List of Ayyubid rulers

The Ayyubid dynasty ruled many parts of the Middle East and North Africa in the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries. The following is a list of Ayyubid rulers by county/province.

Sultans of The Ayyubid Sultanate
Reconstruction of Saladin's personal standard, using a double headed eagle. The specific design of double headed eagle is taken from a coin of a later Ayyubid Sultan, Al-Adil I.
Details
Last monarch	Al-Muazzam Turanshah (Egypt) An-Nasir Yusuf (Syria) Adil Sulayman II (Hasankeyf)
Formation	1171
Abolition	1260/1340/1524
Residence	Cairo (1171-1250) Damascus (1174-1260 Hasankeyf (1232-1524)

Family tree of the Ayyubid dynasty.^[1]

Sultans of Egypt

See Rulers of Islamic Egypt.

#	Sultan		Start	End	Title	Fate
1	Saladin		10 September 1171	4 March 1193	Sultan	Died in office (In 1171, he abolished Fatimid dynasty and realigned the country's allegiance with Abbasid calips)
2	Al-Aziz	No picture available	4 March 1193	29 November 1198	Sultan	Died
3	Al-Mansur	No picture available	29 November 1198	February 1200	Sultan	Deposed
4	Al-Adil I		February 1200	31 August 1218	Sultan	Died
5	Al-Kamil		2 September 1218	8 March 1238	Sultan	Died
6	Al-Adil II	No picture available	8 March 1238	31 May 1240	Sultan	Deposed by his brother and successor Salih
7	As-Salih Ayyub	No picture available	1 June 1240	21 November 1249	Sultan	Died
-	Shajar al-Durr		21 November 1249	27 February 1250	Regent	Abdicated
8	Turanshah		27 February 1250	2 May 1250	Sultan	Assassinated by the Mamluks
9	Al-Ashraf Musa	No picture available	1250	1254	Co-sultan with Aybak	Dethroned / custody

Sultans and Emirs of Damascus

See Rulers of Damascus.

• Saladin, 1174–1193
• Al-Afdal, son of Saladin, 1193–1196
• Al-Adil I, brother of Saladin, 1196–1218
• Al-Mu'azzam (Sharaf al-Din) Isa, son of al-Adil I, 1218–1227
• An-Nasir Dawud, son of al-Mu'azzam Isa, 1227–1229
• Al-Ashraf Musa, son of al-Adil I, 1229–1237
• As-Salih Ismail, son of al-Adil I, 1237–1238
• Al-Kamil, son of al-Adil I, 1238
• Al-Adil Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr II (al-Adil II), son of al-Kamil, 1238–1239
• As-Salih Ayyub, son of al-Adil I, 1239
• As-Salih Ismail (second rule), 1239–1245
• As-Salih Ayyub (second rule), 1245–1249
• Al-Muazzam Turanshah, son of as-Salih Ayyub, 1249–1250
• An-Nasir Yusuf, son of al-Aziz Muhammad, 1250–1260.

Takeover by Mongols, and then Mamluks following the battle of Ain Jalut, 1260.

Family Tree of the Rulers of Damascus

Ayyubid Dynasty

Al-Afdal Najm al-Din Ayyub Al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf (1) r. 1174-1193 Al-Adil Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr I (3) r. 1196-1218 Al-Afdal Ali (2) r. 1193-1196 Al-Zahir Ghiyath al-Din Ghazi Aleppo r. 1193-1216 Al-Kamil Nasir al-Din Muhammad (8) r. 1238 Al-Mu'azzam Sharaf al-Din Isa (4) r. 1218-1227 Al-Ashraf Musa (6) r. 1229-1237 Al-Salih Imad al-Din Isma'il (7) r. 1237, 1239–1245 Al-Aziz Muhammad Aleppo r. 1216-1232 Al-Adil Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr II (9) r. 1238-1239 Al-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub (10) r. 1239, 1245-1249 Al-Nasir Dawud (5) r. 1227-1229 An-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf (12) r. 1250-1260 Al-Mu'azzam Ghayath al-Din Turanshah (11) r. 1249-1250

Emirs of Aleppo

See Rulers of Aleppo.

Portrait	Epithet	Name	Sultan From	Sultan Until	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Notes	Title
	Al-Nasir Salah al-Din	Yusuf I	1183	1193	• Married Mahmud III Widow		Sultan of Halab
	Al-Zahir	Ghazi	1193	1216	• Son of Salah al-Din		Sultan of Halab
	Al-Aziz	Muhammad	1216	1236	• Son of Al-Zahir Ghazi		Sultan of Halab
	Al-Nasir	Yusuf II	1236	1260	• Son of Al-Aziz	Regency council from 1236 to 1242, de facto regency of Dayfa Khatun[2] Also sultan of Damascus	Sultan of Halab

Takeover by Mongols, and then Mamluks following the battle of Ain Jalut, 1260.

Emirs of Baalbek

See Baalbek, Middle Ages.

• Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muqaddam (non-dynastic, former governor of Damascus), appointed by Saladin, 1175–1178
• Turan-Shah, brother of Saladin, 1178–1179
• Farrukh Shah, nephew of Saladin, 1179–1182
• Bahram Shah, son of Farrukh Shah, 1182–1230
• Al-Ashraf Musa, son of al-Adil I, 1230–1237
• As-Salih Ismail, brother of al-Ashraf Musa, 1237–1246
• Saʿd al-Din al-Humaidi (non-dynastic, appointed by as-Salih Ayyub), 1246–1249
• Al-Muazzam Turanshah, son of al-Salih Ayyub, 1249–1250
• An-Nasir Yusuf, as sultan of Aleppo and Damascus, son of al-Aziz Muhammad, 1250–1260.

Takeover by Mongols, and then Mamluks following the battle of Ain Jalut, 1260.

Emirs of Hama

See Hama, Muslim Rule.

• Al-Muzaffar I Umar, son of Nur ad-Din Shahanshah (brother of Saladin), 1178–1191
• Al-Mansur I Muhammad, son of al-Muzaffar Umar, 1191–1221
• Al-Nasir Kilij Arslan, son of al-Mansur Muhammad, 1221–1229
• Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud, son of al-Mansur Muhammad, 1229–1244
• Al-Mansur II Muhammad, son of al-Muzaffar II Mahmud, 1244–1284
• [Vassals to Mamluk sultans after 1260]
• Al-Muzaffar III Mahmud, son of al-Mansur II Muhammad, 1284–1299
• [Ruled by emirs of Mamluk sultan al-Nasir Muhammad, 1299–1310]
• Abu al-Fida, son of Malik ul-Afdal (brother of al-Mansur II Muhammad), 1310–1332
• Al-Afdal Muhammad, son of Abu al-Fida, 1332–1341.

Formal takeover by Mamluk sultanate in 1341.

Emirs of Homs

See Homs, Seljuk, Ayyubid and Mamluk Rule.

• Muhammad ibn Shirkuh, son of Shirkuh (uncle of Saladin), 1178–1186
• Al-Mujahid Shirkuh, son of Muhammad ibn Shirkuh, 1186–1240
• Al-Mansur Ibrahim, son of al-Mujahid Shirkuh, 1240–1246
• Al-Ashraf Musa, son of al-Mansur Ibrahim, 1246–1248 (Homs), 1248–1260 (Tell Bashir)
• An-Nasir Yusuf, as sultan of Aleppo and Damascus, son of al-Aziz Muhammad, 1250–1260
• Al-Ashraf Musa (second rule), 1260–1263.

Directly ruled by Mamluks under Alam al-Din Sanjar al-Bashqirdi, assigned by Baibars, sultan of Egypt and Syria, from 1263.

Emirs of Hisn Kaifa

See Hisn Kaifa, Ayyubid and Mongols.

• As-Salih Ayyub, son of al-Kamil, 1232–1239
• Al-Mu'azzam Turanshah, son of as-Salih Ayyub, 1239–1249
• Muwahhid Taqiyya ad-Din Abdullah, son of al-Mu'azzam Turanshah, 1249–1294
• Kamil Ahmad I, 1294–1325
• Adil Mujir ad-Din Muhammad, 1325–1328
• Adil Shahab ad-Din, 1328–1349 (Meinecke gives this ruler as al-ʿĀdil Ghāzī, 1341–1367)^[3]
• Salih Abu-Bakr Khalil I, 1349–1378
• Adil Fakhr ad-Din Sulayman I, 1378-1432 (Meinecke gives this ruler as al-ʿĀdil Sulaimān, 1377–1424)^[3]
• Ashraf Sharaf ad Din, 1432–1433
• Salih Salah ad-Din, 1433–1452
• Kamil Ahmad II, 1452–1455
• Adil Khalif, 1455–1462
• Salih Khalil II, 1482–1511
• Adil Sulayman II, 1511–1514
• Salih Khalil II (second rule), 1514–1520
• Malik Hussayn, 1520–1521
• Adil Sulayman II (second rule), 1521–1524.

Takeover by the Ottoman Empire in 1524.

Emirs of al-Karak

Also referred to as governors of Transjordan.^[4] See al-Karak, Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk Periods.

• Saladin, 1188
• Al-Adil I, brother of Saladin, 1188-1193
• Al-Mu'azzam Isa, son of al-Adil I, 1193–1227
• An-Nasir Dawud, son of al-Mu'azzam Isa, 1229–1249
• Al-Mughith 'Umar, son of al-Adil II, 1249–1263.

Taken by Mamluks under Baibars, sultan of Egypt and Syria, in 1263.

Emirs of Al-Jazirah

See Upper Mesopotamia & Al-Jazirah.

• Saladin, 1185–1193
• Al-Adil I, brother of Saladin, 1193–1200
• Al-Awhad Ayyub, son of al-Adil I, 1200–1210
• Al-Ashraf Musa, son of al-Adil I, 1210–1220
• Al-Muzaffar Ghazi, son of al-Adil I, 1220–1244
• Al-Kamil (II) Muhammad, son of al-Muzaffar Ghazi, 1244–1260.

Taken by Mongols in 1260.

Emirs of Yemen and Hejaz

See Yemen, Ayyubid Conquest.

• Turan-Shah, brother of Saladin, 1173–1181
• Tughtakin ibn Ayyub, brother of Saladin, 1181–1197
• Al-Mu'izz Fath ud-Din Isma'il, son of Tughtakin ibn Ayyub, 1197–1202
• An-Nasir Muhammed ibn Tughtakin ibn Ayyub, son of Tughtakin ibn Ayyub, 1202–1214
• Al-Muzaffar Sulayman, son of Al-Mansur I Muhammad, 1214–1215
• Al-Mas'ud Yusuf, son of Al-Kamil, 1215–1229.

Takeover by Rasulid dynasty of Yemen in 1229.

Emirs of Banyas

See Banyas.

• Al-Aziz 'Uthman, son of al-Adil I 1218–1232.
• Al-Zahir Ghazi, son of al-'Aziz 'Uthman 1232–1232.
• Al-Sa'id Hasan, son of al-'Aziz 'Uthman 1232–1247.
• As-Salih Ayyub, son of al-Kamil (dependency of Egypt) 1247–1249.
• An-Nasir Yusuf, son of al-Aziz Muhammad (dependency of Damascus) 1250-?.
• Al-Sa'id Hasan b. al-'Aziz (second reign; d. 658) 1260–1260.

References

1. Lane-Poole, Stanley (1894), "Ayyūbids", The Mohammadan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions, Westminster: Archibald Constable and Company, pp. 74–79, OCLC 1199708
2. According to Stephen Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260 (State University of New York Press, 1977), p. 229, the council consisted of the emirs Shams al-Dīn Luʾluʾ al-Amīnī and ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿUmar ibn Mujallī, the vizier Ibn al-Qifṭī and Dayfa Khatun's representative, Jamāl al-Dawla Iqbāl al-Khātūnī.
3. Meinecke 1996, p. 66.
4. Wolff, Robert L. and Hazard, H. W., A History of the Crusades: Volume Two, The Later Crusades 1187-1311, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1977, pg. 814

Sources

• Bosworth, C.E. (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Columbia University Press, pp. 70-75.
• Humphreys, R.S. (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193-1260. New York: SUNY press. pp. 381–386. ISBN 0-87395-263-4.
• Lane-Poole, Stanley (1894), "Ayyūbids", The Mohammadan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions, Westminster: Archibald Constable and Company, pp. 74–79, OCLC 1199708
• Meinecke, Michael (1996), "3. Hasankeyf/Ḥiṣn Kaifā on the Tigris: A Regional Center on the Crossroad of Foreign Influences", Patterns of Stylistic Changes in Islamic Architecture: Local Traditions Versus Migrating Artists, New York University Press, ISBN 9780814754924