons	1,000 – 2499[24]	NT[24]	[24]
Santa Cruz ground dove	Gallicolumba sanctaecrucis	1,000 – 2499[25]	EN[25]	[25]
Tolima dove	Leptotila conoveri	1,000 – 2499[26]	EN[26]	[26]
Raiatea fruit dove	Ptilinopus chrysogaster	1,000-2,499[27]	EN[27]	[27]	Estimate for mature individuals.[27]
Timor green pigeon	Treron psittaceus	1,000-3,000[28]	EN[28]	[28]	Preliminary estimate. Equal to 660–2,000 mature individuals.[28]
Chestnut-bellied imperial pigeon	Ducula brenchleyi	1,100-19,999[29]	NT[29]	[29]	Estimate for mature individuals.[29]
Polynesian imperial pigeon	Ducula aurorae	1,206[30]	EN[30]	[30]	Equal to 570–1,200 mature individuals.[30]
Marquesan ground dove	Gallicolumba rubescens	1,500[31]	VU[31]	[31]
Mindanao bleeding-heart	Gallicolumba crinigera	1,500-4,000[32]	VU[32]	[32]	Equal to 1,000-2,499 mature individuals.[32]
Plain pigeon	Patagioenas inornata	1,500 – 6100[33]	NT[33]	[33]
Andaman woodpigeon	Columba palumboides	2,500-9,999[34]	NT[34]	[34]	Estimate for mature individuals only.[34]
Black cuckoo-dove	Turacoena modesta	2,500 – 9999[35]	NT[35]	[35]
Comoros olive pigeon	Columba pollenii	2,500-9,999[36]	NT[36]	[36]	Equal to 1,500-7,000 mature individuals.[36]
Grey imperial pigeon	Ducula pickeringii	2,500-9,999[37]	VU[37]	[37]	Equal to 1,500-7,000 mature individuals.[37]
Grey-fronted quail-dove	Geotrygon caniceps	2,500 – 9999[38]	VU[38]	[38]
Victoria crowned pigeon	Goura victoria	2,500 – 9999[39]	VU[39]	[39]
Grey-green fruit dove	Ptilinopus purpuratus	2,500-9,999[40]	LC[40]	[40]	Estimate for mature individuals.[40]
Yellow-legged pigeon	Columba pallidiceps	2,500-9,999[41]	VU[41]	[41]	Estimate for mature individuals only.[41]
Vanuatu imperial pigeon	Ducula bakeri	2,500-23,000[42]	LC[42]	Unknown[42]	Estimate for mature individuals.[42]
Henderson island fruit dove	Ptilinopus insularis	3,000-4,000[43]	VU[43]	[43]	Estimate for mature individuals.[43]
Laurel pigeon	Columba junoniae	3,000-7,500[44]	NT[44]	[44]	Equal to 2,000-5,000 mature individuals.[44]
Silver-capped fruit dove	Ptilinopus richardsii	3,300-11,500[45]	LC[45]	[45]	Precautionary estimate for mature individuals.[45]
Carunculated fruit dove	Ptilinopus granulifrons	3,500-15,000[46]	VU[46]	[46]	Equal to 2,500-9,999 mature individuals.[46]
Flame-breasted fruit dove	Ptilinopus marchei	3,500 – 15,000[47]	VU[47]	[47]
Flores green pigeon	Treron floris	3,500-15,000[48]	VU[48]	[48]	Equal to 2,500-9,999 mature individuals.[48]
Maranon pigeon	Patagioenas oenops	3,500 – 15,000[49]	VU[49]	[49]
Sri Lanka wood pigeon	Columba torringtoniae	3,500-15,000[50]	VU[50]	[50]	Equal to 2,500-9,999 mature individuals.[50]
Mindanao brown dove	Phapitreron brunneiceps	3,500 – 15,000[51]	VU[51]	[51]
New Britain bronzewing	Henicophaps foersteri	3,500 – 15,000[52]	VU[52]	[52]
Nilgiri wood pigeon	Columba elphinstonii	3,500-15,000[53]	VU[53]	[53]	Equal to 2,500-9,999 mature individuals.[53]
Pemba green pigeon	Treron pembaensis	3,500-15,000[54]	VU[54]	[54]	Preliminary estimate. Equal to 2,500-9,999 mature individuals.[54]
Ring-tailed pigeon	Patagioenas caribaea	3,500 – 15,000[55]	VU[55]	[55]
Pale-capped pigeon	Columba punicea	3,500 – 15,000[56]	VU[56]	[56]	Equal to 2,500-9,999 mature individuals.[56]
Tongan ground dove	Gallicolumba stairi	3,500 – 15,000[57]	VU[57]	[57]
Western crowned pigeon	Goura cristata	3,500 – 15,000[58]	VU[58]	[58]
Wetar ground dove	Gallicolumba hoedtii	3,500 – 15,000[59]	EN[59]	[59]
Enggano imperial pigeon	Ducula oenothorax	3,500-15,000[60]	NT[60]	[60]	Equal to 2,500-9,999 mature individuals.[60]
Micronesian imperial pigeon	Ducula oceanica	3,800-18,200[61]	VU[61]	[61]	Equal to 2,500-12,200 mature individuals.[61]
São Tomé olive pigeon	Columba thomensis	3,893-5,497[62]	EN[62]	[62]	Equal to 2,600-3,700 mature individuals.[62]
Bolle's pigeon	Columba bollii	5,000-20,000[63]	LC[63]	[63]	Equal to 3,300-13,000 mature individuals.[63]
Mariana fruit dove	Ptilinopus roseicapilla	7,500-12,500[64]	NT[64]	[64]	Estimate for mature individuals.[64]
Trocaz pigeon	Columba trocaz	8,500 – 10,000[65]	LC[65]	[65]
Red-naped fruit dove	Ptilinopus dohertyi	9,100[66]	VU[66]	[66]	Equal to 6,000 mature individuals.[66]
Whistling fruit dove	Chrysoena viridis	10,000[67]	NT[67]	[67]	Minimum estimate. Equal to 6,700 mature individuals.[67]
Sumba green pigeon	Treron teysmannii	10,000-15,000[68]	NT[68]	[68]	Estimate for mature individuals.[68]
Buru green pigeon	Treron aromaticus	10,000-19,999[69]	NT[69]	[69]	Precautionary estimate for mature individuals.[69]
Azuero dove	Leptotila battyi	10,000 – 19,999[70]	VU[70]	[70]	Preliminary estimate.[70]
Southern crowned pigeon	Goura scheepmakeri	10,000 – 19,999[71]	VU[71]	[71]
Timor imperial pigeon	Ducula cineracea	10,000-19,999[72]	NT[72]	[72]	Equal to 6,000-15,000 mature individuals.[72]
Finsch's imperial pigeon	Ducula finschii	15,000-30,000[73]	NT[73]	[73]	Equal to 10,000-19,999 mature individuals.[73]
Large green pigeon	Treron capellei	10,000-19,999[74]	VU[74]	[74]	Preliminary estimate for mature individuals.[74]
Pied cuckoo-dove	Reinwardtoena browni	15,000 – 30,000[75]	NT[75]	[75]
Yellow-eyed pigeon	Columba eversmanni	15,000-30,000[76]	VU[76]	[76]	Equal to 10,000-19,999 mature individuals.[76]
Caribbean dove	Leptotila jamaicensis	20,000 – 49,999[77]	LC[77]	[77]
Maroon-chested ground dove	Claravis mondetoura	20,000 – 49,999[78]	LC[78]	[78]
Ochre-bellied dove	Leptotila ochraceiventris	20,000 – 49,999[79]	VU[79]	[79]
Christmas imperial pigeon	Ducula whartoni	35,000-66,000[80]	LC[80]	[80]	Estimate for mature individuals.[80]
São Tomé green pigeon	Treron sanctithomae	37,007-109,255[81]	EN[81]	[81]	Equal to 24,670-72,840 mature individuals.[81]
Grey-chested dove	Leptotila cassinii	50,000 – 499,999[82]	LC[82]	[82]
Buru mountain pigeon	Gymnophaps mada	50,000 – 99,000[83]	LC[83]	[83]
Short-billed pigeon	Patagioenas nigrirostris	50,000 – 499,999[84]	LC[84]	[84]
White-faced quail-dove	Geotrygon albifacies	50,000 – 499,999[85]	LC[85]	[85]
Yellowish imperial pigeon	Ducula subflavescens	57,000-373,000[86]	NT[86]	[86]	Equal to 38,000-249,000 mature individuals.[86]
Goliath imperial pigeon	Ducula goliath	100,000[87]	NT[87]	Unknown[87]
Partridge pigeon	Geophaps smithii	116,500[88]	LC[88]	[88]	Numbers are for mature individuals only. Divided into two subspecies: G. smithii smithi (108,000) & G. smithii blaauwi (8,500).[88]
Cloven-feathered dove	Drepanoptila holosericea	140,000[89]	NT[89]	Unknown[89]	Minimum estimate.[89]
Red-knobbed imperial pigeon	Ducula rubricera	150,000-750,000[90]	LC[90]	[90]	Tentative estimate equal to mature individuals.[90]
Spectacled imperial pigeon	Ducula perspicillata	500,000-999,000[91]	LC[91]	[91]
Blue ground dove	Claravis pretiosa	500,000-5,000,000[92]	LC[92]	[92]
Scaled pigeon	Patagioenas speciosa	500,000 – 4,999,999[93]	LC[93]	[93]
Zenaida dove	Zenaida aurita	500,000 – 4,999,999[94]	LC[94]	[94]
Stock dove	Columba oenas	1,400,000-2,600,000[95]	LC[95]	[95]	Very preliminary estimate for mature individuals based on European subpopulations.[95]
Pale-vented pigeon	Patagioenas cayennensis	5,000,000 – 50,000,000[96]	LC[96]	[96]
Plain-breasted ground dove	Columbina minuta	5,000,000 – 50,000,000[97]	LC[97]	[97]	Estimate for mature individuals only.[97]
Ruddy ground dove	Columbina talpacoti	5,000,000-50,000,000[98]	LC[98]	[98]	Estimate for mature individuals only.[98]
Ruddy quail-dove	Geotrygon montana	5,000,000 – 50,000,000[99]	LC[99]	[99]
Common ground dove	Columbina passerina	11,000,000[100]	LC[100]	[100]	Estimate for mature individuals only.[100]
European turtle dove	Streptopelia turtur	12,800,000 – 47,600,000[101]	VU[101]	[101]
Eurasian collared dove	Streptopelia decaocto	20,000,000 – 50,000,000[102]	LC[102]	[102]
Common wood pigeon	Columba palumbus	51,000,000-73,000,000[103]	LC[103]	[103]	Very preliminary estimate for mature individuals.[103]
Rock dove	Columba livia	260,000,000[104]	LC[104]	[104]
Mourning dove	Zenaida macroura	475,000,000[105]	LC[106]	[106]

See also

• Biology portal
• Birds portal

• Lists of birds by population
• Lists of organisms by population

References

1. IUCN (2016-10-01). "Ptilinopus arcanus: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22691568A93316693". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22691568a93316693.en.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url, |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
2. BirdLife International (2019). "Columba argentina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22690195A155300126. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22690195A155300126.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
3. IUCN (2021-06-29). "Gallicolumba menagei: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22691005A203927952". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021-06-29. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22691005a203927952.en.{{cite iucn}}: |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
4. IUCN (2016-10-01). "Didunculus strigirostris: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T22691890A156841404". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22691890a156841404.en.{{cite iucn}}: |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
5. IUCN (2016-10-01). "Gallicolumba platenae: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22690985A93298156". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22690985a93298156.en.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url, |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
6. IUCN (2020-08-11). "Gallicolumba keayi: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22690988A181469833". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-08-11. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22690988a181469833.en.{{cite iucn}}: |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
7. BirdLife International (2012). "Claravis geoffroyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-06.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
8. BirdLife International (2020). "Zenaida graysoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22690740A178409463. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690740A178409463.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
9. BirdLife International (2012). "Gallicolumba erythroptera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-06.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
10. IUCN (2019-02-26). "Columbina cyanopis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T22690804A145971767". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019-02-26. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2019-3.rlts.t22690804a145971767.en.{{cite iucn}}: |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
11. BirdLife International (2018). "Leptotila wellsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22690874A131031811. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22690874A131031811.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
12. IUCN (2018-08-07). "Ptilinopus huttoni: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22691470A131333951". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-07. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22691470a131333951.en.{{cite iucn}}: |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
13. IUCN (2016-10-01). "Ducula galeata: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22691674A93320826". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22691674a93320826.en.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url, |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
14. BirdLife International (2016). "Phapitreron cinereiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22691121A93303023. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691121A93303023.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
15. BirdLife International (2012). "Geotrygon carrikeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-06.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
16. BirdLife International (2012). "Gallicolumba kubaryi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-06.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
17. BirdLife International (2018). "Nesoenas mayeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22690392A131665077. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22690392A131665077.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
18. "Ptilinopus chalcurus: BirdLife International". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012-05-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2012-1.rlts.t22691485a38248243.en. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
19. "Ducula carola: BirdLife International". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2017-1.rlts.t22691634a110067690.en. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
20. IUCN (2021-02-10). "Ptilinopus rarotongensis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22691465A196449443". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021-02-10. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22691465a196449443.en.{{cite iucn}}: |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
21. BirdLife International (2020). "Starnoenas cyanocephala". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22690970A178419260. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690970A178419260.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
22. IUCN (2020-12-01). "Treron griveaudi: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22728176A191512211". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-12-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22728176a191512211.en.{{cite iucn}}: |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
23. IUCN (2016-10-01). "Ducula mindorensis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22691622A93318964". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22691622a93318964.en.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url, |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
24. BirdLife International (2012). "Gallicolumba canifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-06.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
25. BirdLife International (2012). "Gallicolumba sanctaecrucis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-06.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
26. BirdLife International (2020). "Leptotila conoveri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22690898A153948092. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690898A153948092.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
27. IUCN (2018-08-07). "Ptilinopus chrysogaster: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T60760066A131388042". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-07. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t60760066a131388042.en.{{cite iucn}}: |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
28. BirdLife International (2016). "Treron psittaceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22691186A93305310. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691186A93305310.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
29. IUCN (2021-02-06). "Ducula brenchleyi: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22691744A196153100". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021-02-06. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22691744a196153100.en.{{cite iucn}}: |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
30. IUCN (2017-10-01). "Ducula aurorae: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22691668A118663538". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2017-3.rlts.t22691668a118663538.en.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url, |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
31. BirdLife International (2012). "Gallicolumba rubescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-06.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
32. BirdLife International (2016). "Gallicolumba crinigera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22690991A93298783. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690991A93298783.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
33. BirdLife International (2020). "Patagioenas inornata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22690312A178305283. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690312A178305283.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
34. IUCN (2017-10-01). "Columba palumboides: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22690201A118217922". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2017-3.rlts.t22690201a118217922.en.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url, |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
35. BirdLife International (2017). "Turacoena modesta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22690609A111166273. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22690609A111166273.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
36. BirdLife International (2017). "Columba pollenii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22690152A118619451. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22690152A118619451.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
37. IUCN (2016-10-01). "Ducula pickeringii: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22691710A93322157". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22691710a93322157.en.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url, |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
38. BirdLife International (2020). "Geotrygon caniceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22729904A178317449. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22729904A178317449.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
39. BirdLife International (2016). "Goura victoria". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22691874A93326799. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691874A93326799.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
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46. IUCN (2016-10-01). "Ptilinopus granulifrons: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22691539A93315725". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22691539a93315725.en.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url, |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
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48. BirdLife International (2020). "Treron floris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22691170A177699445. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22691170A177699445.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
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51. BirdLife International (2016). "Phapitreron brunneiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22724523A94870482. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22724523A94870482.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
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55. BirdLife International (2020). "Patagioenas caribaea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22690281A178296493. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690281A178296493.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
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60. IUCN (2020-06-12). "Ducula oenothorax: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22725573A177351258". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-06-12. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22725573a177351258.en.{{cite iucn}}: |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
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65. BirdLife International (2017). "Columba trocaz". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22690112A118618501. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22690112A118618501.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
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67. IUCN (2016-10-01). "Chrysoena viridis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22691581A93317322". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22691581a93317322.en.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url, |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
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70. BirdLife International (2020). "Leptotila battyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22690868A178324856. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690868A178324856.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
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73. IUCN (2018-08-09). "Ducula finschii: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22691729A131926698". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-09. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22691729a131926698.en.{{cite iucn}}: |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
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81. IUCN (2020-06-01). "Treron sanctithomae: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22691227A176255708". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-06-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22691227a176255708.en.{{cite iucn}}: |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
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86. "Ducula subflavescens: BirdLife International". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021-02-09. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22691828a196316087.en. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
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88. IUCN (2021-12-06). "Geophaps smithii: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T22690689A211685260". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021-12-06. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2022-1.rlts.t22690689a211685260.en.{{cite iucn}}: |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
89. BirdLife International (2016). "Drepanoptila holosericea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22691585A93317580. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691585A93317580.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
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92. IUCN (2019-12-03). "Claravis pretiosa: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22690809A139734486". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019-12-03. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-3.rlts.t22690809a139734486.en.{{cite iucn}}: |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
93. BirdLife International (2020). "Patagioenas speciosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22690235A139234084. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690235A139234084.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
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96. BirdLife International (2016). "Patagioenas cayennensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22690290A93268503. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690290A93268503.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
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99. BirdLife International (2020). "Geotrygon montana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22690966A139747376. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690966A139747376.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
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101. BirdLife International (2019). "Streptopelia turtur". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22690419A154373407. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22690419A154373407.en. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
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103. IUCN (2018-08-09). "Columba palumbus: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22690103A131924602". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-09. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22690103a131924602.en.{{cite iucn}}: |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
104. BirdLife International (2019). "Columba livia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22690066A155493121. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690066A155493121.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite iucn}}: |volume= / |doi= mismatch, |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
105. Mirarchi, R.E., and Baskett, T.S. 1994. Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura). In The Birds of North America, No. 117 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, DC: The American Ornithologists' Union.
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