Kong Anguo

Kong Anguo (Chinese: 孔安國; Wade–Giles: K'ung An-kuo; ca. 156 – ca. 74 BC),^[1] courtesy name Ziguo (子國), Kong Anguo was a Chinese classicist, philosopher, and politician of the Western Han dynasty of ancient China. A descendant of Confucius, he wrote the Shangshu Kongshi Zhuan, a compilation and commentary of the "Old Text" Shangshu. His work was lost, but a debated fourth-century forgery was officially recognized as a Confucian classic for over a millennium.

Kong Anguo
Born	ca. 156 BC
Died	ca. 74 BC
Other names	Kong Ziguo
Occupation(s)	Classicist, philosopher, politician
Academic background
Influences	Fu Sheng Shen Pei
Academic work
Era	Ancient philosophy
School or tradition	Confucianism
Main interests	Shangshu
Notable works	Shangshu Kongshi Zhuan
Influenced	Sima Qian

In this Chinese name, the family name is Kong.

Fragment from the manuscript of Lunyu, text by Kong Anguo with commentary by Zheng Xuan. This fragmentary manuscript has been found at Mogao Caves. It is dated era Longji, 2nd year (i.e. 890 CE), but it could be copied in the middle of the 8th century. Bibliothèque nationale de France

Background

Kong Anguo was a native of Qufu in Lu state, one of the many semi-autonomous kingdoms of the Western Han dynasty. He was the second son of Kong Zhong (孔忠) and an eleventh-generation descendant of Confucius.^[2] He studied the Classic of Poetry and Shangshu (Book of Documents) from the famous Confucian scholars Shen Pei and Fu Sheng.^[2] Kong also served in the court of Emperor Wu of Han as the Grand Master of Remonstrance (諫大夫).^[3]

Old Text Shangshu

According to tradition, the local ruler Prince Gong of Lu demolished a building of the Kong family complex in the process of enlarging his palace, and some ancient texts were discovered hidden in a wall, including Shangshu. They had apparently been hidden there in order to escape the book burning of Emperor Qin Shi Huang. This version of Shangshu contained 16 more chapters than the one transmitted by Fu Sheng. As the hidden texts were written in the ancient seal script, this newly discovered version is called "Ancient Script" or "Old Text" Shangshu, whereas Fu Sheng's version is called the "Modern Script" or "New Text".^[3] Kong Anguo compiled and wrote a commentary to the Old Text called Shangshu Kongshi Zhuan (尚書孔氏傳, literally Kong's Commentary of Shangshu), and the famous historian Sima Qian studied the text from him.^[2] The documents had a foreword added by Kong.^[4]

However, the Shangshu Kongshi Zhuan was later lost during the Eastern Han dynasty (25-220 AD).^[5] In the early fourth century, during the Eastern Jin dynasty, a purported copy of Kong's work suddenly reemerged. Scholar Mei Ze submitted a copy of the Old Text Shangshu to Emperor Yuan of Jin, along with a preface supposedly written by Kong Anguo. The Jin court accepted Mei's version as authentic. In 653, during the Tang dynasty, Mei Ze's Old Text further became the official version of the Confucian classic. Although many scholars had questioned the authenticity of Mei's version over the centuries, it maintained its official status for more than 1000 years until the Qing dynasty.^[6] Mei Ze's version is now recognized as a forgery.^[5] The "ancient character" edition falsely attributed to Kong is fake.^[7]

Notes

1. Declercq 1998, p. 169.
2. 孔安國 [Kong Anguo] (in Chinese). Xinhua. 2003-09-24. Archived from the original on November 21, 2003. Retrieved 2013-05-19.
3. "Kong Anguo". Chinaknowledge.de. Retrieved 2013-05-19.
4. Lagerwey (2009). Early Chinese Religion: Part One: Shang through Han (1250 BC-220 AD). Brill. p. 773. ISBN 978-90-04-16835-0.
5. Underhill 2013, p. 454.
6. Declercq 1998, pp. 169–170.
7. John Lagerwey; Marc Kalinowski (24 December 2008). Early Chinese Religion: Part One: Shang Through Han (1250 BC-220 AD) (2 Vols). BRILL. pp. 182–. ISBN 978-90-04-16835-0.

References

• Declercq, Dominik (1998). Writing Against the State: Political Rhetorics in Third and Fourth Century China. Brill. ISBN 9789004103764.
• Underhill, Anne P. (2013). A Companion to Chinese Archaeology. Wiley. ISBN 9781118325728.