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American screenwriter and author (1896–1984) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lenore Jackson Coffee (July 13, 1896 – July 2, 1984) was an American screenwriter, playwright, and novelist.
Lenore Coffee | |
|---|---|
| |
| Born | July 13, 1896 |
| Died | July 2, 1984 (aged 87) |
| Occupations |
|
| Years active | 1918–1973 |
| Spouse |
William J. Cowen
(m. 1924; died 1964) |
| Children | 2 |
Born in San Francisco, in 1896, Lenore Coffee attended Dominican College in San Rafael, California. In 1918, she answered an ad in the Motion Pictures Herald Exhibitors, requesting a screen story for actress Clara Kimball Young. Coffee wrote a story treatment titled The Better Wife (1919), which was acquired by Harry Garson. He paid Coffee one hundred dollars and gave her screen credit. Garson soon hired her on a yearly contract, where she served as a continuity girl, assistant director, and made editing suggestions.
By 1920, Garson closed his studio, and Coffee found subsequent work in writing title cards and editing several films. In 1923, she was hired by Irving Thalberg, then working for Louis B. Mayer Pictures, to write title cards and adapt novels into scripts. A year later, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) was formed, and Coffee continued her screenwriting career there. However, she left MGM after she had a salary dispute with Louis B. Mayer. Cecil B. DeMille later hired Coffee to write several films for him, including The Volga Boatman (1926). When sound films emerged, DeMille joined MGM, and Coffee returned to writing numerous MGM films.
In 1937, Coffee left MGM again, and wrote numerous scripts for Fox Film Corporation and Warner Bros. In 1939, she was jointly nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for Four Daughters (1938), alongside Julius J. Epstein. Meanwhile, Coffee co-wrote a play titled Family Portrait: A Play in Three Acts with her husband, William J. Cowen. At Warner Bros., Coffee wrote several women's films, including The Great Lie (1941) and Old Acquaintance (1943).
By the 1950s, Coffee published her first novel Weep No More. It was retitled in the United States as Another Time, Another Place, and adapted into a 1958 film starring Lana Turner. Coffee then relocated her family to England. After her husband's death in 1964, she returned to California and retired to the Motion Picture And Television Home in Woodland Hills. In 1984, Coffee died at the age of 87.
Lenore Jackson Coffee was born in San Francisco in 1896 to Andrew Jackson Coffee Jr. and Ella Muffley.[1] Her parents were frequent attendees for the Orpheum Theatre.[2] She relates one story when her grandmother's maid (called 'Old' Annie) became lost on their way to the Orpheum, and arrived at the Alcazar. There, they saw the play Camille.[3]
When Coffee was sixteen, she felt determined to become an actress. Her mother took her to see actor Henry Miller, who was performing in a nearby play. Coffee performed a monologue before Miller, who was seated on the front row of an empty theatre. Impressed, Miller asked her to accompany him to New York next April.[4] By this time, Coffee was studying at the Dominican College in San Rafael, California.[5] Her father arranged a deal, in which she was to finish her last year studying at college and then she could travel to New York. When the time arrived, her parents had divorced, and her father felt she should pursue writing. When she was not interested, Coffee took her writings, tore the pages into pieces, and gave them to her father in a cardboard box.[4]
Disappointed at the lost opportunity, Coffee became interested in motion pictures. She wrote: "They took my mind off the theatre in one way, for the form was new, yet they satisfied the dramatic and emotional demands of my nature."[6] She resumed her writing career, working in advertising for a newspaper company in Chinatown. She next worked as an assistant for the Emporium department store. There, she was asked to write a copy advertisement for the Sunday newspaper. Coffee stated, "I built the ad on the premise of how to dress well on a medium salary. I started out by saying, 'How would you like to buy a full wardrobe at the Emporium for $300? You'd think: Hopeless! And so it would be if it weren't for the Emporium'..."[7] The next day, the ad caused an influx of customers. The store owner praised Coffee's ad, and gave her a three-week vacation.[7]
One day, she answered an advertisement in the Motion Pictures Herald Exhibitors, requesting a screen story for actress Clara Kimball Young.[8] She submitted her original story treatment titled The Better Wife (1919) and was later paid $100 (equivalent to $2,026 in 2023). She also requested through telegraph to be given screen credit. In March 1918, she introduced herself to Harry Garson at the St. Francis Hotel. There, he was hired on a one-year contract at $50 a week.[8] The film was released in 1919, premiering at the Criterion Theatre.[9]
Coffee relocated to Los Angeles. By the time she arrived, Garson and Young had left for New York. She was instead taken to Louis B. Mayer Pictures, where its namesake founder dropped her weekly salary to $30 a week.[10] She was hired to review the studio's optioned properties and selected the appropriate titles to be adapted into films. She selected a novel titled The Fighting Shepherdess, intended for Anita Stewart. After eight weeks, Coffee received a call from Garson requesting her availability. Because Mayer was unavailable, she explained the situation to his assistant Benny Zeidman. She left and reported back to Garson, and was given her back pay.[11]
At Garson's studio, she was hired in a position known today as a script supervisor (also called the "continuity girl") where she read the fan mail for Clara Kimball Young, submitted original stories, made editing notes, and wrote screen title cards.[12] There, her first work was for Eyes of Youth (1919), in which she contributed editorial suggestions. She wrote: "I became so interested in production details that I began, on my own, to make cutting notes. For example, when the director called to the cameraman for a close-up, I would make a note of where he intended it to be used in the picture."[13]
Coffee wrote her second story for The Forbidden Woman (1920), with Young and Conway Tearle in the leading roles. Two days were spent filming on location in San Francisco, with the remainder shot in studio.[14] Coffee next co-wrote the story for Hush (1921) with Sada Cowan.[9] In 1920, Garson purchased the screen rights to the play Mid-channel by Arthur Wing Pinero. An English director had been fired due to creative differences, and Garson assumed directorial duties. During filming, Garson feuded with an assistant director who did not understand his instructions. The assistant director was also fired, and Coffee was promptly hired to take his place.[15] Her responsibility involved script breakdown for the various departments during the production, including the actors.[16]
"This was very fortunate of me, because later on I became something of an expert on editing and titling what were called 'sick' pictures that were lying on the shelf, not fit to be released. I called these my 'rescue' jobs, for with ingenious rearranging of the order of scenes or whole episodes, and new subtitles, they could very often be salvaged."
—Coffee[13]
After Mid-Channel (1920) was released, Garson decided to close his studio, and moved to the East Coast for more financing.[17] Sometime later, Louis Anger hired Coffee based on the recommendation of a friend to write title cards and re-edit two films. She was hired at her proposed salary of $1,000 on each film. Within ten days, she had reassembled a rough cut and screened it to Anger and Lew Cody. Both men were pleased and made further suggestions.[18] Coffee restructured the second film and had the actors return for iris shots, which she directed.[19]
Following this job, Coffee was approached by Sam Roark to write title cards and edit six films, starring Australian actor Snowy Baker. The editing job was done at Colonel Selig's Zoo.[20] There, Coffee received a message to see Irving Thalberg in his office at Universal Studios. Thalberg offered to hire her on a yearly contract for $200 a week to write film scenarios. By then, Coffee had only written original stories. Meanwhile, she received a counteroffer from Metro Pictures, with a proposed salary of $250 a week. She informed Thalberg she was accepting Metro Pictures' offer.[21]
At Metro Pictures, Coffee spent two years working with playwright Bayard Veiller, considering it her apprenticeship as a scenarist. During her time there, the Roscoe Arbuckle scandal had occurred, which indirectly caused the formation of the Hays Code. By winter 1921, Coffee handed her first completed script to Veiller, with Bert Lydell intended to star. She and Veiller made further revisions, which included polishing the dialogue. However, Metro Pictures foreclosed and Veiller moved back to New York. With one year left on her contract, Coffee relocated to New York with Veiller and Lydell.[22]
In New York, she stayed there for three years.[23] She worked as a playwright, later earning six times her starting salary.[24] Coffee was approached by Max Karger, the former financial head of Metro Pictures, and was given a three-picture deal to return to Hollywood.[25] Karger left on a train to Hollywood, but Coffee decided to stay behind. She went to the Ambassador Hotel and met Thomas Ince. He wanted her to write a script for him, but she informed her that she had recently signed with Karger. However, Karger was found dead from a heart attack on a train.[26]
With her contract now void, Coffee signed a six-week contract with Ince, and worked on a story acquired by Parker Reid.[26] In Pasadena, she ran into conflict with Clark Thomas, the studio production manager, whom Coffee claimed, resented her hiring. Her contract expired with her job left unfinished.[27] She was soon contacted by Irving Thalberg, now working for Mayer Pictures, who requested titles for John Stahl's The Dangerous Age, starring Lewis Stone and Florence Vidor.[28]
By 1923, Coffee wrote the scenario for Daytime Wives and was again involved in the editing process.[29] She also wrote the first script draft for the 1926 film adaptation of The Winning of Barbara Worth,[30] though Frances Marion received the film's sole writing credit.
In the spring of 1924, Coffee was collaborating with Irving Thalberg, his assistant Paul Bern, Bess Meredyth, and director Fred Niblo on a script adaptation of Captain Applejack. In April of the same year, Metro Studios (now owned by Loews Theatres), Goldwyn Studios, and Louis B. Mayer Pictures merged to form a conglomerate studio known as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM).[31]
Relocated in Culver City, Thalberg employed as many as 108 screenwriters so he would not have to borrow them from a rival studio.[32] After the merger, Thalberg requested Coffee's opinion on the script for the 1925 film The Great Divide. She recommended Norma Shearer for the lead female role but Thalberg disagreed stating: "Impossible. No one would believe that she would allow herself to be raped, in any circumstances. She looks too well able to take care of herself." Alice Tweedy was cast instead.[33]
Following her honeymoon with Cowen, Coffee wrote a story outline titled Stepmother and submitted it to Harry Rapf. He liked the story, though he was reluctant to pay her the $5,000 salary she requested. The next day, Coffee was called into Mayer's studio office. There, he harshly scolded her to accept a $2,500 salary or "get the hell out of the studio."[34] Coffee declined to take a lower salary, to which Mayer called her a "cold, selfish, mercenary, unscrupulous woman." Offended, Coffee packed her belongings and left the studio lot.[35]
During her honeymoon, Coffee learned that Paramount Pictures had acquired the screen rights to Ferenc Molnár's 1920 play The Swan, with Dimitri Buchowetzki to direct.[34] The Swan (1925) went into production at Paramount with Clare Eames as Alexandra, but she was deemed too mature for the role after a few days of filming. She was replaced by Frances Howard, who later became the second wife of producer Samuel Goldwyn.[36] Months after she left MGM, Coffee was asked by Fox Film Corporation to write the script for East Lynne (1925). She wrote: "It was a terribly old-fashioned story but I was so glad to be at work again that I took it."[36]
By December 1924, Coffee had heard discussions of a potential film remake of Graustark (1915). She wrote a treatment and sold it to First National Pictures for $1,500 (equivalent to $26,668 in 2023).[37] During filming, Coffee was contacted by DeMille Pictures Corp. asking her to attend a story conference, which concerned Hell's Highroad (1925) starring Leatrice Joy which was to begin shooting. By this point, Coffee had been discontented with "rescue jobs," but nevertheless arrived at the studio. She was escorted to a conference room, with several individuals including Cecil B. DeMille and his screenwriting collaborator Jeanie MacPherson.[38]
At DeMille Pictures Corp, Coffee became friends with actress Leatrice Joy, and later became a godmother to her child. She wrote two original scripts for Joy, one of them was For Alimony Only (1926).[39] DeMille approached Coffee to write the script for The Volga Boatman (1926), an adaptation of the novel by Konrad Bercovici. She was handed a story outline written by Bercovici, who left the production due to personal issues. As was typical, DeMille shot his films in continuity with the script written on the day of filming after screening the dailies that were filmed on the previous day.[40] For DeMille's subsequent film, he initially considered a biographical film about Judas Iscariot titled Thirty Pieces of Silver. He decided instead to film The King of Kings (1927), and asked Coffee to write the scenario. However, she declined due to concerns that H. B. Warner (at the time, 50 years old) was miscast as Jesus; Jeanie Macpherson was selected instead.[41]
By 1926, Coffee became pregnant with her first child and notified DeMille, who allowed her to work from home. There, Coffee was called by Samuel Goldwyn, who had received DeMille's permission, requesting her input on The Night of Love (1927), which was set to star Ronald Colman and Vilma Bánky. Goldwyn arrived at her residence, and explained the film's opening act. Coffee suggested incorporating the medieval practice droit du seigneur into the script to strengthen the characters' motivations. With DeMille's extended permission, Coffee rewrote the scenario with director George Fitzmaurice in less than three weeks.[42]
After she had given birth to her first child, Coffee and her husband William J. Cowen attended a performance of the 1926 play Chicago. Deeply admiring the play, she alerted DeMille, who was editing The King of Kings, about it.[43] Within a year, DeMille produced a film adaptation of the play. In 1927, Warner Bros. released The Jazz Singer and within two years, Hollywood had transitioned into sound films.[44] DeMille closed down his production studio and signed a co-production deal with MGM. Coffee returned to the MGM studio lot, and was greeted by Louis B. Mayer who exclaimed: "So you had to come home!"[45]
With DeMille having joined MGM, Coffee's contract was renegotiated with a new 30-day mutual closing notice. Her first screenplay with dialogue was the 1929 film The Bishop Murder Case. She noted: "I liked the assignment and found that I loved writing dialogue, and from that day on no ever wrote one word of dialogue for me."[46] Coffee took another maternity leave, and gave birth to a son. When she returned to MGM, she wrote the script adaptation of the 1930 novel Mothers Cry.[47]
Shortly after, Coffee accepted an offer from Universal Pictures to write a script for John Stahl. Unhappy with her assignment to Stahl, she was tapped by DeMille to rewrite the script for The Squaw Man (1931). Elsie Janis had written a draft but DeMille found it lacking in structure. Coffee returned to MGM, to which DeMille raised her salary to $1,000 a week (equivalent to $18,239 in 2023).[48] Sometime later, DeMille was hospitalized for an appendix operation; he left MGM and joined Paramount Pictures.[49]
By New Year's Day 1931, Coffee had to decline an offer from Samuel Goldwyn as she decided to remain with MGM, though Thalberg slashed her weekly salary to $500. Thalberg assigned her to adapt the 1920 play The Mirage into a vehicle for Joan Crawford.[50] Clarence Brown was hired to direct, and the project was retitled Possessed (1931).[51]
Coffee reunited with Bayard Veiller on the 1932 crime film Night Court. After this, the two rewrote Carey Wilson's earlier script for Arsène Lupin (1932). Despite her objections, Wilson's writing credit was retained in the film.[52]
In 1928, actor John Gilbert had written an original story for a proposed silent film. Four years later, Thalberg revived the project as a sound film, and assigned Coffee to write the script, with Monta Bell to direct.[53] The film was titled Downstairs (1932). Sometime later, Coffee left MGM after several loan-out requests from competing studios had been turned down by Thalberg and Samuel Marx, MGM's head of screenwriting department.[54] According to Coffee's account, she sent a letter listing potential film adaptations, including a remake of Camille with Greta Garbo, on Thalberg's office. She then phoned DeMille noting her salary cuts at MGM. DeMille recommended she hire a talent agent, in which Coffee hired Phil Berg.[55]
At Paramount Pictures, Berg brokered a three-picture deal for Coffee with her salary at $1,000 a week; her first project was rewriting the script for Torch Singer (1933), which starred Claudette Colbert.[56] When her three-picture deal expired, Coffee returned to Fox Film Corporation to write a script adaptation for All Men Are Enemies (1934) based on the novel by Richard Aldington.[57] Berg signed Coffee to another tenureship at MGM on a year's contract. There, she wrote the script adaptation of the 1933 novel Vanessa by Hugh Walpole. The script was submitted for approval by the Production Code Administration (PCA), then headed by Joseph Breen. He objected to the sexual immorality by the characters, which had to be rewritten for approval.[58] Coffee then adapted Evelyn Prentice (1934) which starred William Powell and Myrna Loy.[59]
By 1935, her contract had expired, but MGM extended it for another two years. Coffee took a leave of absence and toured Europe. When she returned, she learned that David O. Selznick was leaving MGM and wanted to buy out Coffee's contract, which MGM refused.[60] In 1937, Coffee approached Eddie Mannix about her assignments, and Mannix gave her The Rage of Paris script, which was set to star Jean Harlow. However, Harlow died on June 7, 1937, and the project was shelved. Coffee's extended contract expired and she signed with Warner Bros, though she returned to MGM after several intervals.[61]
At Warner Bros, Coffee held a studio office, though she frequently wrote from home. She subsequently co-wrote the script for Four Daughters (1938) with Julius J. Epstein, adapted from the 1937 story "Sister Act" by Fannie Hurst.[62] At the 1939 Academy Awards, Coffee and Epstein were nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.[63] Despite their joint screenplay credit, Coffee stated she had never met Epstein.[64]
In 1939, Coffee co-wrote the play Family Portrait: A Play in Three Acts with her husband William J. Cowen. The play detailed the life of Jesus through the eyes of his immediate family. It opened at the Morosco Theatre, and starred Judith Anderson as Mary, mother of Jesus. In his theatre review, Brooks Atkinson of The New York Times praised Anderson's performance but felt "the inadequacy of the writing is something to mourn."[65] The play was performed at the Strand Theatre in the West End, in February 1948.[66]
In 1955, Coffee published the novel Weep No More. It was retitled in the United States as Another Time, Another Place.[67] In an interview with the Los Angeles Times, Coffee stated she wrote the novel to "try and show that a woman can be a career woman with lots of brains and have no sense."[68] The novel was adapted into a 1958 film with the American title, starring Lana Turner. Decades later, she reflected negatively on the film, stating, "It stunk. It was just dreadful."[67] In 1959, at the behalf of her husband,[69] Coffee and her family relocated to England where she enrolled her children at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School.[70]
In 1973, Coffee published her memoir titled Storyline. The book focused on her career during the last ten years of the silent film era (1919–1929), and as being an in-demand script doctor on several women's films for MGM. While she praised the era as a golden time in her life,[64] Coffee quotes Samuel Hoffenstein on their reflection the Hollywood studio system: "They pick your brains, break your heart, ruin your digestion—and what do you get for it? Nothing but a lousy fortune!"[71]
In 1922, Coffee met William J. Cowen (1886–1964), a writer and director, at a beach while she was working for William Ince.[72] She married Cowen on June 8, 1924.[73] The two had a daughter, Sabina, and a son, Garry.
In 1981, Coffee returned to the United States to live in retirement at the Motion Picture And Television Home in Woodland Hills, California. On July 2, 1984, she died at a nearby hospital, at age 87.[74]
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