List of African American newspapers in Tennessee

This is a list of African American newspapers that have been published in Tennessee. It includes both current and historical newspapers.

A front page of the Maryville Republican from 1867.

More than 100 such papers have been published in Tennessee.^[1] The first was The Colored Tennessean, first published in Nashville on April 29, 1865.^[2]

Newspapers currently in publication are highlighted in green in the list below.

Newspapers

City	Title	Beginning	End	Frequency	Call numbers	Remarks
Athens	Watchman	1891[3]	1895[3]
Chattanooga	The Chattanooga Advocate	1915[4]	1900s[4]	Weekly[4]	LCCN sn98069675 OCLC 38450720
Chattanooga	Blade[3] Chattanooga Weekly Blade[5]	1898[3]	1916[3]	Weekly[5]	LCCN sn98069759 OCLC 38790001
Chattanooga	Citizen	1947[3]	1947[3]
Chattanooga	Colored Citizen	1908[3]	1911[3]
Chattanooga	Chattanooga Courier	1990s[6]	1990s[6]	Weekly[6]	LCCN sn98069740 OCLC 38528544
Chattanooga	Defender	1917[3]	1937[3]
Chattanooga	The Chattanooga Enterprise	1969[7]	1900s[7]	Weekly[7]	LCCN sn98069739 OCLC 38528548
Chattanooga	Freeman	1896[3]	1897[3]
Chattanooga	Harambee	1974[3]	1974[3]
Chattanooga	Independent Tribune	1886[3]	1886[3]
Chattanooga	Industrial Searchlight	1899[3]	1903[3]
Chattanooga	Journal	1973[3]	1974[3]
Chattanooga	Justice	1887[8]	1887[3]	Weekly[8]	LCCN 2012254032, sn83025741 OCLC 773215976, 9772116	Published by Horn, Wilson & Co.[9]
Chattanooga	News Weekly Chattanooga News Weekly (1986–1989)[10]	1986[10]	1994[11]	Weekly[11]	LCCN sn98069727, sn98069725 OCLC 38530795, 38530821
Chattanooga	Sun	1913[12]	1915[12]
Chattanooga	National Democracy	1918[12]	1921[12]
Chattanooga	Chattanooga News Chronicle Chattanooga Chronicle		current	Weekly		Official site
Chattanooga	The Chattanooga North Star	1982[13]	1980s[13]	Weekly[13]	LCCN sn98069729 OCLC 38528862
Chattanooga	Observer	1890[12]	1895[12]			Distinct from later Observer in 20th century.[12]
Chattanooga	Chattanooga Observer	1927[12] or 1928?[14]	1966[12]	Weekly[14]	LCCN sn98069710 OCLC 38528642
Chattanooga	Radiance	1978[12]	1978[12]
Chattanooga	Southern American	1884[12]	1887[12]
Chattanooga	Tribune	1928[12]	1931[12]
Clarksville	News Herald	1913[12]	1917[12]
Clarksville	Negro Index	1901[12]	1903[12]
Clarksville	Sun	1950s[15]	1950s[15]
Columbia	Headlight	1893[15]	1895[15]
Columbia	Columbia Index	1901[16]	1900s[16]	Monthly newspaper[16]	LCCN sn96091100 OCLC 35671455
Fayetteville	Advocate	1900[15]	1905[15]
Fayetteville	Rising Sun	1895[15]	1899[15]
Franklin	The Black Perspective Inside/Out	1981[17]	1980s[17]	Monthly newspaper[17]	LCCN sn2001062217 OCLC 46326397	Edited by Robert W. Blair.[17]
Gallatin	The Major	1905[15]	1914[15]	Twice monthly[18]	LCCN sn00063979 OCLC 44422728	Attested from at least 1906.[18]
Jackson	Afro-American Sentinel[19] The Afro-American Sentinel[20]	1890[19]	1890[15]	Weekly[19]	LCCN sn97065526 OCLC 38055132
Jackson	Afro-American Standard	1903[15]	1906[15]
Jackson	Community Focus	1985[21]	1987[21]	Weekly[21]	LCCN sn97065547 OCLC 38065912	Edited by Martha Robinson.[21]
Jackson	Gazette	1910[15]	1912[15]
Jackson	The Jackson Headlight	1899[15] or 1900[22]	1900[15]	Weekly[23]	LCCN sn83025727 OCLC 2747574, 9765547
Jackson	The Metro Forum	1989[24]	?	Weekly[24]	LCCN sn97065546 OCLC 28689123	Edited by Bill Marable. Published by Bobby Lee.[24] Attested through at least 1993.[24]
Jackson	News	1906[15]	1907[15]
Knoxville	Knoxville Bulletin	1881[25]	?			Founded by William F. Yardley.[25]
Knoxville	Knoxville Crusader	1963[26]	?[26]	Weekly[26]		Edited by G.J. Hill.[26]
Knoxville	The East Tennessee News	1906[15] or 1908?[27]	1948[15]	Weekly[27]		Published by Webster L. Porter.[27]
Knoxville	The Enlightener	1989[28]	1990s[28]	Weekly[28]	LCCN sn99065874 OCLC 42677301
Knoxville	Enquirer	1939?[29]	1939?[29]
Knoxville	The Knoxville Examiner	1982[30]	?	Biweekly[30]	LCCN sn2001062127 OCLC 9395339
Knoxville	The Examiner	1878[25]	1878[29]			Founded by William F. Yardley.[25] Free online archive (one issue)
Knoxville	The Knoxville Express	1982[31]	1982[31]	Biweekly[31]	LCCN sn2001062107 OCLC 46313372	Edited by R.J. Booker.[31]
Knoxville	Flashlight Herald	1931[29]	1963[29]
Knoxville	Gleaner	1891[29]	1900[29]			Founded by printer and attorney James Leonard Smith.[32]
Knoxville	Herald	1927[29]	1935[29]
Knoxville	Independent Call	1952[29]	1961[29]
Knoxville	Keyana	1974[33]	1974[33]	Weekly[33]
Knoxville	The Keyana Spectrum	1974[34]	1975[33]	Weekly[34]	LCCN sn97065166 OCLC 36285544
Knoxville	Messenger	1908[33]	1910[33]
Knoxville	Monitor	1944[33]	1954[33]
Knoxville	The Knoxville Negro World[35] Negro World[36] The Weekly Negro World[37]	1887[36] or 1888[38]	1895[36] or 1892[33]	Biweekly[36] or weekly[35]	LCCN sn83025748, sn83025753, sn83025767, 2013254339, 2013254338 OCLC 846503914, 846496571, 2753698, 2775113, 2775150, 7263300, 9773383, 9773422, 9773722	Published by Patterson Brothers & Co.[36]
Knoxville	New South	1887[39]	1895[39]
Knoxville	Public Guide	1934[39]	1938[39]
Knoxville	Review	1904[39]	1910[39]
Knoxville	The Righteous Tribe	1973[40]	?[40]	Biweekly[40]	LCCN sn2001062119 OCLC 46839615
Knoxville	The Knoxville Spectrum	1974[41] or 1975[39]	1975[41]	Weekly[41]	LCCN sn97065167 OCLC 36285625
Knoxville	Times	1964[39]	1966[39]
Knoxville	Voice	1949[39]	1949[39]
Liberty	Afro-American	1899[39]	1902[39]
Maryville	Blount County Democrat Democrat	1879[39]	1882[39]
Maryville	The Maryville Monitor	1872[42]	1874[42]	Monthly newspaper[42]	LCCN sn85042538 OCLC 12633967	Published by W.B. Scott & Co.[42]
Maryville	Maryville Republican The Republican	1867[43]	1878[43] or 1877[39]	Weekly[43]	LCCN 2013218970, sn83025728, 2013218987, sn96091618 OCLC 861797060, 9765605, 192107390, 35070847 ISSN 2331-3196, 2331-320X, 2331-026X, 2331-0278	Free online archives: Maryville Republican (1867–1870, 1876–1877); The Republican (1873–1875)
Memphis	African American Voice	1994?[44]	?[44]	Monthly newspaper[44]	OCLC 30905526
Memphis	Afro-American	1895[45]	1895[45]
Memphis	Bluff City News The Bluff City News[46]	1902[45] or 1903[47] or 1904?[46]	1920[45]	Weekly[47]	LCCN sn99063202 OCLC 40742314	"The official organ of the National Negro Bankers Association."[47]
Memphis	Colored Citizen	1900[45]	1921[45]
Memphis	Dublin Weekly Bulletin	1920[48]	1922[48]
Memphis	The Greater Memphis & Mid-South Silver Star News	1980s[49]	1998[49]	Weekly[49]	LCCN sn98069854 OCLC 39760189
Memphis	Head and Hand	1902?[48]	1902?[48]
Memphis	Headlight	1886[48]	1888[48]
Memphis	Memphis Free Speech and Headlight Memphis Free Speech	1888[50]	1892[51]			Edited by Ida B. Wells starting in 1889.[52] Received national attention for its coverage of the People's Grocery lynchings in 1892.[51] No copies survive.[51]
Memphis	Index	1923[48]	1936[48]
Memphis	The Jerusalem Chronicle	1990[53]	current	Monthly[53]	OCLC 28510624	Official feed Edited by Yehoshaphat Ben Israel.[53]
Memphis	Journal	1936[48]	1938[48]
Memphis	Mid-South Express	1979[48]	1980s[54]	Weekly[54]	LCCN sn98069864 OCLC 39891897	Published by M. Latroy A. Williams Publishing Co.[54]
Memphis	The Mid-South Tribune	1996[55]		Weekly[55]	LCCN sn2005062331 OCLC 52074108
Memphis	Mid-Weekly Progress	1905[48]	1910[48]
Memphis	The Moon Illustrated Weekly	1905[56] or 1906[48]	1906[56]	Weekly[56]	LCCN sn91028333 OCLC 6429985	Published by Ed L. Simon & Co. Edited by W.E.B. DuBois.[56]
Memphis	The New Tri-State Defender	1961[57]	1967[57]	Weekly[57]	LCCN 00225459 OCLC 43855974
Memphis	Outlook	1902[48]	1906 + 1920s[48]
Memphis	Record	1920[48]	1922[48]
Memphis	Scimitar	1898[58]	1900[58]
Memphis	The Memphis Sentinel	1940[59]	1900s[59]	Weekly[59]	LCCN sn2003062313 OCLC 53897427
Memphis	Signal	1901[58]	1916[58]
Memphis	The Memphis Silver Star News	1980s[60]	1989[60]	Weekly[60]	LCCN sn98069853 OCLC 39760107
Memphis	Star Times	1954[58]	1957[58]
Memphis	Sun	1913[58]	1913[58]
Memphis	Times	1918[58]	1937[58]
Memphis	The Times-Herald	1959[61]	1900s[61]	Weekly[61]	LCCN sn2003062305 OCLC 53895820
Memphis	Tri-State Defender[62] The Tri-State Defender[63]	1951[62]	current	Weekly[62]	LCCN sn83045432, 00225460 OCLC 43855926, 9578018	Official site
Memphis	The Tri-state Tribune	1920s[64] or 1930[58]	1932[58]	Weekly[64]	LCCN sn93059243 OCLC 27776413
Memphis	Memphis Triangle	1920s[65] or 1930[58]	1932[58]	Weekly[65]	LCCN 2013254317 OCLC 664611317	Billed as the "[l]argest circulated Negro weekly newspaper in the Mid-South."[65]
Memphis	Memphis Watchman	1884?[66]	1889?[66]	Weekly[66]		Edited by J. Thomas Turner.[66]
Memphis	Weekly Planet	1872[58]	1872[58]	Weekly
Memphis	Memphis World	1931[67]	1972[58]	Twice weekly[67] or weekly[68]	LCCN sn83025697 OCLC 9750336
Morristown	Reporter	1920[69]	1921[69]
Murfreesboro	The Murfreesboro News	1954[70] or 1956[69]	1966[69]	Monthly newspaper[70]	OCLC 36168311	Published by Pearl Wade.[70]
Murfreesboro	The Murfreesboro Union	1920[71]	1900s[71]	[71]	LCCN 2013254328, sn96091136 OCLC 36001549, 664611329	Attested through at least 1939.[71]
Nashville	780 Countdown	1962[72]	1964[72]
Nashville	The Block Bulletin	1947[73] or 1950[69]	1950s[74]	Monthly newspaper[73]	LCCN sn97065571 OCLC 38124458	Published by Solid Block. Edited by George W. Harvey.[73]
Nashville	Capitol City Defender[75] Capital City Defender[69]	1963[75]	1965[69]	Twice monthly[75]	LCCN sn89080014 OCLC 22355703	Published by H.C. Savage.[75]
Nashville	Citizen	1893[69]	1905[69]
Nashville	The City Examiner	1960[69] or 1962[76]	1962?[76]	Weekly[76]	LCCN sn89080028 OCLC 22369703	Published and edited by Mrs. W.A. Mason.[76]
Nashville	Nashville Clarion	1896[77] or 1902[69]	1937[69]	Weekly[77]	LCCN sn86071216 OCLC 13301050	Attested through at least 1931.[77]
Nashville	The Colored Tennessean	1865[78]	1866[78] or 1867[69]	Weekly[78]	LCCN 2011254352 OCLC 747721291	First African American newspaper in Tennessee, first published April 29, 1865. Founded by William B. Scott.
Nashville	The Nashville Commentator	1948[79]	1971[80]	Weekly[79]	LCCN sn88061123 OCLC 18003980
Nashville	Corner Stone	1881[80]	1892[80]
Nashville	The Nashville Defender	1938[81]	1943[80]	Weekly[81]	LCCN sn89080026 OCLC 22369434	Edited by D.J. Fabree.[81]
Nashville	The Ebony Gazette	1975[82]	1976[80]	Weekly[82]	LCCN sn89080015 OCLC 22355796	Edited by Norman G. Simons.[82]
Nashville	Emigration Herald	1879[80]	1879[80]
Nashville	Free Lance	1885[80]	1887[80]
Nashville	Nashville Globe And Independent[83] The Nashville Globe and Independent[84]	1930s[83]	1960[85]	Weekly[84]	LCCN sn86071168 OCLC 13227300	Formed by the merger of the Nashville Globe and Nashville Independent.[83]
Nashville	The Nashville Globe	1906[86]	1930s[86]	Weekly[86]	LCCN 2014218453, sn86064259 OCLC 13744970, 881287661 ISSN 2373-4892, 2373-4906	Free online archive Merged with the Nashville Independent to form the Nashville Globe and Independent.[86]
Nashville	The Herald Examiner	1976[87]	1976[85]	Biweekly[87] or irregular[88]	LCCN sn2002062623 OCLC 50137872	Published by Robert J. Sye.[87]
Nashville	Herald and Pilot	1879[85]	1879[85]
Nashville	Independence News	1972[89]	?[89]	Biweekly[89]		Published by the Nashville Urban League.[89]
Nashville	Nashville Independent	1929[85] or 1931[90]	1938[85]	Weekly[90]	LCCN sn89080023 OCLC 22369421	Merged with Nashville Globe to become the Nashville Globe and Independent.[91]
Nashville	Metropolitan	1979[85]	1979[85]
Nashville	Metropolitan Times	1980[92]	1997[93]	Weekly[92]	LCCN sn00063928 OCLC 29736253	Published by Latham Communications, Inc. Edited by Bruce Honick.[93]
Nashville	Metropolitan Weekly	1980[94]	1980s[94]	Irregular[94]	LCCN sn96091090 OCLC 35332442
Nashville	The Mid-State Observer	1978[95]	1970s[85]	Weekly[95] or irregular[96]	LCCN sn96091078 OCLC 35332404	Published by The Eagle Press. Edited by Lou Taylor.[95]
Nashville	Neighborhood Times	1959[97]	1962[97]	Monthly newspaper (two summer months combined)[97]	LCCN sn96091079 OCLC 5516773
Nashville	News	1914[85]	1918[85]
Nashville	Nashville News-Star	1960[98]	1961[85]	Weekly[98]	LCCN sn89080030 OCLC 22369762
Nashville	Palladium	1883[85]	1909[85]
Nashville	Nashville P.R.I.D.E[99] Nashville Pride[100]	1988[100]	current	Weekly[99]	LCCN sn2002062624 OCLC 29840361	Official site Founded by Larry Davis and Cynthia Hodge.[101]
Nashville	The Nashville Sun	1950[102]	?[102]	Weekly[102]	LCCN sn89080027 OCLC 22369636	Published by Central Southern Publishing Co., Inc. Edited by L.D. Williams (1950) and W.N. Daniel (1951).[102]
Nashville	The Tennessean[103] The Colored Tennessean[104]	1865[104] or 1866[103]	1867[103] or 1866[104]	Weekly[103]	LCCN sn83025745, sn83025746 OCLC 2623202, 2775341, 9773024, 9773080	Published by Scott, Waring and Co. Edited by W.B. Scott.[103]
Nashville	The Tennessee Star	1886[105]	1891[105]	Weekly[105]	LCCN sn83025747 OCLC 2775369, 9773331	Edited by George T. Robinson.[105]
Nashville	Sun	1950[72]	1951[72]
Nashville	Times Mirror Tennessee	1997[106]	1998[106]	Weekly[106]	LCCN sn00063927 OCLC 38507603
Nashville	Tribune	1912[72]	1913[72]
Nashville	The Tennessee Tribune	1992[107]	current	Weekly[107]	LCCN sn93002386, sn9302386 OCLC 27259983 ISSN 1067-5280	Official site
Nashville	Uplift	1973[72]	1976[72]
Nashville	The Urban Journal	1998[108]	?	Weekly[108]	LCCN sn98002469 OCLC 39925470 ISSN 1521-9038
Nashville	Weekly Pilot	1878 / 1879[72]	1879 / 1879[72]
Nashville	Nashville World	1932[72]	1938[72]	Weekly[109]	LCCN sn89080025 OCLC 22369425
Nashville	Yours	1949[72]	1949[72]
Paris	Headlight	1909[72]	1911[72]
Winchester	Negro Enterprise	1899[72]	1900[72]

See also

• List of African American newspapers and media outlets
• List of African American newspapers in Alabama
• List of African American newspapers in Arkansas
• List of African American newspapers in Georgia
• List of African American newspapers in Kentucky
• List of African American newspapers in Mississippi
• List of African American newspapers in Missouri
• List of African American newspapers in North Carolina
• List of African American newspapers in Virginia
• List of newspapers in Tennessee

Works cited

• Brown, Karen Fitzgerald (1982). The Black Press of Tennessee: 1865-1980 (Ph.D. thesis). University of Tennessee.
• Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674007888.
• Shannon, Samuel (1983). "Tennessee". In Suggs, Henry Lewis (ed.). The Black Press in the South, 1865–1979. ISBN 9780313222443.

References

1. Brown 1982, p. 9.
2. Shannon 1983, p. 313.
3. Brown 1982, p. 197.
4. "About The Chattanooga advocate. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1915-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
5. "About Chattanooga weekly blade. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
6. "About Chattanooga courier. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 199?-199?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
7. "About The Chattanooga enterprise. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1969-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
8. "About Justice. [online resource] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1887-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
9. "About Justice. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1887-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
10. "About Chattanooga news weekly. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1986-1989". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
11. "About News weekly. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1989-1994". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
12. Brown 1982, p. 198.
13. "About The Chattanooga north star. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1982-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
14. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 145, ¶ 1504.
15. Brown 1982, p. 199.
16. "About Columbia index. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 1901-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
17. "About The black perspective inside/out. ([Franklin, Tenn.]) 1981-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
18. "About The major. (Gallatin, Tenn.) 190?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
19. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 26, ¶ 259.
20. "About The Afro-American sentinel. (Jackson, Tenn.) 1890-189?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
21. "About Community focus. (Jackson, Tenn.) 1985-1987". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
22. "About The Jackson headlight. [volume] (Jackson, Tenn.) 1900-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
23. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 309, ¶ 3244.
24. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 360, ¶ 3770.
25. Lewis L. Laska (2018-03-01). "William F. Yardley". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2020-02-09. In 1878 Yardley was the publisher and editor of Knoxville's first black newspaper, the Knoxville Examiner. In 1882 he organized and published another newspaper, the Knoxville Bulletin.
26. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 329, ¶ 3437.
27. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 203, ¶ 2119.
28. "About The enlightener. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1989-199?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
29. Brown 1982, p. 200.
30. "About The Knoxville examiner. [volume] ([Knoxville, Tenn.]) 1982-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
31. "About The Knoxville express. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1982-1982". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
32. Who's who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent. 1915. p. 248.
33. Brown 1982, p. 201.
34. "About The Keyana spectrum. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1974-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
35. "About The Knoxville Negro world. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1887-1888". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
36. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 404, ¶ 4204.
37. "About The Weekly Negro world. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1887-1887". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
38. "About Negro world. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1888-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
39. Brown 1982, p. 202.
40. "About The righteous tribe. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1973-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
41. "About The Knoxville spectrum. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1974-1975". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
42. "About The Maryville monitor. [volume] (Maryville, Tenn.) 1872-1874". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
43. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 354, ¶ 3707.
44. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 14, ¶ 136.
45. Brown 1982, p. 203.
46. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 110, ¶ 1145.
47. "About Bluff City news. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1903-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
48. Brown 1982, p. 204.
49. "About The greater Memphis & Mid-South silver star news. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 198?-1998". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
50. Brown 1982, p. 81.
51. Kenneth W. Goings (2019-10-07). "Memphis Free Speech". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2020-02-10. The Free Speech received national attention in 1892 for its coverage of the so-called Curve Riot.
52. Brown 1982, pp. 81–82.
53. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 313, ¶ 3288.
54. "About Mid-South express. (Memphis, Tenn.) 197?-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
55. "About The Mid-South tribune. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1996-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
56. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 375, ¶ 3909.
57. "About The new tri-state defender. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1961-1967". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
58. Brown 1982, p. 205.
59. "About The Memphis sentinel. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1940-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
60. "About The Memphis silver star news. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 198?-1989". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
61. "About The Times-herald. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1959-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
62. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 568, ¶ 5931.
63. "About The tri-state defender. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1951-1961". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
64. "About The Tri-state tribune. (Memphis, Tenn) 192?-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
65. "About Memphis triangle. [online resource] (Memphis, Tenn.) 192?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
66. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 357, ¶ 3749.
67. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 358, ¶ 3750.
68. "About Memphis world. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1931-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
69. Brown 1982, p. 206.
70. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 379, ¶ 3959.
71. "About The Murfreesboro union. [online resource] (Murfreesboro, Tenn.) 1920-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
72. Brown 1982, p. 209.
73. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 109, ¶ 1129.
74. "About The block bulletin. (Nashville, Tenn.) 194?-195?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
75. "About Capitol city defender. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1963-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
76. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 154, ¶ 1606.
77. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 385, ¶ 4026.
78. "About The colored Tennessean. [online resource] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1865-1866". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
79. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 385, ¶ 4027.
80. Brown 1982, p. 207.
81. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4028.
82. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 204, ¶ 2132.
83. "About Nashville globe and independent. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 193?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
84. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4029.
85. Brown 1982, p. 208.
86. "About The Nashville globe. [online resource] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
87. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 274, ¶ 2877.
88. "About The herald examiner. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1976-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
89. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 294, ¶ 3094.
90. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4030.
91. "About Nashville independent. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1931-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
92. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 362, ¶ 3788.
93. "About Metropolitan times. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 198?-1997". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
94. "About Metropolitan weekly. ([Nashville, Tenn.) 1980-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
95. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 363, ¶ 3801.
96. "About The mid-state observer. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1978-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
97. "About Neighborhood times. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1959-1962". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
98. "About Nashville news-star. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1960-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
99. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4032.
100. "About Nashville pride. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1988-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
101. Pride Publishing Group. "Nashville Pride Newspaper, Nashville Community Newspaper". Retrieved 2020-02-10. The Nashville PRIDE newspaper was founded on January 15, 1988 by Dr. Larry D. Davis and Dr. Cynthia E. Hodge.
102. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4033.
103. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 556, ¶ 5807.
104. "About The colored Tennessean. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1865-1866". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
105. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 556, ¶ 5809.
106. "About Times mirror Tennessee. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1997-1998". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
107. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 557, ¶ 5811.
108. "About The urban journal. (Nashville, TN) 1998-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
109. "About Nashville world. (Nashville, Tenn.) 193?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.