Labrador Peninsula

The Labrador Peninsula or Quebec-Labrador Peninsula,^[1][2] is a large peninsula in eastern Canada. It is bounded by Hudson Bay to the west, the Hudson Strait to the north, the Labrador Sea to the east, Strait of Belle Isle and the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the southeast. The peninsula includes the region of Labrador,^[3] which is part of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, and the regions of Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, Côte-Nord, and Nord-du-Québec, which are in the province of Quebec. It has an area of 1,400,000 km² (541,000 sq mi).

Typical landscape scenery of the interior of the Labrador Peninsula, taken near Schefferville, Quebec, in summer, 2021

Geography of Labrador Peninsula - Quebec-Labrador Peninsula

Killinik Island, Torngat Mountains National Park Reserve
Continent	North America
Region	Eastern Canada
Area
• Total	1,400,000 km2 (540,000 sq mi)
• Land	88%
• Water	12%
Highest point	Mount Caubvick
Lowest point	Sea level
Longest river	La Grande River
Largest lake	Caniapiscau Reservoir
Climate	Largely subarctic
Terrain	Flat and rolling except in the Torngat, Otish and Laurentian mountain ranges.

Location and geography

A hillside at Nain, east coast of the peninsula on a September 2008 autumn day

The peninsula is surrounded by sea on all sides, except for the southwest where it widens into the general continental mainland. The northwestern part of the Labrador Peninsula is shaped as a lesser peninsula, the Ungava Peninsula, surrounded by Hudson Bay, the Hudson Strait, and Ungava Bay. The northernmost point of the Ungava Peninsula, Cape Wolstenholme, also serves as the northernmost point of the Labrador Peninsula and of the province of Quebec. The peninsula is a plateau threaded by river valleys. There are several mountain ranges. The Torngat Mountains, located in the northern part of the peninsula, contain the highest point of the peninsula, Mount Caubvick, which at 1,652 metres (5,420 ft) is also the highest point of mainland Canada east of Alberta. The mountains also host Torngat Mountains National Park, the only national park of Canada on the Labrador Peninsula. The park is located in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, whereas the adjacent Kuururjuaq National Park is located in the province of Quebec.^{[citation needed]}

Hydrology

Due to it being covered almost entirely by the Canadian Shield — a vast, rocky plateau with a history of glaciation — the peninsula has a large number of lakes. The province of Quebec alone has more than half a million^[4] lakes of varying size. The largest body of water on the Labrador Peninsula is the Smallwood Reservoir, but the largest natural lake is Lake Mistassini. Other lakes of note include the Manicouagan Reservoir, the Caniapiscau Reservoir, and the La Grande 2 and La Grande 3 reservoirs. Due to a history of hydroelectric development, the majority of the larger freshwater lakes on the peninsula are reservoirs. In addition to an abundance of lakes, the peninsula also has many rivers. The longest, the La Grande River, is 900 kilometres (560 mi) long and flows westwards across nearly half the peninsula. Other rivers of note include the Eastmain River, Rupert River, and Churchill River.^{[citation needed]}

History

Prior to European colonization, the peninsula was inhabited chiefly by Cree people, notably the Innu Nation in the southeast area of the peninsula, who referred to their country as Nitassinan (ᓂᑕᔅᓯᓇᓐ), meaning "our land" in the Innu language.^[5] Other peoples on the peninsula include the East Cree of Eeyou Istchee (ᐄᔨᔨᐤ/ᐄᔨᔫ/ᐄᓅ ᐊᔅᒌ), the Naskapi whose territories are called St'aschinuw (ᒋᑦ ᐊᔅᒋᓄᐤ, also meaning "our land")^[6] as well as the Inuit of Nunavik, Nunatsiavut and NunatuKavut. The area became known as Markland in Greenlandic Norse and its inhabitants were known as the Skræling.

It is widely accepted that the peninsula is named after Portuguese explorer João Fernandes Lavrador. He was granted a patent by King Manuel I of Portugal in 1499 that gave him the right to explore that part of the Atlantic Ocean as set out in the Treaty of Tordesillas. Together with Pero de Barcelos, he first sighted Labrador in 1498, and charted the coasts of southwestern Greenland and of adjacent the northeastern North America around 1498 and gave notice of them in Portugal and Europe. His landowner status allowed him to use the title lavrador, Portuguese for "farmer" or "landholder", but "labrador" in Spanish and Galician means "agricultural worker" (Portuguese pronunciation: [lɐvɾɐˈðoɾ]). He actually gave the name of Terra do Lavrador to Greenland, which was the first land that he sighted, but eventually, the name was spread to all areas until it was set for Labrador.^[7]

References

1. François Trudel (2001). ""Indigenous people and the fur trade in the Quebec-Labrador peninsula"" (PDF). Les Presses de l’Université Laval (coll. “Historical Atlas of Quebec”). Centre interuniversitaire d’études québécoises (CIEQ). pp. 3 of 52. Retrieved 27 August 2024. The Peninsula of Quebec-Labrador, sometimes also called Ungava, Labrador, Ungava-Labrador or, politically, New Quebec and Labrador, is a vast territory of approximately one million square kilometers.
2. "Quebec Labrador Peninsula". Gouvernement of Quebec. Commission de Toponymy Quebec. 18 June 1993. Retrieved 23 August 2024. Over the years, many variations of the name have been used: Terraagricule (1558); Land of Labor (1575); Estotilandt (1597) or Estotilande (1656); Terra Cortereale (1597); New Britain (1656).
3. Fabien Caron (1965). "Albert Peter Low and the exploration of Quebec-Labrador" (PDF). Érudit (in English and French). Center for Nordic Studies, Laval University. p. 16. Retrieved 23 August 2024. ... he had the consuming curiosity of the born explorer which must always see the other side of the hill or the other end of the river.
4. L'eau. La vie. L'avenir. Politique nationale de l'eau (PDF) (in French), Bibliothèque nationale du Québec, 2002, ISBN 2-550-40074-7, archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022
5. Wadden, Marie (December 1991). Nitassinan: The Innu Struggle to Reclaim Their Homeland. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 240. ISBN 978-1-55365-731-6. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
6. MacKenzie, Marguerite (1994). Naskapi Lexicon. Kawawachikamach, Quebec: Naskapi Development Corp.
7. "The Portuguese Explorers". Memorial University of Newfoundland. Retrieved 24 October 2011.