Lewis Cass Jr.

Lewis Cass Jr. (1814 – January 27, 1878) was an American diplomat of the United States to the Papal States.^[1]

Minister Resident Lewis Cass Jr.
1st United States Minister to the Papal States
In office November 19, 1849 – November 27, 1858
President	Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Franklin Pierce James Buchanan
Preceded by	Jacob L. Martin
Succeeded by	John P. Stockton
Personal details
Born	1814
Died	January 27, 1878(1878-01-27) (aged 63–64) Paris, France
Nationality	American
Parents	Lewis Cass (father) Elizabeth Cass (mother)

Biography

Cass Jr. was born to Lewis Cass, Sr. and Elizabeth Cass in 1814.^[2] In March 1847 he was made a major in the dragoons. The following December, he was appointed acting inspector general to Brigadier General John E. Wool. His unit was disbanded in July 1848.^[3]

On December 12, 1848 President James K. Polk nominated Cass "...to be Chargé d'affaires of the United States to the Papal States, in the place of Jacob L. Martin, deceased".^[4] Having heard from the Committee on Foreign Relations on December 18, and after debate the next day, the senate voted to adjourn. Subsequent motions to table the matter or postpone it indefinitely were defeated. The nomination finally passed on January 4, 1849.

Cass began serving as the second Chargé d'affaires to the Papal States in 1849, a year after his father's candidacy for the presidency;^[5] He succeeded Jacob L. Martin, who died in Rome in August 1848.

Cass held the position until his promotion to the newly created title of Minister resident in 1854. He would remain the U.S. representative to the Papal States until 1858.^[6][7] On February 25, 1856, he was nominated to serve as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Holy See, but the nomination was withdrawn.^[8]

During his service, Cass was forced to deal with the revolutionary Roman Republic of 1849, which saw Pope Pius IX fleeing Rome.^[9] Then Secretary of State James Buchanan would instruct him to hold off from approaching either the Holy See or the revolutionary government and instead help the U.S. to determine to whom it should send him as representative.^[5][10] He would also be contacted by Cardinal Antonelli to discuss the mission of then Archbishop Bedini to examine the status of the Catholic Church in the United States. His role during the revolution and handling of archbishop Bedini, would eventually earn him criticism domestically, especially from Catholic Americans.^[11][12]

Cass Jr. would die in Paris on January 27, 1878, without any children.^[2] A porcelain breakfast set formerly belonging to Napoleon Bonaparte, and gifted to Cass by the Emperor's nephew, Charles Lucien Bonaparte, Prince de Canino, later came into the possession of Cass's nephew, Augustus Cass Canfield.^[13]

See also

• List of ambassadors of the United States to the Holy See

References

1. Klunder, Willard Carl. Lewis Cass and the Politics of Moderation, Kent State University Press, 1996. p. 238 ISBN 9780873385367
2. Burton, Clarence Monroe (1922). The City of Detroit, Michigan, 1701-1922. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company.
3. Gardner, Charles Kitchell. A Dictionary of All Officers: Who Have Been Commissioned, Or Have Been Appointed and Served, in the Army of the United States, Since the Inauguration of Their First President, in 1789, to the First January, 1853, D. Van Nostrand, 1860, p. 108
4. Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America, Volume 8, 1887, p. 5
5. Frederick, Peter Jerome (1966). European Influences on the Awakening of the American Social Consicence, 1886-1904. University of California.
6. Inc, Press Association Compilers (1924). Ledyard - Cass Biographical Records: Benjamin Ledyard, Benjamin Ledyard, 2d., Henry Ledyard, Henry Brockholst Ledyard, Lewis Cass Ledyard, Jonathan Cass, Lewis Cass. Press Association. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
7. Michigan History. Vol. 40. Michigan Department of State. 1956.
8. "Lewis Cass Jr. - People - Department History - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
9. Franco, Massimo (2008). Parallel Empires: The Vatican and the United States -- Two Centuries of Alliance and Conflict. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-51893-2.
10. Polk, James Knox (1910). The Diary of James K. Polk During His Presidency, 1845 to 1849: Now First Printed from the Original Manuscript in the Collections of the Chicago Historical Society. A. C. McClurg & Company. ISBN 978-1-62376-929-1.
11. Society, United States Catholic Historical (1933). Historical Records and Studies.
12. Pages from the Garibaldian Epic. International Institute of Garibaldian Studies. 1984. ISBN 978-92-9013-004-8.
13. "Mrs. A. Cass Canfield's House, Roslyn, N.Y.", Scientific American, Volumes 38-39, Munn and Company, (January 1905) p. 16