Light scattering spectroscopy (LSS) is a spectroscopic technique typically used to evaluate morphological changes in epithelial cells in order to study mucosal tissue and detect early cancer and precancer.[1][2][3]
Light scattering spectroscopy relies upon elastic scattering of photons reflected from the epithelium. Most of the signal is generated by light scattering from small intracellular structures, but larger intracellular structures, such as nuclei, also scatter light, with their relative contribution increasing in the backscatter direction. As changes in the morphology of epithelial cells are hallmarks of pre-cancer and early cancer, LSS can be used for early cancer diagnosis.
In addition to photons backscattering from epithelial cells, a major portion of photons penetrates the epithelium, reaching optically turbid connective tissue where they are scattered multiple times and partially absorbed by hemoglobin. As a result, it is not possible to measure single backscattering events directly in human tissue,[4] with polarization gating[5] and spatial gating[6] well-suited for endoscopy applications.[7][8][9][10][6][11]
Lev T. Perelman, principal scientist at MIT, and Vadim Backman, graduate student in Harvard- MIT Health Sciences and Technology program introduced LSS in 1998.[1]
Light scattering spectroscopy has been applied for detection of precancer in many organs including esophagus,[1][2][3][9][10][12] colon,[2][13][14] urinary bladder,[2] oral cavity,[2] cervix,[15][16] pancreatic cyst,[11][17] stomach,[18] skin,[19] and bile duct.[11]
Perelman, L. T.; Backman, V.; Wallace, M.; Zonios, G.; Manoharan, R.; Nusrat, A.; Shields, S.; Seiler, M.; Lima, C.; Hamano, T.; Itzkan, I.; Van Dam, J.; Crawford, J. M.; Feld, M. S. (1998-01-19). "Observation of Periodic Fine Structure in Reflectance from Biological Tissue: A New Technique for Measuring Nuclear Size Distribution". Physical Review Letters. 80 (3): 627–630. Bibcode:1998PhRvL..80..627P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.627. Backman, V.; Wallace, M. B.; Perelman, L. T.; Arendt, J. T.; Gurjar, R.; Müller, M. G.; Zhang, Q.; Zonios, G.; Kline, E.; McGillican, T.; Shapshay, S.; Valdez, T.; Badizadegan, K.; Crawford, J. M.; Fitzmaurice, M. (July 2000). "Detection of preinvasive cancer cells". Nature. 406 (6791): 35–36. doi:10.1038/35017638. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 10894529. S2CID 4383575. Wallace, Michael B.; Perelman, Lev T.; Backman, Vadim; Crawford, James M.; Fitzmaurice, Marianne; Seiler, Maurice; Badizadegan, Kamran; Shields, Steven J.; Itzkan, Irving; Dasari, Ramachandra R.; Van Dam, Jacques; Feld, Michael S. (September 2000). "Endoscopic detection of dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus using light-scattering spectroscopy". Gastroenterology. 119 (3): 677–682. doi:10.1053/gast.2000.16511. PMID 10982761. Zhang, Lei; Pleskow, Douglas K.; Turzhitsky, Vladimir; Yee, Eric U.; Berzin, Tyler M.; Sawhney, Mandeep; Shinagare, Shweta; Vitkin, Edward; Zakharov, Yuri; Khan, Umar; Wang, Fen; Goldsmith, Jeffrey D.; Goldberg, Saveli; Chuttani, Ram; Itzkan, Irving (2017-03-13). "Light scattering spectroscopy identifies the malignant potential of pancreatic cysts during endoscopy". Nature Biomedical Engineering. 1 (4): 1–7. doi:10.1038/s41551-017-0040. ISSN 2157-846X. PMC 5646377. PMID 29057146. Qiu, Le; Pleskow, Douglas K.; Chuttani, Ram; Vitkin, Edward; Leyden, Jan; Ozden, Nuri; Itani, Sara; Guo, Lianyu; Sacks, Alana; Goldsmith, Jeffrey D.; Modell, Mark D.; Hanlon, Eugene B.; Itzkan, Irving; Perelman, Lev T. (May 2010). "Multispectral scanning during endoscopy guides biopsy of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus". Nature Medicine. 16 (5): 603–606. doi:10.1038/nm.2138. ISSN 1546-170X. PMC 3052700. PMID 20383155. Qiu, Le; Chuttani, Ram; Pleskow, Douglas K.; Turzhitsky, Vladimir; Khan, Umar; Zakharov, Yuri N.; Zhang, Lei; Berzin, Tyler M.; Yee, Eric U.; Sawhney, Mandeep S.; Li, Yunping; Vitkin, Edward; Goldsmith, Jeffrey D.; Itzkan, Irving; Perelman, Lev T. (April 2018). "Multispectral light scattering endoscopic imaging of esophageal precancer". Light: Science & Applications. 7 (4): 17174. doi:10.1038/lsa.2017.174. ISSN 2047-7538. PMC 6060057. PMID 30839534.
This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license. Pleskow, Douglas K.; Sawhney, Mandeep S.; Upputuri, Paul K.; Berzin, Tyler M.; Coughlan, Mark F.; Khan, Umar; Glyavina, Maria; Zhang, Xuejun; Chen, Liming; Sheil, Conor J.; Cohen, Jonah M.; Vitkin, Edward; Zakharov, Yuri N.; Itzkan, Irving; Zhang, Lei (2023-01-07). "In vivo detection of bile duct pre-cancer with endoscopic light scattering spectroscopy". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 109. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14..109P. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35780-7. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 9825389. PMID 36611024. Georgakoudi, Irene; Jacobson, Brian C.; Van Dam, Jacques; Backman, Vadim; Wallace, Michael B.; Müller, Markus G.; Zhang, Qingguo; Badizadegan, Kamran; Sun, Don; Thomas, Gordon A.; Perelman, Lev T.; Feld, Michael S. (2001-06-01). "Fluorescence, reflectance, and light-scattering spectroscopy for evaluating dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus". Gastroenterology. 120 (7): 1620–1629. doi:10.1053/gast.2001.24842. ISSN 0016-5085. PMID 11375944. Backman, V.; Gopal, V.; Kalashnikov, M.; Badizadegan, K.; Gurjar, R.; Wax, A.; Georgakoudi, I.; Mueller, M.; Boone, C.W.; Dasari, R.R.; Feld, M.S. (November 2001). "Measuring cellular structure at submicrometer scale with light scattering spectroscopy". IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics. 7 (6): 887–893. Bibcode:2001IJSTQ...7..887B. doi:10.1109/2944.983289. ISSN 1558-4542. Tuniyazi, Abudusalamu; Mu, Tingkui; Jiang, Xiaosa (2021). "Snapshot polarized light scattering spectroscopy using spectrally-modulated polarimetry for early gastric cancer detection". Journal of Biophotonics. 14 (9): e202100140. doi:10.1002/jbio.202100140. PMID 34089571. S2CID 235346068.
