Lewis Hine

Lewis Wickes Hine (September 26, 1874 – November 3, 1940) was an American sociologist and muckraker photographer. His photographs that were taken during times such as the Progressive Era and the Great Depression, which captured the result of young children working in harsh conditions, played a role in bringing about the passage of the first child labor laws in the United States.^[1]

Lewis Hine
Hine in c. 1930
Born	Lewis Wickes Hine (1874-09-26)September 26, 1874 Oshkosh, Wisconsin, U.S.
Died	November 3, 1940(1940-11-03) (aged 66) Dobbs Ferry, New York, U.S.
Education	University of Chicago Columbia University New York University
Known for	Social reform
Movement	Documentary; social realism
Patron(s)	Russell Sage Foundation National Child Labor Committee Works Projects Administration

Early life

Hine was born in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, on September 26, 1874. Following the accidental death of his father, the teenaged Hine was forced to undertake a number of jobs to support his widowed mother and sisters. Aspiring to become an educator like his mother, Hine managed to save a portion of his earnings as the family breadwinner to pay for schooling at the University of Chicago, where he enrolled in 1900. While a student in Chicago, Hine met Frank Manny, a professor of education at the Normal School who was named superintendent of the Ethical Culture School in New York City in 1901. At Manny’s invitation, Hine accepted a position as an assistant teacher and relocated to New York. There, he encouraged his students at the Ethical Culture School to use photography as an educational medium.^[2] Hine also studied sociology at Columbia University and New York University.

Brooklyn Museum – Climbing into the Promised Land Ellis Island – Lewis Wickes Hine

Hine led his sociology classes to Ellis Island in New York Harbor, photographing the thousands of immigrants who arrived each day. Between 1904 and 1909, Hine took over 200 plates (photographs) and came to the realization that documentary photography could be employed as a tool for social change and reform.^[1]

Documentary photography

In 1907, Hine became the staff photographer of the Russell Sage Foundation; he photographed life in the steel-making districts and people of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for the influential sociological study called The Pittsburgh Survey.

Child laborers in glasswork. Indiana, 1908

Little Lottie, a regular oyster shucker in Alabama Canning Co. (Bayou La Batre, Alabama, 1911)

In 1908, Hine became the photographer for the National Child Labor Committee (NCLC), leaving his teaching position. Over the next decade, Hine documented child labor, with focus on the use of child labor in the Carolina Piedmont,^[3] to aid the NCLC's lobbying efforts to end the practice.^[4] In 1913, he documented child laborers among cotton mill workers with a series of Francis Galton's composite portraits.

Hine's work for the NCLC was often dangerous. As a photographer, he was frequently threatened with violence or even death by factory police and foremen. At the time, the immorality of child labor was meant to be hidden from the public. Photography was not only prohibited but also posed a serious threat to the industry.^[5] To gain entry to the mills, mines and factories, Hine was forced to assume many guises. At times he was a fire inspector, postcard vendor, bible salesman, or even an industrial photographer making a record of factory machinery.^[6]

Soldier Thrown in Air, 1917, National Gallery of Art

During and after World War I, he photographed American Red Cross relief work in Europe. In the 1920s and early 1930s, Hine made a series of "work portraits," which emphasized the human contribution to modern industry. In 1930, Hine was commissioned to document the construction of the Empire State Building. He photographed the workers in precarious positions while they secured the steel framework of the structure, taking many of the same risks that the workers endured. To obtain the best vantage points, Hine was swung out in a specially-designed basket 1,000 ft above Fifth Avenue.^[7] At times, he remembered, he hung above the city with nothing below but "a sheer drop of nearly a quarter-mile."^[8]

"Power house mechanic working on steam pump" (1920)

During the Great Depression, Hine, once again, worked for the Red Cross, photographing drought relief in the American South, and for the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), documenting life in the mountains of eastern Tennessee. He also served as chief photographer for the Works Progress Administration's National Research Project, which studied changes in industry and their effect on employment. Hine was also a faculty member of the Ethical Culture Fieldston School.

Later life

In 1936, Hine was selected as the photographer for the National Research Project of the Works Projects Administration, but his work there was not completed.

The last years of his life were filled with professional struggles by loss of government and corporate patronage. Hine hoped to join the Farm Security Administration photography project, but despite writing repeatedly to Roy Stryker, Stryker always refused.^[9] Few people were interested in his work, past or present, and Hine lost his house and applied for welfare. He died on November 3, 1940, at Dobbs Ferry Hospital in Dobbs Ferry, New York, after an operation. He was 66 years old.^[10]

Legacy

Hine's photographs supported the NCLC's lobbying to end child labor, and in 1912 the Children's Bureau was created. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 eventually brought child labour in the US to an end.^[5]

After Hine's death, his son Corydon donated his prints and negatives to the Photo League, which was dismantled in 1951. The Museum of Modern Art was offered his pictures and did not accept them, but the George Eastman Museum did.^[11]

In 1984, PBS produced a one-hour documentary, America and Lewis Hine, about Hine's life and work. The film was directed by Nina Rosenblum, written by Dan Allentuck and narrated by Jason Robards, Maureen Stapleton, and John Crowley.^[12]

In 2006, author Elizabeth Winthrop Alsop's historical fiction middle-grade novel Counting on Grace was published by Wendy Lamb Books. The latter chapters center on 12-year-old Grace and her life-changing encounter with Hine, during his 1910 visit to a Vermont cotton mill known to have many child laborers. On the cover is the iconic photo of Grace's real-life counterpart, Addie Card^[13] (1897–1993), taken during Hine's undercover visit to the Pownal Cotton Mill.

In 2016, Time published altered (colorized) versions of several of Hine's original photographs of child labor in the US.^[14]

Collections

Hine's work is held in the following public collections:

• Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL^[15]
• Albin O. Kuhn Library & Gallery of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County – almost five thousand NCLC photographs^[16]
• George Eastman Museum – thousands of photographs and negatives
• Library of Congress – over 5,000 photographs, including examples of Hine's child labor and Red Cross photographs, his work portraits, and his WPA and TVA images.
• New York Public Library, New York^[17]
• International Photography Hall of Fame, St.Louis, MO^[18]

Notable photographs

• Young Doffers in the Elk Cotton Mills (1910)^[19]
• Newsies at Skeeter's Branch (1910)
• Steam Fitter (1920)

Gallery

• 
  Baseball team composed mostly of child laborers from a glassmaking factory. Indiana (1908)
• 
  Empire State Building worker in 1931
• 
  Raising the Mast, Empire State Building (1932)

See also

• House Calls (2006 film), a documentary about physician and photographer Mark Nowaczynski, who was inspired by Hine to photograph elderly patients.^[20]