A heresy is a belief or doctrine that is considered to be false or erroneous by one or more Christian denominations, i.e. what is believed to be contrary to the teaching of Christianity. Heresies have been a major source of division and conflict within Christendom throughout its history. Christian churches have responded to heresies in a variety of ways, including through theological debate, excommunication, and even violence.[1] This is a list of some of the Christian heresies that have been condemned by one or more Christian Churches.
2nd century
| Docetism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief of Docetism holds that Jesus Christ did not have a real physical body, but only an apparent or illusory one.[2] |
| Montanism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | A movement that emphasizes the importance of prophecy and ecstatic experiences.[3] |
| Adoptionism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that Jesus Christ was not the Son of God from eternity, but was adopted by God at some point in his life.[4] |
| Valentinianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | A Gnostic heresy that taught that the world was created by a series of emanations from the supreme being. Valentinians believed that salvation came from knowledge of the true nature of the universe. |
| Sabellianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are not three distinct persons, but are simply different manifestations of the same divine being.[5] |
| Gnosticism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | A complex system of thought that teaches that the material world is evil and that salvation can be achieved through knowledge (gnosis).[6] |
| Marcionism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | A heresy that arose in the 2nd century AD. Marcionists believed that the God of the Old Testament was a different god from the God of the New Testament.[7] |
| Monarchianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | A heresy that taught that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit were all the same being. Monarchians were also known as Unitarians.[8] |
| Modalism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | Modalism is the belief that the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are three different modes of God, as opposed to a Trinitarian view of three distinct persons within the Godhead.[9] |
| Patripassianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that the Father and Son are not two distinct persons, and both God the Father and the Son suffered on the cross as Jesus.[10] |
| Psilanthropism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that Jesus is "merely human": and that he never became divine, or that he never existed prior to his birth as a man.[11] |
| Sethianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | Sethianism was a 2nd-century Gnostic movement that believed in a supreme God, Sophia, the Demiurge, and gnosis as the path to salvation.[12] |
| Basilideanism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | Basilideanism was a Gnostic Christian sect founded by Basilides of Alexandria. Basilidians believed that the material world was created by an evil demiurge and that the goal of salvation was to escape from this world and return to the spiritual realm.[13] |
3rd century
| Novatianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | A movement that arose in response to the persecution of Christians by the Roman Empire. Novatians believed that Christians who had lapsed during the persecution could not be forgiven.[14] |
4th century
| Arianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that Jesus Christ is not fully divine, but is a created being.[15] |
| Donatism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | A movement that arose in North Africa in the 4th century AD. Donatists believed that the Church had become corrupt and that only the Donatists were the true Christians.[16] |
| Apollinarianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that Jesus did not have a human mind or soul, but only a human body.[17] |
| Tritheism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that there are three gods, rather than one God in three persons.[18] |
| Collyridianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief is that the Trinity consists of the Father, Son, and Mary and that the Son results from the marital union between the other two.[19] |
| Binitarianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | Binitarianism is a Christian heresy that teaches that there are only two persons in the Godhead: the Father and the Son. The Holy Spirit is not considered to be a separate person, but rather an aspect of the Son or the Father.[20] |
| Subordinationism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | A heresy that teaches that the Son and the Holy Spirit are not co-equal with the Father. Subordinationists believe that the Son and the Holy Spirit are subordinate to the Father in either nature, role, or both.[21] |
| Anomoeanism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | A heresy that taught that Jesus was not fully divine, but was a created being. Anomoeans also believed that Christ could not be like God because he lacked the quality of self-existence.[22] |
| Antidicomarians | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches | Antidicomarians also called Dimoerites, were a Christian sect active from the 3rd to the 5th century who rejected the perpetual virginity of Mary. They were condemned by St. Epiphanius of Salamis in the 4th century.[23] |
5th century
| Nestorianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that Jesus Christ was two persons, the divine Son of God and the human Jesus of Nazareth. Nestorius said that the Virgin Mary is not the Mother of God (Theotokos) because she gave birth to the human part of Jesus, not the divine Son of God, and called her Christotokos. Nestorianism was condemned as a heresy by the Council of Ephesus (431)[24] |
| Pelagianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that humans can be saved by their own efforts, without the need for God's grace.[25] |
| Eutychianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that Christ is in one nature and of two, with the humanity of Christ subsumed by the divinity.[26] |
| Monophysitism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that Christ has only one nature, which is divine.[27] |
| Miaphysitism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, mainline Protestantism | The belief that Christ is fully divine and fully human, in one nature (physis).[28][29] |
6th century
| Three Chapters | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches | The "Three Chapters" were three "Nestorian" writings (The person and writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia, some writings of Theodoret of Cyrus, and an epistle by Ibas of Edessa to Maris). The Byzantine Emperor Justinian desired to reunite the Miaphysite and Chalcedonian Churches throughout Byzantium, and so anathematized the Three Chapters and commanded Byzantine bishops (which included at the time the Pope) to do so as well. Pope Vigilius however believed doing so would undermine the authority of Chalcedon, and so initially refused to do so. Eventually, after incarceration and deportation to Constantinople, he agreed to anathematize the Three Chapters and concur with the Emperor in December of 553.[30] |
7th century
| Iconoclasm | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches | Iconoclasm was a movement that arose in the Byzantine Empire in the 7th century. Iconoclasts believed that the veneration of icons was idolatry. The iconoclastic controversy lasted for centuries until the Council of Nicaea II in 787 when the veneration of icons was officially restored.[31] |
| Monothelitism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, mainline Protestantism | Monothelitism was a heresy that arose in the Byzantine Empire in the 7th century. Monothelites believed that Christ had only one will, which was divine.[32] |
| Paulicianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | Paulicianism was a heresy that arose in the 7th century. Paulicians believed that the material world is evil, and the only way to salvation is to reject it.[33] |
12th century
| Catharism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Church, mainline Protestantism | Catharism was a Christian dualist or Gnostic movement between the 12th and 14th centuries which thrived in Southern Europe, particularly in northern Italy and southern France.[34] |
15th Century
| Stephanism | Oriental Orthodox Churches | The Stephanites were a sect in Ethiopia which rejected veneration of icons, saints, and angels. The sect was subject to suppression on account of its rejection of the legendary origins of the Solomonic Dynasty. It greatly resembled later Protestant movements in Europe.[35] |
16th century
| Socinianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, mainline Protestantism | A heresy that denied the Trinity and the divinity of Jesus Christ. Socinians believed that Jesus was a human being who was inspired by God.[36] |
17th century
| Jansenism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, mainline Protestantism | A religious movement within the Catholic Church that arose in the 17th century. It was named after Cornelius Jansen, a Dutch theologian who wrote a book called "Augustinus" that argued that human beings are incapable of saving themselves by their own efforts and that salvation is entirely a matter of God's grace.[37] |
| Quietism | Catholic Church | A religious movement within the Catholic Church which held that Christians should do nothing so as to not impede God's active will, and that men ought to remain silent.[38] |
18th century
| Febronianism | Catholic Church | A religious movement within the Catholic Church that sought to make Catholicism more relevant to local cultures, reduce the power of the Pope, and reunite with Protestant Churches.[39] |
20th century
| Americanism | Catholic Church | A political and religious outlook attributed to some American Catholics and denounced as heresy by the Holy See.[40] |
| Feeneyism | Catholic Church | The rejection of the doctrines of Baptism of desire and Baptism of blood, on the grounds that they grant justification but are not sufficient for salvation. Named for Leonard Feeney, a Jesuit priest from Boston.[41] |
| Modernism | Catholic Church | The belief that all doctrines are subject to change, and that doctrines ought to change depending on the time and location. Condemned by Pope Pius X in the encyclical Pascendi Dominici Gregis.[42] |
References
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