List of current non-sovereign African monarchs

For current sovereign monarchs, see List of current sovereign monarchs.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This is a list of reigning non-sovereign monarchs in Africa, including traditional rulers and governing constitutional monarchs, but not the kings of Lesotho, Morocco and Eswatini. Each monarch listed below reigns over a legally recognised dominion located internally within a sovereign state, but in most cases possess little or no sovereign governing power themselves. Their titles, however, are recognised by the state. Entries are listed beside their respective dominions, and are grouped by country.

Contents

• A
• B
• C
• E
• G
• I
• K
• L
• M
• N
• R
• S
• T
• U
• Z

• Country notes
• Background
• See also
• References
• Notes
• Further reading

Background

The roles, powers, and influence of non-sovereign monarchs throughout Africa vary greatly depending on the state. In some states, such as Angola, the local king may play an integral role in the local governing council of a region, such is the case with the king of Bailundo,^[1] or on a smaller level, such as many of the Fons of Cameroon, they may be seen as leaders or heads of a particular town, settlement, or village.^[2] They are often regarded as custodians of tradition and culture, and in some cases, play an important role in local religious activities (such as in Benin, where some of the kings double as heads of Vodun cults and are believed to have spiritual powers).^[3][4]

Their relationship with the national government of which their respective realm sits within can be complex. Particularly influential monarchs are often sought after by local politicians and elected leaders for support,^[5][6] while others have contentious relationships with their national governments. In some cases, the national government has stepped in to curtail the influence of non-sovereign monarchs (such as when Chadian government suspended the powers of the Ouaddai sultan in 2022, or when the emir of Kano was deposed by the regional government).^[7][8]

List

State	Polity	Title	Monarch	Since	House	Succession	Refs
Angola	Bailundo	King/Soma inene	Tchongolola Tchongonga Ekuikui VI	2021		Hereditary and elective	[9][10]
	Cuito	King	Bingo Bingo			Hereditary	[11]
	Baixa de Cassanje		Dianhenga Aspirante Mjinji Kulaxingo			Hereditary	[12]
	Huambo (Wambu)	King	Artur Moço				[13][14]
	Lunda-Tchokwe	Mwene	Muatchissengue Wa Tembo / José Estêvão			Hereditary	[15]
	Luvale	Queen	Nhakatole Chilombo Tchissengo	2004	Nhakatole	Hereditary	[16]
	Mbata / Zombo	King	Makitu III	2023	Kizulu	Matrilinear
	Mbaza Kongo	Chief	Mfumu Mukongo Afonso Méndes			Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Mbunda	Mwene	Mbandu III Mbandu Lifuti	2008		Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Ndongo	Ngola	Buba Nvula Dala Mana Cabombo			Hereditary	[17]
	Nganguela	King	Tchinhama Mwene Vunongue VIII Manuel Ndala	2019		Hereditary
	Ombada yo Mungo	King	Zeferino Satona				[18]
	Ombala ya Nalueque	King	Mário Satipamba
	Viye	oSoma	Afonso Viti			Hereditary and elective	[19]
Benin	Abomey (Dahomey) [bj 1]	Ahosu	Dada Dèwènondè Gbéhanzin [bj 2]	22 January 2022	Aladaxonou [bj 3]	Hereditary and elective	[20]
	Abomey-Calavi	King	Kpôton Avoumbè Gbesso Allodji III				[21]
	Ahouannonzoun	King	Abmomansoatin Kponan				[citation needed]
	Akassato	King	Zounfon				[22]
	Ardra	Ahosu	Kpodégbé Djigla	2 December 1992	Agasuvi [bj 3]	Hereditary	[23]
	Agonlin	King/Dada	Dada Agonlinhossou Yèto Kandji	24 February 1993	Yèto		[24]
	Avrankou	King/Dada	Latchèholou Guidimadjegbé [bw 1]				[25][26]
	Azovè	King	Aklamakou-Zokou[bw 2]				[27][28]
	Banikoara	King	Nasounon				[25]
	Cana	King/Dada	Langanfin Glélé Aïhotogbé[bw 3]				[29]
	Comè	King	Togbé Akati II Djidjilévo				[30]
	Dahé	King/Dada	Dada Awiyan Kokpon Houdegbe				[31]
	Dassa	Oba	Egbakotan II		Dassa [bj 4]	Hereditary	[23]
	Djougou	King	Kpétoni Koda VI				[32]
	Dogbo	King	Towanou II				[27]
	Ganvié	King	Houéton Ahoumbè				[22]
	Guin ethnic group in Benin	Guin Fiogan	Nii Kouété Nicoué Kpatakpatakou II	4 October 2020			[33]
	Houégbo	King	Gbedonouzo Atchudji				[22]
	Houéyogbé	King	Agassa Adanyroh Guèdèhounguè				[34]
	Karimama	Ango	Amadou	14 April 2000	Dandaoudou	Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Kèrè	Oba	Ariy				[27]
	Ketu	Oba	Alaro Alade-Ife	17 December 2005	Alaketu [bj 4]	Hereditary	[23]
	Kika	King	Kika Toko Salifou Kouma[bw 4]				[35]
	Kinto and the Houézènou people	King	Adjiwatonou Yèwa Hondogbè Kpèdo III				[36]
	Kpanhouingnan	King	Aglimasse
	Kpomassè	King	Olota				[37]
	Kouandé	Bangana	Sourou III	28 September 2004	Bangana [bj 5]	Hereditary and elective	[23][38]
	Manigri	King	Djaboutouboutou				[25]
	N'Dali	King	Daari Sounon Swanrou				[39]
	Naogon	King	Dah Gandaho Kini Dégbé				[40]
	Natitingou	King	Yane Sotima				[41]
	Nikki	Sinaboko	Chabi Naina III	2014	Sinaboko [bj 5]	Hereditary and elective	[42]
	Ouémé Valley	King	Signon Oba Adékiyiloumon				[citation needed]
	Ouidah	King	Mito-Daho Kpassenon		Kpassè [bj 3]	Hereditary	[23]
	Paouingnan	King	Gbèdégbé Adda Sèhoto IIII				[43]
	Parakou	King	Akpaki Boukou Kinnin II[bj 6]	12 September 2012	Kobourou [bj 7]	Hereditary and elective	[44][45]
	Péhunco	Sinagonrigui	Kpéï Sourou [bj 8]	13 August 2004	Sinagonrigui	Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Porto-Novo[bj 9]	Ahosu	Toffa IX Gbêzé Ayontinmè [bj 10] Kpodagba Lokpon VIII		Agasuvi [bj 3]	Hereditary	[23][46]
	Savé	Oba	Adetutu Akinmou Akikenju VI [bj 11]		Onisabe [bj 4]	Hereditary	[23]
	Savalou	King	Dada Ganfon Gbaguidi XV				[47]
	Tori-Bossito	King	Odjaka Kinidégbé Gbozèkpa Gbèna				[48]
	Wèmè-Tosso	King	Tossoholou Zoundjè Wandji Ganmasizo Toli Yélian				[35]
	Zinvié Yevié	King	Adjihinto				[25]
Botswana[bw 5]	Bakgatla	Kgosikgolo	Kgafela II [bw 6]	20 September 2008	Masilo	Hereditary	[49][50]
	Bakwêna	Kgosikgolo	Kgari III [bw 7]	17 August 2002 [bw 8]		Hereditary	[49][51]
	Balete	Kgosigadi	Mosadi [bw 9]	7 January 2002 [bw 10]	Badimo	Hereditary	[49][52]
	Bamangwato	Kgosikgolo	Ian Khama [bw 11]	5 May 1979	Masilo	Hereditary	[49][53]
	Bangwaketse	Kgosikgolo	Malope II a Gaseitsiwe [bw 12]	5 August 2010 [bw 13]		Hereditary	[49][54][55]
	Barolong	Kgosikgolo	Lotlamoreng II [bw 14]	23 February 2002 [bw 15]	Morolong	Hereditary	[56]
	Batawana	Kgosigadi	Kealitile [bw 16]	28 January 2004	Masilo	Hereditary	[49][57]
	Batlôkwa	Kgosikgolo	Puso Gaborone	30 May 2006 [bw 17]	Gaborone	Hereditary	[49][58]
Burkina Faso	Boussouma	Naaba	Sigri	10 August 2019		Hereditary	[59]
	Diébougou	King	Quattara Sié Félix	2007			[citation needed]
	Djibo	Emir	Boubacari Dicko				[60]
	Fada N'gourma (Gulmu)	King	Untaamba [bf 1] Hampanli [bf 1]			Elective	[61][62]
	Liptako[bf 2]	Emir	Ousmane Amirou Dicko				[63]
	Obiré	King	Gan				[64]
	Rissiam	Naaba	Koanga				[65]
	Tangzougou (Gourcy)	Naaba	Baongo de Gourcy	27 August 2011			[66][67]
	Tenkodogo (Zougrantenga)	Naaba	Guiguem-Pollé (Djiguampole)	2016			[68]
	Wogodogo (Ouagadougou)	Mogho Naba	Baongo II	1983		Hereditary	[69]
	Yagha	Emir	Boureima Ly				[70]
	Yatenga	Naaba	Kiiba				[71]
Burundi	Burundi	Mwami	vacant		Ntwero	Hereditary
Cameroon	Adié	Chief	William Ndong Tchombè				[72]
	Bafaw and Kumba	Nfon/Paramount chief	Nfon Mukete Ekoko IV				[73]
	Bafut	Fon	Abumbi II				[74]
	Bali Nyonga	Fon	Dr. Doh Ganyonga III
	Bamoun	Nfon/King/Sultan	Mouhamed Nabil Nfonrifoum Mbombo Njoya	10 October 2021		Hereditary	[75][76]
	Bamoungoum	Chief	Moumbe Fotso Mitterand				[77]
	Bana	Fon	Sikam Happi V				[78][74]
	Bandjoun	Chief	Honoré Djomo Kamga				[76]
	Bangangté	King/Chief	Nji Monluh Seidou Pokam				[79][80]
	Bangoua	Chief	Julio Djampou Tchatchouang				[81]
	Banyo	Lamido	Banyo Mohaman Gabdo Yaya				[82]
	Baya	Chief	Mbele Banga				[83]
	Bogo	Lamido	Yerima Bello Hamadou	August 2022			[84]
	Dibombari	Traditional chief	Toto Bekombo Théodore Chef				[85]
	Ebessep	Chef supérieur	Grégoire Langoul				[83][86]
	Edinding	Chief	Tsala Ndjomo Guy				[87]
	Eséka	Chief	Gabriel Mayi Matip				[88]
	Fontem	Fon	Asabaton Fontem Njifua				[89]
	Garoua	Lamido	Ibrahim El Rachidine				[90]
	Guirvidig	Chief	Ampou Agourda				[83]
	Kalfou	Chief	Yerima Hamadou Tomboutou				[83]
	Kom	Fon	Clement Ndzi II				[91]
	Logone-Birni	Sultan	Mahamat Bahar Marouf				[76]
	Maka-Bebend	Chief	Bertrand Effoudou				[92]
	Maka-Mboang	Chief	Jean-Claude Balla				[83]
	Mandara	Sultan	Hamidu Umar	18 March 1942		Hereditary
	Mankon	Fon	Asaah Fru Angwafor IV	7 June 2022			[93]
	Matakam-Sud	Lamido	Djeguele Zogue				[83]
	Meiganga	Lamido	Moussa Sabo				[76]
	Maroua	Lamido	Abdoulaye Yérima Bakary	16 September 2022			[74][94]
	Mogode	Lamido	Alhadji Isse Tize				[74]
	Mokolo	Lamido	Yacouba Mohamadou Mourtalla				[74]
	Mvog-Nama I	Chef supérieur	Jean Marie Mama	7 June 2007			[95]
	Ndog-Bea-Nord	Chief	Louis Mbem	4 May 2006			[96]
	Ndoukoula	Chief	Ayang Luc				[83]
	Ngaoundéré	Lamido	Mohamadou Hayatou Issa				[83][97]
	Nso	Fon	Sehm Mbinglo II				[89][98]
	Omvang-Sekonda	Chief	Ze Nguélé René				[83]
	Rey Bouba	Lamido	Abdoulaye				[76]
	Sanaga	Chef supérieur	Mveimani Sombo Amba				[99]
	Sawa and Bell	King	Jean Yves Eboumbou				[100]
	Tibati	Lamido	Mohamadou Hadi Barkindo	17 June 2023			[83][101]
	Tignère	Lamido	Yerima Baba Daiïrou				[83]
	Widikum	Fon	Fongum Gorji Dinka				[102]
	Yagoua	Lamido	Ahmadou Dahirou	17 September 2020		Elective	[103]
Second degree chiefdoms	Abuh	Fon	Clement Fonkwah Mbeng				[104]
	Anyajua	Fon	Nsom Johnson Chongsi				[104]
	Baba I	Fon	Fue Nghaper II	8 May 2023			[105]
	Babungo	Fon	Ndofoa Zofoa III				[74]
	Bafmeng	Fon	Francis Aneng				[106]
	Bafoussam	Chef supérieur	Njitack Ngompe Pelé				[107]
	Baleveng	Chef supérieur	Guemgni Gaston				[108]
	Bamendjinda	Chef supérieur	Tanefo Jean Marie				[108]
	Bamendou	King	Gabriel Tsidie				[109]
	Bamendjou	King/Fo'o	Jean Rameau Sokoudjou				[110]
	Batoufam	Chief	Nayang Toukam Innocent				[111]
	Bazou	King	Vincent Tchoua Kemajou de Bazou				[112]
	Belo	Fon	Peter Ndong Abang				[104]
	Berabe	Fon	Emmanuel Bami				[113]
	Binka	Fon	Nfor Samuel Hombome				[114]
	Binshua	Fon	Edmund Kimbi	25 March 2012			[104]
	Buku	Fon	Lenge Joseph Eku				[115]
	Bum	Fon	Kwanga Peter Yai				[104]
	Djottin	Fon	Joseph Nfon Tayen Ngam Nfii II				[116][104]
	Fundong	Fon	Diang Zacheus				[104]
	Kiluun	Fon	Njoyir II				[117]
	Kungi	Fon	Yaya Musa Gamje Budi	2007			[118]
	Mbem	Fon	Samuel Ngwim Ngabum				[119]
	Mbessa	Fon	Njong Gilbert II				[98]
	Mbiame	Fon	Nwe II				[120]
	Mbot	Fon	Shey Barnabas Mbunwe II				[121]
	Mfe	Fon	Chepnda Ronald	2022			[122]
	Ndu	Fon	Nfor Nformi				[123]
	Njinikom	Fon	Ngeh Francis				[104]
	Nkamchi	Fon	Richard Chefon				[104][124]
	Nkambé	Fon	Nji Amidu				[125]
	Nkar	Fon	Molo II [cam 1]				[126]
	Ngarum	Fon	Nganji IV	2018			[127]
	Nseh	Fon	Senyuy Oliver N. Fonban II				[104][128]
	Oku	Fon	Ngum IV [cam 2]				[129]
	Tabenken	Fon	Ngwayi Polycarp Ndiborti				[130]
	Talla	Fon	Isaac Nfor Bassa	2010			[131]
	Weh	Fon	Mbuh II
Central African Republic	Bangassou	Sultan	Maxime Faustin Mbringa Takama	2011		Hereditary	[132]
	Birao / Vakaga	Sultan	Ahmad Moustapha Am-Gabo				[133]
	Dar al Kuti / N'Délé	Sultan	Ibrahim Kamoun Senoussi	2014		Hereditary	[133][134]
	Rafai	Sultan	Joseph Hetman el Roosalem			Hereditary
Chad	Baguirmi	Mbang	Mahamat Yusuf	14 June 1970	Baguirmi	Hereditary	[135]
	Ouaddai	Sultan	Cherif Abdelhadi Mahdi	August 2019	Maba	Hereditary	[136]
Congo	Loango		vacant	23 December 2020	Loango	Hereditary and elective	[137]
Congo Democratic Republic	Babungwe	Mwami	Sindi Charles Sami III			Hereditary
	Bafiluru	Mwami	Ndare III Simba Kalingishi Adams			Hereditary
	Bahunde	Mwami	Kalinda Nicolas			Hereditary
	Bakwa Luntu	Queen	Diambi Kabatusuila				[138]
	Barundi	Mwami	Richard Nijinbere Kinyoni III Ndabagoye			Hereditary
	Basanga	Mulopwe	Mathieu Pembamoto Kyala			Hereditary
	Basile	Mwami	Kalega Riziki Lwango II Lucien			Hereditary
	Bashu	Mwami	Abdul Paluku Kalemire III			Hereditary
	Buhavu	Mwami	Kamirogosa III Shosho Ntale Franc			Hereditary
	Bukumu	Mwami	Kahembe IV Isaac Butsitsi			Hereditary
	Burhunyi	Mwami	Muganga Bulala II Richard			Hereditary
	Buzi	Mwami	Sangara Amri Hubert II			Hereditary
	Bwisha	Mwami	Jean Baptiste Ndeze Rekatubere			Hereditary
	Garengaze	Mwami	M'siri Mwenda VIII Bantu Godefroid Munongo			Hereditary
	Kabare	Mwami	Nabushi Désiré Kabare Rugemaninzi II			Hereditary
	Kakwa		David Tsukia Likambo			Hereditary
	Kasongo Lunda		Kiamvu Frederic Inkani			Hereditary
	Kaziba	Mulopwe	Mwami Dirk Majiri IV Nakaziba Chimanye			Hereditary
	Kuba		Nyim Kot a Mbweeki III			Hereditary
	Luba		vacant			Hereditary
	Luhwindja	Mulopwe	Mwami Naluhwindja Tony Chibwire V			Hereditary
	Lunda		Mushid III			Hereditary
	Mayogo Magbaie		Justin Somana			Hereditary
	Nweshe	Mulopwe	Mwami Ngweshe XV Pierre Ndatabaye Weza III			Hereditary
	Ntambuka	Mulopwe	Mwami Ntambuka Balekage Mihigo III Roger			Hereditary
	Rubenga		Rubenga			Hereditary
	Vira	Mulopwe	Mwami Lwegeleza III			Hereditary
	Wamuzimu	Mulopwe	Mwami Longangi IV Nen'Ilungu Kampangalasa			Hereditary
Equatorial Guinea	Bubi		vacant [af 1]	15 November 2001	Bahítáari	Hereditary	[139]
Equatoguinean Muslims	Imam	Pedro Benigno Matute Tang			Hereditary and elective
Ethiopia	Aussa	Royal Chief	Akula [140]	19 September 2020		Hereditary	[141]
Gabon	Benga	King	Marcel Nkombouet				[142]
	Orungu		Mbongo Ntchounga			Hereditary
Gambia	Fuladugu		Farli Baldeh	1997		Hereditary
	The Gambia & Kombo North District	Paramount chief	Alhaji Momodou Bojang			Hereditary	[143]
Ghana	Akuapem	Okuapehene/Paramount Chief	Okuapehene Oseadeeyo Kwasi Akuffo III	3 May 2020	Asona Clan	Hereditary
	Akwamu	Akwamuhene/Paramount Chief	Odeneho Kwafo Akoto III	2011	Aduana Clan	Hereditary
	Akyem Abuakwa	Okyehene/Paramount Chief	Osagyefuo Amoatia Ofori Panin	4 October 1999	Asona Clan	Hereditary
	Aowin	Omanhene	Beyeman Brentum III		Western Regional House of Chiefs	Hereditary
	Asante	Otumfuo, the Asantehene	Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II	26 April 1999	Oyoko and President of the Ashanti Regional House of Chiefs	Hereditary
	Asante Akyem Hwidiem	Saamanhene (Divisional Chief/Prince)	Nana Òkofrobòur Ababio II	August 7, 2015		Hereditary
	Asogli	Agbogbomefia	Togbe Afede XIV	4 October 2003	Volta Regional House of Chiefs	Hereditary
	Dagbon	Overlord	Yaa Naa Bukali Mahama II	January 18, 2019	Andani and Northern Regional House of Chiefs	Hereditary
	Dormaa	Omanhene	Osagyefo Oseadeeyo Agyemang-Badu II		Brong Ahafo Regional House of Chiefs	Hereditary
	Gonja	King	Yagbongurwa Tuntumba Sulemana Jakpa Bore Essa I	2010	Northern Regional House of Chiefs	Hereditary
	Gbi	Fiaga/Paramount Chief	Togbega gabusu VI	25 May 1989, d. 18 January 2020	Torkoni Clan, Divisional Chief of Gbi-Hohoe, Volta Regional House of Chiefs	Hereditary
	Gbi	Divisional Chief/Prince	Togbe Osei III	2002	Gbi-Godenu	Hereditary
	Kwahu	Okwahuhene/Kwahumanhene/ Paramount Chief	Daasebre Akuamoah Agyapong II	2017	Bretuo Clan	Hereditary
	Mankessim	Omanhene	Osagyefo Amanfo Edu IV of Fante		Asona Clan/Central Regional House of Chiefs	Hereditary
	Sefwi Anhiawso	Omanhene	Ogyeahohoo Yaw Gyebi II		Western North Regional House of Chiefs	Hereditary
	Sefwi Bekwai	Omanhene	Odeneho Gyapong Ababio II		Western North Regional House of Chiefs	Hereditary
	Sefwi Wiawso	Omanhene	Katakyie Kwasi Bumankamah II		Western North Regional House of Chiefs	Hereditary
	Sefwi Chirano	Omanhene	Okogyeaman Kwaku Gyamprah III		Western North Regional House of Chiefs	Hereditary
	Suaman	Omanhene	Odeneho Bentum IV		Western North Regional House of Chiefs	Hereditary
Guinea-Bissau	Guinea-Bissau	Paramount chief	Agosto Fernandes			Hereditary	[143]
Ivory Coast	Kru chiefdoms		King David, His Majesty King Tchiffi Zae Jean-Gervais				[144][145]
	N'Zima Kotoko	King	Amon Paul Désiré Tanow				[146]
	Sanwi	King of Sanwi	Amon N'Douffou V	5 August 2005		Hereditary
Kenya	Wanga		Peter Mumia II	1980		Hereditary
Liberia	Nimba		Franklin D. Toweh			Hereditary
Madagascar	Madagascar	King Ndriana Rabarioelina		Merina (Madagascar)Merina	Hereditary Divine Election
	Sakalava Bemazaba Nosy Faly	King	Tsiaraso IV Rachidy	1993		Hereditary	[147]
	Sakalava Bemihisatra of Analalava		Mpanjaka Zalifa Bente Salim	2017		Hereditary
	Sakalava Bemihisatra of Nosy Be		vacant			Hereditary
	Sakalava Menabe		vacant	2017		Hereditary
Malawi	Jere		Inkosi ya Makosi M'mbelwa V	June 1996	Ngoni	Hereditary and elective	[148]
	Lomwe [af 2]	Paramount Chief	Mkhumba	25 October 2008	Mihavani	Elective and hereditary	[149]
	Mang'anja		Lundu Nkhuku	2002	Lundu [af 3]	Hereditary and elective	[150]
	Maseko		Inkosi ya Makosi Gomani V [af 4]	26 September 2009	Ngoni	Hereditary and elective	[151]
	Ngonde		Ntemi Kyungu	September 2007	Kyungu	Elective and hereditary	[152]
	Tumbuka		Themba la Mathemba Chikulamayembe	September 2007	Chikulamayembe	Elective and hereditary	[152]
	Yao [af 2]	Paramount Chief	Chikowi	15 February 2009	Yao	Elective and hereditary	[citation needed]
Mali	Liptako[bf 2]	Emir	Ousmane Amirou Dicko			Hereditary	[63]
	Mali	Mansa	vacant		Keita	Hereditary
Mauritania	Tagant	Emir	Mohamed Ould Abderrahmane	February 2003	Idawi	Hereditary	[153]
	Trarza	Emir	Muhammad Fall wuld `Umayr		Ḥassān	Hereditary	[citation needed]
Namibia	Afrikaner	Kaptein	Eduard Afrikaner	24 July 2016	Oorlam [na 1]	Hereditary and elective	[154]
	Bakgalagadi	Kgosi	Hubert Ditshabue	18 April 1992	Kgalagadi	Hereditary and elective	[155]
	Baster	Kaptein	John McNab	January 1999	N/A	Elective [na 2]	[156]
	Berseba [na 3]	Kaptein	Stephanus Goliath Johannes Isaak	24 April 2010 [na 4]	Goliath Isaak	Elective and hereditary	[157]
	Bethanie [na 5]	Kaptein	Dawid Frederiks	1 June 1984	Frederiks	Hereditary and elective	[155]
	Bondelswarts	Kaptein	Anna Christiaan [na 6]	20 May 1977	!Gami-nun [na 1]	Hereditary and elective	[155][158]
	Damara	Gaob	Justus ǁGaroëb	September 1993 [na 7]	N/A	Elective	[155]
	Gciriku	Hompa	Kassian Shiyambi	14 May 1999	Gciriku [na 8]	Hereditary and elective	[155]
	Hai-om	’Aiha	David Khamuxab	17 December 2000 [na 9]	Hai-om [na 10]	Elective and hereditary	[159]
	Hawoben		vacant [na 11]	4 March 2009	Hawoben [na 1]	Elective and hereditary	[155][160]
	Herero	Ombara	vacant		Ovaherero	Elective and hereditary	[155][161]
	Hoachanas [na 12]	Kaptein	Petrus Simon Moses Kooper	3 December 1988	Kooper	Hereditary and elective	[155]
	Ju’hoansi	’Aiha	Tsamkxao Oma	5 July 1990	Ju’hoa [na 10]	Elective and hereditary
	!Kung	’Aiha	John Arnold	28 February 1990	!Kung [na 10]	Elective and hereditary
	Mafwe	Litunga	Mamili VII [na 13]	18 April 1999	Mamili [na 14]	Hereditary and elective
	Masubiya	Munitenge	Liswani III [na 15]	19 August 1996	Subiya	Hereditary and elective
	Mayeyi	Shikati	Boniface Sifu	1 August 1993	Yeyi	Hereditary and elective
	Mbukushu	Fumu	Erwin Mbambo Munika	3 May 1991	Mbukushu [na 8]	Hereditary and elective
	Mbunza	Hompa	Frans Haingura Muronga	25 May 1996	Mbunza [na 8]	Hereditary and elective
	Ombalantu	Elenga	Oswin Shifiona Mukulu	13 May 1983	Mbalantu [na 16]	Hereditary and elective
	Ombandja	Elenga	Mathias Walaula	29 March 2004	Mbandja [na 16]	Hereditary and elective	[162]
	Ondonga	Omukwaniilwa	Fillemon Shuumbwa Nangolo	14 April 2019	Ndonga [na 16]	Hereditary and elective	[155]
	Ongandjera	Omukwaniilwa	Japhet Malenga Munkundi	16 November 1971	Ngandjera [na 16]	Hereditary and elective
	Shambyu	Hompa	Angelina Matumbo Ribebe	19 May 1989	Sambyu [na 8]	Hereditary and elective
	Topnaar	Kaptein	Seth Kooitjie	28 June 1980	Aonin [na 1]	Elective and hereditary
	Swartbooi	Kaptein	Daniël Luipert	15 November 1986	Khau-goa [na 1]	Elective and hereditary
	Uukolonkadhi	Elenga	David Shooya	27 June 1985	Kolonkhadi [na 16]	Hereditary and elective
	Uukwaluudhi	Omukwaniilwa	Shikongo Taapopi [na 17]	20 September 1960	Kwaluudhi [na 16]	Hereditary and elective
	Uukwambi	Elenga	Herman Iipumbu	10 April 1991	Kwambi [na 16]	Hereditary and elective
	Uukwangali	Hompa	Eugene Siwombe Kudumo	25 April 2015	Kwangali [na 8]	Hereditary and elective
	Uukwanyama	Ohamba	Martha Nelumbu [na 18]	12 November 2005	Kwanyama [na 16]	Hereditary and elective	[163]
	Vaalgras	Kaptein	Joel Stephanus	6 April 1975	Oorlam [na 1]	Elective and hereditary	[155]
	Witbooi [na 19]	Kaptein	Christian Rooi [na 20]	13 October 2009	Witbooi	Hereditary and elective	[164][165]
Namibia Herero chiefs	Ovaherero [na 21]	Ombara	Tuhavi David Kambazembi	17 July 1989	Kambazembi	Hereditary and elective	[155]
		Ombara	Alfons Maharero	1969 [na 22]	Maharero	Hereditary and elective
		Ombara	Christiaan Eerike Zeraua	4 October 1997	Zeraua	Hereditary and elective
	Ovahimba	Ombara	Paulus Tjavara	3 August 1996	Otjikaoko	Hereditary and elective
		Ombara	vacant [na 23]	31 October 2009	Vita	Hereditary and elective
	Ovambanderu	Ombara	Keharanjo II	9 August 2008	Nguvauva	Hereditary and elective	[166]
Niger	Aïr	Amenukal	Oumarou Ibrahim Oumarou	2012	Tuareg	Hereditary and elective [af 5]	[167]
	Dosso	Djermakoy	Maidanda	2000	Djerma	Hereditary	[168]
	Liptako[bf 2]	Emir	Ousmane Amirou Dicko				[63]
	Lougou		Sarauniya Aljima				[169]
	Maradi	Sarkin	Alhaji Ahmed Ali Zaki	5 December 2022	Durbawa [af 6]	Elective and hereditary	[170]
	Téra	Askya	Sa'id Amaru	1952	Askiya [af 7]	Hereditary	[171]
	Zinder (Damagaram)	Sarkin	Aboubakar Oumarou Sanda	2011	Damagaram [af 6]	Elective and hereditary	[172][173]
Nigeria	Agbor		Dein Benjamin Ikechukwu Kiagborekuzi I	1979		Hereditary and elective
	Ake	Oba	Adedotun Aremu Gbadebo III	2005	Egba Alake clan dynasty of the Yoruba people	Hereditary and elective	[174]
	Akure	Oba	Aladetoyinbo Ogunlade Aladelusi Odundun II	8 July 2015	Omoremilekun Asodeboyede dynasty of the Yoruba people	Hereditary and elective	[175]
	Benin	Oba	Ewuare II	2016		Hereditary and elective
	Bida	Etsu	Yahaya Abubakar	2003		Hereditary and elective
	Borno	Shehu	Abubakar Ibn Umar Garbai El-Kanemi	2009		Hereditary and elective
	Edem	Eze (Agaba-Idu)	Nwabueze Annekwempaha Ezea II	16 July 2009	Ezea Ugwoke
	Ikateland	Oba	Saheed Ademola Elegushi, Kusenla II	27 April 2010	Kusenla	Hereditary and elective
	Ile Ife		Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi Ojaja II	26 October 2015	Giesi of the Oranmiyan dynasty	Hereditary and elective
	Ilesa		Owa Gabriel Adekunle Aromolaran II			Hereditary and elective
	Itele	Moyegeso	Mufutau Adesanya Kasali Iboriaran I	3 March 2003	Ishagbola of the Moyegeso dynasty-cum-Fidipote, Idewon, Ijebu Ode	Hereditary and elective
	Kano	Emir	Muhammadu Sanusi II	24 May 2024	House of Kano (descent from Ibrahim Dabo)	Hereditary and elective	[176]
	Kumbwada	Queen	Hajiya Haidzatu Ahmed	1998		Hereditary through the female line
	Lagos	Oba	Rilwan Babatunde Osuolale Aremu Akiolu I	9 August 2003		Hereditary and elective
	Ariiọba Ikale	Abodi	George Babatunde Faduyile Adegun II	24 December 1997		Hereditary and elective
	Nasarawa Emirate	Emir	Ibrahim Usman Jibril	2018		Hereditary and elective
	Nembe	Amanyanabo	Edmund Maduabebe Daukoru, Mingi XII	2008		Hereditary and elective
	Nnewi	Igwe	Kenneth Onyeneke Orizu III	1963		Hereditary and elective
	Nri	Ezre Nri	Enweleana II Obidiegwo Onyeso	1988		Hereditary and elective
	Onitsha	Obi	Nnayelugo Alfred Nnaemeka Achebe	3 June 2002	Onitsha subgroup of the Igbo people	Elective	[177]
	Orlu Gedegwum	Igwe	Patrick II Acholonu	2009		Hereditary
	Oyo	Alaafin				Hereditary
	Sokoto	Sultan	Sa'adu Abubakar	2006		Hereditary and elective
	Ugbo Kingdom	Oba	Fredrick Obateru Akinruntan	2009	Adetolugbo	Hereditary and elective
	Warri	Olu	Ogiame Atuwatse III	2021		Hereditary and elective
Rwanda	Rwanda	King of Rwanda	Emmanuel Bushayija Yuhi VI	9 January 2017	Abanyiginya	Hereditary
Senegal	Oussouye		Daniel LauShaun Kipchoge Choubassi-Roberts	18 January 2001	Jola	Elective	[178]
Sierra Leone	Luawa		Mohamed Kailondo Banya			Hereditary
	Mambolo		Sumanoh Kapen			Hereditary
Somalia	Majeerteen Sultanate	Boqor	Burhan Boqor Muse	24 May 2014	Majeerteen	Hereditary	[179]
Somaliland	Isaaq Sultanate	Sultan	Daud Sultan Mahamed	13 February 2021	Rer Guled	Hereditary	[180]
	Habr Yunis Sultanate	Sultan	Osman Sultan Ali	1979	Rer Ainanshe	Hereditary	[181]
	Habr Je'lo	Sultan	Abdillahi Sultan Ali		Rer Yonis	Hereditary	[182]
	Habr Awal	Sultan	Hasan Sultan Abdillahi	2009	Ahmed Abdallah	Hereditary	[183]
	Arap	Sultan	Abdirahman Sultan Omar	15 September 2021	Arap	Hereditary	[184]
	Dhulbahante	Garad	Jama Garad Ali	24 April 2006	Farah Garad	Hereditary	[185]
South Africa	Bakwêna [za 1]		Morena Moremoholo Mopeli [za 2]	2018	Mopeli	Hereditary and elective	[187]
	Bapedi	Kgosi	Thulare Victor Thulare [za 3]	29 July 2010	Maroteng	Hereditary and elective	[188][189]
	Batlôkwa [za 4]		Morena Montoeli Mota	2015	Mota [za 5]	Hereditary and elective	[190]
	Mpondo [za 6]	Kumkani	Zanozuko Tyelovuyo Sigcawu	29 July 2010 [za 7]	Mqikela [za 8]	Hereditary and elective	[194][195]
		Kumkani	Ndamase Ndamase	8 February 2008 [za 9]	Ndamase [za 8]	Hereditary and elective
	Ndebele [za 10]	Ingwenyama	Makhosoke II [za 11]		Manala-Mbongo [za 12]	Hereditary and elective	[citation needed]
		Ingwenyama	Mbusi Mahlangu [za 13]	1 July 2005	Ndzundza-Mabhoko [za 14]	Hereditary and elective	[194][197][198][199]
	Thembu [za 15]	Kumkani	Buyelekhaya Dalindyebo [za 16]	May 1989 [za 17]	Dalindyebo [za 18]	Hereditary and elective	[194][201]
		Kumkani	Siyambonga Matanzima [za 19]	31 May 2010	Matanzima [za 18]	Hereditary and elective
	Venda [za 20]	Thovhele	Toni Mphephu Ramabulana	28 November 1998	Ramabulana [za 21]	Hereditary and elective	[194][204]
	Xhosa [za 22]	Kumkani	Ahlangene Sigcawu	16 October 2020	Gcaleka [za 23]	Hereditary and elective	[194][207]
		Kumkani	Jonguxolo Sandile	12 July 2020	Rharhabe [za 23]	Hereditary and elective	[194][208]
	Zulu [za 24]	Ingonyama yamaZulu	Misuzulu Zulu	7 May 2021	Zulu [za 25]	Hereditary and elective	[194][210]
South Africa Venda paramounts	Mphaphuli	Thovhele	Musiiwa Gole Mphaphuli	18 December 2001	Mphaphuli [za 21]	Hereditary and elective	[194][204]
	Tshivhase	Thovhele	Kennedy Midiyavhathu Tshivhase	1993 [za 26]	Tshivhase [za 21]	Hereditary and elective
South Africa Xhosa paramounts	imiDushane	Kumkani	Ngubesizwe Ludwe Siwane	June 2001	Mdushane [za 23]	Hereditary and elective	[194][211]
	Gasela	Kumkani	Mabikhwe Zwelandile	14 February 1947	Gasela [za 23]	Hereditary and elective	[194]
	Gqunukhwebe	Inkosi	Nkosana Zwelimjongile Kama	14 September 2002	Kama [za 27]	Hereditary and elective	[194][212]
	Ntinde	Kumkani	Zwelitsha a Mgcawezulu	16 September 1946	Ntinde [za 23]	Hereditary and elective	[194]
	Qhayi	Kumkani	Mabundu Bangelizwe Jali		Qhayi [za 23]	Hereditary and elective	[194]
South Africa other paramounts	Bafokeng	Kgosi	Leruo Tshekedi Molotlegi	April 2000 [za 28]	Molotlegi	Hereditary and elective	[213][214]
	Balobedu		vacant [za 29]	12 June 2005	Modjadji [za 30]	Hereditary and elective [za 31]	[194][215]
	Bhaca	King	Madzikane II		King Ncapai	Hereditary and elective	[194][216]
	Griqua	Paramount Chief	Alan Andrew le Fleur	8 November 2005	Le Fleur [za 32]	Hereditary and elective	[citation needed]
		Paramount Chief	Adam Kok V	1991	Kok [za 33]	Hereditary and elective	[217]
	Hlubi	Kumkani	Langalibalele II [za 34]	1974	Hadebe	Hereditary and elective	[194]
	Mpondomise		Luzuko Matiwane [za 35]	14 January 2020	Majola	Hereditary and elective	[218][219]
Sudan  South Sudan	Abyei	Emir	Kuol Deng Kuol	19 February 1976	Ngok [af 8]	Hereditary and elective	[220]
	Anuak	King	Adongo Agada Cham	2 May 2001	Nyiudola	Hereditary [af 9]	[221][222]
	Azende Kingdom	King	Atoroba Rikito Gbudue	9 February 2022		Hereditary	[223]
	Shilluk	Reth	Kwongo wad Dak	4 August 1993 [af 10]	Kwathker	Hereditary and elective [af 11]	[224][225]
Tanzania	Mwene Mbonwean Sultanate of Ujiji	Kolo	Othman Hamza Malilo II	2017
	Shambalai		vacant [af 12]	2000	Kilindi	Hereditary	[226]
	Sukuma		Ntemi Fumakule-Bunamiko-Ndilanha [af 13]	Since 1978, aged nine, to date	Ndilanha/Malya/Kina mweri/	Hereditary	[227]
Togo	Aného	Aputaga	Nana Anè Ohiniko Quam Dessou XV	24 March 2012	Adjigo	Hereditary and elective [af 14]	[228]
		Togbé Ahuawoto	Savado Lawson VIII	1 August 2002	Lawson	Hereditary and elective [af 14]</ref>
	Bè	Chief	Togbui Mawuko Aklassou Adélan IV
	Cokossi	Soma	Na Bema		Soma	Hereditary	[228]
	Dokplala	King/chef	Togbui ahialoho komlan II
	Kotafon Djanglanmey ethnic Group in Togo	Ga/Chef	Ga Adze Gbokpoe I
	Notsé	King/Chief	Togbui Agboli K. F. Agokoli IV				[229][230][231]
	Glidji	Gè Fiogan	Sèdégbé Foli Bébé XV	1997	Tugban [af 15]	Hereditary	[228]
	Kotokolia	Uro Eso	Yusuf Ayeva		Uro Eso	Hereditary	[228]
	Tado	King	Tonawakpon		2012		[232][233]
	Togoville	King	Mlapa V Moyennant		Mlapa	Hereditary	[228]
Uganda	Acholi	Rwot	Acana II	15 January 2005 [ug 1]	Payira	Hereditary	[234]
	Alur [ug 2]	Ubimu	Olarker Rauni III	August 2000 [ug 3]	Atyak wi naam	Hereditary	[234][235]
	Ankole	Omugabe	Ntare VI [ug 4]	20 November 1993	Bahinda	Hereditary	[236]
	Bagwere	Ikumbania	Kintu Samuku Balamu of Gwere people	10 October 1993 [ug 5]	Lukedi	Elective monarchy	[citation needed]
	Basimba		Basimba people	10 October 1955 [ug 6]	Basimba	Hereditary	[237]
	Bamasaba	Umukuka		10 October 2016 [ug 7]	Masaba	Elective monarchy	[238]
	Buganda	Kabaka	Muwenda Mutebi II	24 July 1993 [ug 8]	Abalasangeye	Hereditary	[239][240]
	Bunyoro	Omukama	Solomon Iguru I	24 July 1993 [ug 9]	Babito	Hereditary	[241][242]
	Busoga [ug 10]		Wilberforce Nadiope IV [ug 11]	5 October 2009	Basoga	Elective and hereditary [ug 12]	[243][244][245][246][247][248]
	Iteso	Emorimor	Augustine Osuban	4 May 2000	[ug 13]	Elective	[234]
	Jonam[ug 14]	Rwoth	Marcellino Olar Ker (although now ousted in March 2013 for self imposition over the Ragem people)	1 March 2008		Hereditary	[234]
	Kebu Yuu [ug 15]	Azzu	Ephraim Kebbi	14 June 2008	Yuu [ug 16]	origin is not very clear.Elective	[234]
	Kooki	Kamuswaga	Kabumbuli II	15 May 2004	Babito [ug 17]	Hereditary	[234]
	Lango	Won Nyaci	Yosam Odur-Ebii	10 December 2005 [ug 18]	[ug 13]	Elective	[234][249]
	Lugbara	Agofe	Manasseh Amuku Yuma	2023	Ayivu Clan	Elective
	Padhola	Adhola	Moses Stephen Owor	7 August 1999 [ug 19]	[ug 13]	Elective	[234]
	Rwenzururu	Omusinga	Irema-Ngoma I	19 October 2009 [ug 20]	Abahira [ug 21]	Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Toro	Omukama	Rukidi IV	26 August 1995 [ug 22]	Babito	Hereditary	[241]
Uganda Busoga confederates	Bugabula	Gabula	William Nadiope IV	11 February 1995	Kitimbo	Hereditary	[234][250][251]
	Bugweri	Menya	Frederick Kakaire II	11 February 1995	Menyha	Hereditary
	Bukooli	Wakooli	David Muluuya Kawunye	11 February 1995	Wakoli	Hereditary
	Bukono	Nkono	Mutyaba Nkono II	11 February 1995	Nkono	Hereditary
	Bulamogi	Zibondo	Edward Columbus Wambuzi	3 September 2008	Zibondo	Hereditary
	Bunya	Luba	Juma Munulo II	11 February 1995		Hereditary
	Bunyole	Nanyumba	John Ntale Nahnumba	11 February 1995		Hereditary
	Busiki	Kisiki	Yekosofato Kawanguzi	11 February 1995	Igaga	Hereditary
	Butembe	Ntembe	Badru Waguma	11 February 1995		Hereditary
	Kigulu	Ngobi	Izimba Golologolo	11 February 1995	Ngobi	Hereditary
	Luuka	Tabingwa	Willington Nabwana	11 February 1995	Tabingwa	Hereditary
Zambia [af 16]	Barotseland	Litunga	Lubosi II	October 2000	Aluyana [af 17]	Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Bemba	Chitimukulu ('King' or 'Paramount Chief')	Sosala Kanyanta Manga II		Bena Ng'andu	Hereditary and elective [af 18]	[252]
	Chewa	His Majesty	Kalonga Gawa Undi Mkhomo V [af 19]	2 December 2004	Undi [af 20]	Hereditary and elective	[253]
	Jere	Inkosi ya Makosi	Mpezeni IV [af 21]	1981	Ngoni	Hereditary and elective	[254]
	Kazembe	Mwata	Kazembe XIX [af 22]	1998	Lunda	Hereditary	[255]
	Nkoya	Mwene	Kabulwebulwe VI Mukutabafu IV [af 23]	1994	Kabulwebulwe [af 24]	Hereditary	[citation needed]
		Mwene	Kahare IX Kubama II	1994	Kahare	Hereditary	[255]
		Mwene	Momba		Momba	Hereditary	[citation needed]
		Mwene	Mutondo XII	1993	Mutondo [af 25]	Hereditary
Zimbabwe	Mashonaland East		Musarurwa			Hereditary
	Masvingo		Fortune Charumbira			Hereditary
	Matabeleland North		Lukas Mtshane Khumalo			Hereditary
	Ndabazunduna		Ndiweni		Ndebele	Hereditary

Country notes

Cameroon

See also: Fon (title)

Cameroon's traditional authorities are split into first, second, and third degree chiefdoms. First degree chiefdoms contain at least two second degree chiefdoms, while second degree chiefdoms contain at least two third degree chiefdoms. Third degree chiefdoms generally contain only a village, small rural area or a small part of an urban centre. Some leaders are from ancient, pre-colonial lineages, while others are appointed by political leaders. The extent of authority between traditional authorities varies.^[256]

There are around 79 first degree chiefdoms, 875 second degree chiefdoms, and 12,582 third degree chiefdoms.^[257][258]

Ghana

The Constitution of the Republic of Ghana establishes the rule of traditional leaders, as well as a National House of Chiefs. All traditional leaders are registered with the National House of Chiefs as well as with the eleven Regional Houses of Chiefs, in accordance with the Chieftaincy (Membership of Regional Houses of Chiefs) Instrument, as published in the Gazette.

Nigeria

For a full list of the extant Nigerian traditional states and their rulers, see List of Nigerian traditional states.

Although Nigeria's traditional monarchs are legally recognized (by way of the numerous Chiefs' Laws), they do not currently have a constitutional role in the country.

South Africa

In 2004, the Mbeki administration established the Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims (CTLDC) to determine the legitimacy of the nation's traditional kingships. The purpose of the commission was to reconstruct the institutions of indigenous leadership after their distortion under the colonial and apartheid regimes.^[203]

In July 2010, acting on the findings of the commission, the Zuma administration announced that the government would cease recognising a total of six of the thirteen traditional kingships upon the deaths of their incumbent monarchs.^[186][259] Their successors would be recognised as "principal traditional leaders", a status yet to be defined. The commission was denounced by several senior traditional leaders, who have taken the government to court in an attempt to reverse the ruling.^{[192][260][261]}

Notes

Africa

1. The last recognised king was Malabo II, who died in 2001. The throne has remained vacant since then.
2. This paramount chieftaincy, reigning over all tribes of that particular nationality, was created by the government, a presidential prerogative guaranteed in the country's Constitution. Prior to its creation, the various tribal authorities remained independent of one another. Many chiefs have dismissed the notion that they are now subordinate to a centralised authority.
3. A Chewa dynasty.
4. The current chief, Willard Mswati Gomani, was appointed at his father's burial in 2009. He has not yet been formally enthroned. He is also a minor, and reigns under the regency of his aunt, Rosemary Malinki.
5. Succession is hereditary within the royal family, but is subject to approval by five electing tribes: the Kel Owi, Kel Ferwan, Kel Fade, Imakkitan, and Ikaskazan.
6. A Hausa dynasty.
7. A Songhai dynasty.
8. A clan of the Dinka people. The Ngok are traditionally divided into nine chiefdoms.
9. The reigning king, considered by the Anuak to be a demigod, selects his heir from amongst his eligible sons.
10. Date of formal enthronement. He was elected to the throne in 1992.
11. The reth is chosen from the sons of previous kings, each belonging to one of three royal lineages: Kwathker, Gwang, and Nyidhok. The elected individual is traditionally said to be a reincarnation of the first reth, Nyikango wad Okwa.
12. The last simbamwene (or sultan), Mputa II, died in 2000, and the throne has remained vacant since then. Another member of the family, Daniel Magogo, acts as prince regent.
13. The last Ntemi -Lyaki ndilanha (or Ntemi), Ntemi-Lyaki Ndilanha, died in 1978, and the throne was transferred to his son Fumakule-Bunamiko-Ndilanha who remains to date although in a passive way because Ntemi Fumakule-Bunamiko-Ndilanha was Christianised. He acts as Clan head.
14. At the end of March 1821, the chiefdom of Aného became divided under two distinct royal lineages: the Adjigo at Nlessi, and the Lawson dynasty at Lolan. In each lineage, the next king is selected by a council of wisemen from amongst the male members of the royal family. The kings of Aného are traditionally subordinate to ruler of Glidji (see separate entry).
15. A clan of the Ga.
16. Under the 1996 Constitution, the government of Zambia recognises 286 chiefs, 54 senior chiefs and five paramount chiefs. The paramount chiefs are those of the Lozi, Bemba, Chewa, Ngoni, and Lunda peoples, all of which are listed in the table above. The remainder listed here are considered senior chiefs.
17. A Lozi dynasty.
18. Succession to the throne of the chitimikulu is limited to male matrilineal members of the Bena Ng'andu. Tradition dictates that the throne passes to a son of the sisters of the previous chitimikulu. Selection is made by the royal Lamfya council.
19. Born as Frederic Daka. His birth name, however, is no longer used.
20. A sept of the Phiri clan.
21. Born as David Njengembaso Jere.
22. Born as Paul Mpemba Kanyembo Kapale Mpalume.
23. The current mwene is a queen.
24. A sept of the Wushanga clan.
25. A sept of the Nawiko clan.

Benin

1. Historically known as Dahomey, or Danhome.
2. Real name Georges Collinet Béhanzin
3. A Fon dynasty.
4. A Yoruba dynasty.
5. A sept of the Borgou dynasty of the Bariba. The kings of Nikki are historically also of Boussa origin.
6. The previous king of Parakou, the Akpaki Dagbara II, died in 2004, and the throne remained vacant for almost eight years. Two candidates, one designated by the Baparapé chief, the other by chief of Gbégourou, both customarily empowered to appoint the successor of a deceased king, had been battling for the throne. In October 2008, the traditional council was divided in its deciding election. The candidates, both of the Bourou dynasty, are N'Gobi Barthélémy and Yossounon Gobi.
7. A sept of the Borgou dynasty. Succession is traditionally alternated between the Akpaki dynasty of the Bariba, and the Bourou dynasty of the Yoruba.
8. Formerly known as Kora Zaki Lafia.
9. There are two kings recognised in Porto-Novo. They rule simultaneously.
10. Name is also written as Agnontinmè, Ayintinmè, or De-Gbezé Ayontinmé Toffa IX
11. Also styled as Onisabe within the community.

Botswana

1. Also known as Latchè Holou Guidimadégbé.
2. Also known as Aklan Makouzokou.
3. Also known as Aïhotogbé Langanfin Glèlè.
4. Also known as Gangorosuambou.
5. The rulers of the eight paramount chiefdoms of the Tswana in Botswana hold the eight permanent seats in the country's Ntlo ya Dikgosi. The remainder of seats are held by chiefs from minority Tswana tribes, such as the Birwa, Kalaka, Kgalagadi, Sarwa, and Tswapong. These representatives are either elected or appointed for five-year terms.
6. Also known as Kgafela Kgafela.
7. Also known as Kgari a Bonewamang Sechele.
8. Sworn in the House of Chiefs in March 2002.
9. Also known as Mosadi Muriel Seboko a Mokgôsi.
10. Elected as paramount chief in December 2001. She officially took up duties on 7 January, and was sworn in the House of Chiefs on 28 February 2002. She was formally enthroned on 30 August 2003.
11. Also known as Seretse Khama Ian Khama, or Ian a Sêrêtsê. He was also the fourth head of state of Botswana.
12. Also known as Malope Gaseitsiwe.
13. Has not yet been formally installed.
14. Also known as Lotlamoreng Montshiwa, or Lotlaamoreng Montshioa.
15. Elected as paramount chief in June 2001. Sworn in the House of Chiefs on 28 February 2002.
16. Kealitile Moremi took over as paramount chief from her brother Tawana II, who resigned in August 2003 in order to follow a career in politics. At present, she is only considered regent, and has not been formally enthroned.
17. Elected as paramount chief on 18 March 2006. Coronation took place on 18 August 2007.

Burkina Faso

1. The throne is disputed between two candidates.
2. Liptako contains portions of Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger. It's unclear how the Emirs authority extends across these areas.

Cameroon

1. Real name Peter Adi Fonte Patrick Wirba
2. Real name Ngum Ernest Merlin Shang

Namibia

1. A tribe of the Nama.
2. The captaincy of the Basters, recognised as a traditional authority by the government of Namibia, is purely elective within the community. The kaptein is elected for life.
3. The land of the Hai-khaua, a tribe of the Nama descended from the Oorlam. The community is also known as the "Berseba Oorlam" or "Berseba Nama".
4. In 2010, the formerly divided Hai-khauan chiefdom of Berseba was reconciled under the cooperative leadership of the royal Goliath and Isaak clans. The two rival lineages had resulted from a succession dispute for the chieftaincy in the 1960s. Prior to the recent union, Stephanus had been the chief of the Goliath faction since 1976. Johannes Isaak had been the chief of his faction prior to the union also, but the date of his installation is unclear.
5. The land of the Aman, a tribe of the Nama descended from the Oorlam. The community is also known as "Bethany", or subsequently the "Bethanien Nama".
6. The incumbent kaptein, Anna Christiaan, no longer actively manages the tribe's affairs due to her poor health. Officially serving as acting chief is Josef Christiaan, whose position, however, is disputed by several senior members of the royal family, including Anna's son Jan Christiaan.
7. Prior to formal enthronement as "king" (a title not recognised by the Namibian government), Justus previously reigned as acting paramount chief from 1982. He took over the leadership of the Chiefs' Council on 27 July 1977, following the death of Chief David Goreseb.
8. A Kavango dynasty.
9. Recognised by the government of Namibia on 28 July 2004.
10. A San dynasty.
11. The previous kaptein was Hans Titus, who reigned from 3 May 1980 until his death in 2009. His successor is yet to be chosen.
12. The land of the Kai-khau, a tribe of the Nama. The community is also known as the "Red Nation".
13. Also known as George Simasiku Mamili.
14. A Fwe dynasty.
15. Also known as Maiba Kisco Liswani.
16. An Ovambo dynasty.
17. Full name is Josia Shikongo Taapopi Shitaatala.
18. A queen. Also known as Martha Kristian Nelumbu, or Martha Mwadinomho ya Nelumbu.
19. The land of the Khowese, a tribe of the Nama descended from the Oorlam. The community is also known as the "Khowese Nama", or as "Gibeon" after the township.
20. Acting chief only. Rooi took over administration of the traditional authority following the death of Hendrik Witbooi, a Christian minister and Namibia's first deputy prime minister. Rooi has not been formally mandated as chief.
21. Within the Herero community, the Namibian government officially recognises six traditional authorities, each headed by its own royal house. The six are listed here, grouped by tribe. Officially, these are subordinate to a paramount chief in Okahandja, who is listed in the previous section. In addition, there are over 40 other Herero chiefs who remain unrecognised by the government, and are not constitutional traditional authorities.
22. In 1999, Alfons was also proclaimed chief of the Tjamuaha clan by court order, deposing Frederik II. The Tjamuaha are among those clans not recognised as constitutional traditional authorities.
23. The previous ombara of the Vita lineage was Kapuka Thom, who died in 2009. His successor has yet to be chosen.

South Africa

1. In April 2008, the CTLDC determined that the baKwêna (also spelled baKoena) ba Mopeli paramountcy was not a legitimate kingship, and hence in July 2010, the government announced that it would cease recognising it as such upon the death of the incumbent monarch.^[186]
2. The present kgosi is a minor. His mother, Mathokwana Mopeli serves as regent on his behalf.
3. Was declared the legitimate monarch by President Zuma in July 2010, following the rulings of the CTLDC, Zuma replaced acting chief Kenneth Kgagudi Sekhukhune, who had been reigning in dispute since 1976.
4. In April 2008, the CTLDC determined that the baTlôkwa (also spelled baTlokoa) ba Mota paramountcy was not a legitimate kingship, and hence in July 2010, the government announced that it would cease recognising it as such upon the death of the incumbent monarch.^[186]
5. Also known as the ba ga Mokotleng, one of four main branches of the baTlôkwa. The others are: ba ga Bogatsu under Kgosi Mokalake Motsatsi, ba ga Sedumedi under Kgosi Sedumedi Kenneth Sedumedi (who died 25 September 2007), and the ba ga Gaborone in Botswana. The ba Mota are the only recognised paramountcy of the baTlôkwa in South Africa, although this will soon change (see note above).
6. Since the death of Faku in 1867, the amaMpondo (also amaPondo, or amaPonda) have effectively been divided under two royal lineages: the Mqikela line (aseQaukeni), and the Ndamase line (aseNyandeni). In April 2008, however, the CTLDC determined that the kings of the Mqikela lineage were the kings of all amaMpondo, and that the Nyandeni paramountcy was not a legitimate kingship.^[191] In July 2010, it was announced that the aseNyandeni's present status as a kingship would cease to be recognised as such by the government upon the death of the incumbent king, whose successor will instead be considered a "principal traditional leader", a status yet to be defined.^[192]
7. Following the rulings of the CTLDC in July 2010, the Zuma administration officially removed the then-king Mpondombini Thandizulu Sigcawu, and replaced him with Zanozuko Sigcawu, identified as the rightful king by the commission. Mpondombini, who had been ruling since 1 December 1978, was among several traditional leaders to denounce the Commission's findings, and has since taken the government to court in an attempt to reverse the ruling and regain his throne. The hearings began in August 2010. Zanozuko, the king recognised by the government, has yet to be crowned.^[193]
8. A sept of the Nyawuza clan of the amaMpondo. The amaMpondo are descended from Mpondo, the twin brother of Mpondomise.
9. Coronation took place 12 April 2008. Ndamase was nominated successor to his grandfather, the previous king, upon the elder's death on 21 February 1997. As he was still a minor, however, his mother Queen Bongolethu Dlamini, a descendant of the Swazi royal family, served as the kingdom's regent until his formal assumption of the throne in 2008.
10. Since the death of Musi in 1630, the amaNdebele kingdom has effectively been divided under two royal lineages: the kaManala, and the kaNdzundza. In April 2008, however, the CTLDC determined that the kings of the elder Manala lineage were the kings of all amaNdebele, and that the Ndzundza paramountcy was not a legitimate kingship.^[196] In July 2010, it was announced that the Ndzundza's present status as a kingship would cease to be recognised as such by the government upon the death of the incumbent king, whose successor will instead be considered a "principal traditional leader", a status yet to be defined.^[186]
11. Full name is Makhosoke Enoch Mabhena; also occasionally spelled "Makhosoke".
12. A sept of the Manala clan of the amaNdebele. The current royal family has the surname Mabhena, also occasionally misspelled "Mabena".
13. In the Ndebele tradition, following the death of a king the family nominates a successor and gives him a regnal name, which he will use from the day he is crowned. Mbusi has been elected, but has not yet been formally enthroned. His regnal name will be "Mabhoko III". However, as of 2 February 2007, Mbusi has been suspended as king by the royal council. A regent, Sililo Mahlangu, was appointed on 4 February 2007 to act on the king's behalf while the council deliberates on his alleged misconduct.
14. A sept of the Ndzundza clan of the amaNdebele. The current royal family has the surname Mahlangu.
15. Since 1865, the abaThembu have effectively been divided under two royal lineages: the bakaDalindyebo (baseBumbane), and the bakaMatanzima (baseRhoda). In April 2008, however, the CTLDC determined that the kings of the Dalindyebo lineage were the kings of all abaThembu, and that the Rhoda paramountcy was not a legitimate kingship.^[200] In July 2010, it was announced that the baseRhoda's present status as a kingship would cease to be recognised as such by the government upon the death of the incumbent king, whose successor will instead be considered a "principal traditional leader", a status yet to be defined. According to some reports, the late king Lwandile Zwelenkosi, who died in May 2010, was officially considered the last king.^[192]
16. Full name is Buyelekhaya Zwelinbanzi Dalindyebo a Sabata.
17. During a leave of study between 2000 and August 2002, the king's wife Noluntu and brother Jongisizwe Dalindyebo acted as regents on his behalf. In May 2005, Buyelekhaya was indicted on charges of fraud, culpable homicide, assault, kidnapping, and arson. He is appealing against a 15-year jail term. Queen Noluntu and senior chief Jonginyaniso Mtirara are serving as regents while the monarch is in and out of prison.
18. A sept of the amaDlomo clan of the abaThembu. It is also known as the amaHala, or Madiba clan; each name styled after one of the earliest kings, descendants of the kingdom's founder, Nxeko.
19. Full name is Siyambonga Dalimvula Matanzima.
20. Since the disappearance of Thohoyandou in 1770, the vhaVenda have effectively been divided under several royal lineages. Among these, the haRamabulana, the haTshivhase, and the haMphaphuli were eventually recognised as separate traditional authorities by the government. The kingship, however, disputed between an even larger number of clans, was considered to be effectively defunct until July 2010, when the CTLDC determined to restore the vhaVenda kingship under the haRamabulana.^[186][202] The commission determined that the kings of the Ramabulana were the kings of all vhaVenda, thereby rejecting the appeals of two other claimants: the Ravhura clan under Azwianewi David Mutshinyalo Ravhura, and the vhaNgona tribe under Tshidziwelele Azwidowi Nephawe, both of which were officially under the jurisdiction of the haTshivhase. The commission also rejected the respective appeals of the haTshivhase and haMphaphuli to establish new kingships separate to that of the vhaVenda.^[203]
21. A clan of the Masingo (also known as the maKhwinde, or maKwinda) tribe of the vhaVenda. Although the title thovele (or thovela) is most common, kings are also formally styled khosikhulu vho, or simply khosi.
22. Since the death of Phalo in 1775, the amaXhosa have effectively been divided under two kingdoms (see note below). However, in April 2008, the CTLDC determined that the kings of the Gcaleka lineage were the kings of all amaXhosa, and that the Rharhabe paramountcy was not a legitimate kingship.^[205] In July 2010, it was announced that the Rharhabe's present status as a kingship would cease to be recognised as such by the government upon the death of the incumbent king, whose successor will instead be considered a "principal traditional leader", a status yet to be defined.^[192]
23. A Xhosa dynasty. All current Xhosa monarchs are genealogical members of the amaTshawe clan, the royal line of the amaXhosa which is styled after Tshawe, descended from Xhosa, a son of Mnguni. The royal line is divided into two primary lineages descended from the sons of Phalo: the amaGcaleka, descended from Gcaleka, and the amaRharhabe, descended from Rharhabe. The amaGcaleka are the senior line, and its king is to some extent deferred to by all the others. The amaRharhabe represents the junior line, from which also descend the Kings of the imiDushane, amaGasela, amaNdlambe, and imiQhayi, listed separately. The ruling line of the amaRharhabe is that of the amaNgqika, descended from Mlawu.^[206]
24. The Zulu kingdom is traditionally a paramount authority, with a number of subordinate chiefdoms. Most prominent among these chiefdoms is that of the Buthelezi, whose current chief (or inkosi) is Mangosuthu Gatsha.^[209]
25. A clan of the Zulu.
26. Midiyavhathu was installed as heir to the throne of the Tshivhase lineage in 1970. He was, however, considered too young to rule, and his uncle John Shavhani Tshivhase was appointed as regent until it was deemed appropriate for the new king to assume effective office, which he did in 1993. His name is also often spelled "Midiavhathu".
27. The amaGqunukhwebe are a Xhosa tribe of Khoisan origin.
28. Coronation took place 16 August 2003.
29. The previous queen, Modjadji VI, died in 2005. Her daughter and heiress, Princess Masalanabo, is still a child, and will be eligible to be enthroned as Modjadji VII when she comes of age and once she has produced an heiress of her own by her royal suitor. Her succession rights, however, have not been universally accepted by the royal council since her father is a commoner. Her uncle Prince Mpapatla serves as regent. He has had a daughter by his cousin of the royal bloodline. Consequently, a faction of the royal council would prefer to enthrone Mpapatla's daughter when she comes of age. He, however, maintains that the true heir is Masalanabo, who has been accepted as heiress for now, though this may change before she comes of age.
30. The "Rain Queens" of the baLobedu ba ga Modjadji are descended from the Monomatapa dynasty in modern Zimbabwe.
31. Succession is matrilineal. The queen is constitutionally unwed, although she may produce children.
32. The Le Fleur lineage is based in Kranshoek, Western Cape.
33. The Kok lineage is based in Campbell, Northern Cape.
34. Otherwise known as Muziwenkosi Johannes Hadebe ka Tatazela. The royal clan name, Hadebe, is also often spelled "Radebe".
35. Supremacy among the Mpondomise is disputed between two primary factions: the Jola and the Dosini, both branches of the Majola dynasty. Contenders from the Dosini clan are Zanexhoba Tonjeni and Masibulele Maseti. The most recent claimant from the Jola clan was Loyiso Matiwane, who died 12 June 2007. He was a direct descendant of Mhlontlo, the last reigning king, who was stripped of his kingship by the colonial government around 1904 (died in 1912). Since then, the throne of the Mpondomise has been disputed, and has failed to regain recognition from the government as a traditional kingship.

Uganda

1. Date of coronation. The Ker Kwaro Acholi chieftaincy was recognised by the government on 17 January 2005. He has been the chief of the Payira clan since 1999.
2. The tribal confederation of the Alur historically comprises 64 chiefdoms and Clanship (56 in Uganda i.e. from Junam, Padyere and Okoro; and 8 in Democratic Republic of Congo)under the Ubimu (King). Its population is about 10,000,000 people across two countries. Alur Kingdom was recognised by the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda in 2008. It is the Kingdom that was never abolished by Ugandan government during the 1966 when King Jalusiga Rauni II was sitting at the throne. All the different Chiefdoms, Chieflets and clanships pay allegiance to Ubimu as the main holder of the Royal Spear Head(Leb tong). The different sub tribes that were assimilated under the Alur tribe are the Lendu, Kebu, Jonam and Madi during the pre colonial Uganda (Aidan 1953). The tradition of holding the royal spearhead has been since there since time immemorial. All sons of the Ubimu have since been allowed to start their own chiefdoms in order not to cause power wrangles from the main Kingdom palace at Kaal Atyak winam Zombo district. Alur Kingdom first started as a Nuer Kingdom under King Ngur I in around 870 A.D at Aswan, Southern Egypt and later transformed to Lwo Atyak Kingdom under King Ulwo Atyak in Wau, Barelghazal southern Sudan. Reaching northern Uganda and especially around Karuma river, the Lwo Atyak under King Kyabambe Ulum had a major separation and disintegration. Then Queen Nyilak took over and later abdicated the throne to her son Nyipir. It was king Nyipir who started the Alur Kingdom in around the 15th century in Pakwach near River Nile. His Kingdom holds all the Lwo Royal Spear Head as per the Tradition. Today the Ubimu is the most powerful ruler in northern Uganda West of the Nile river. Administratively, Ubimu is assisted by Jadipu (Prime Minister - Rt. Hon. Wathum Edwin Djalkwiyu) who has the same hereditary significance as a ruler.
3. Formally enthroned on 19 May 2006 and crowned as on 31 October 2010.
4. Ankole, historically referred to as Nkore, was nominally revived as a traditional kingdom with the coronation of Rutashijuka Ntare IV in November 1993. It has remained unrecognised by the Ugandan government, however, and the coronation was declared illegitimate and void by the country's president. The current king has reigned in pretendence since the death of his predecessor in April 1979.
5. Kintu Mubala Samuku succeeded as head of the Bagwere upon the death of Papa Komolo. He was formally installed as Ikumbania (head of the eighty Gwere clans) on 14 November 2009. He was officially proclaimed as Ikumbania upon the restoration of the kingdom, 1995. His coronation took place 14 November 2009
6. Katunku VII succeeded as head of the Basimba Leopard Clan royal household upon the death of his father on 10 October 1955. He was formally installed as Chishimba (head of the four Basimba clans) on 24 September 1989. He was officially proclaimed as Chishimba upon the restoration of the kingdom, 24 July 1993. His coronation took place 10 October 1955. He has also assumed the additional name of "Musimba".
7. . He was formally installed as Umukuka (head of the twenty five Gisu clans) on 24 September 2016. He was officially proclaimed as Umukuka upon the restoration of the kingdom, 1995. His coronation took place 24 September 2016
8. Muwenda Mutebi succeeded as head of the royal household upon the death of his father on 21 November 1969. He was formally invested as Ssabataka (head of the royal clans and chief landowner) on 4 April 1971. He was officially proclaimed as kabaka upon the restoration of the kingdom, 24 July 1993. His coronation took place 31 July 1993. He has also assumed the additional name of "Kimera".
9. Muwenda Mutebi succeeded as head of the royal household upon the death of his father in 1971. He was officially proclaimed as omukama upon the restoration of the kingdom, 24 July 1993. His coronation took place 11 June 1994.
10. Busoga is a traditional confederation of eleven clan domains. There are five royal clans (Bugabula, Bukono, Bulamogi, Kigulu, and Luuka) and six traditional chiefdoms (Bugweri, Bukooli, Bunya, Bunyole, Busiki, and Butembe). The royal clans form the five royal families of the Basoga. Each of the hereditary chiefs and princes of the confederation are listed in a separate section in the table.
11. The previous kyabazinga, Henry Wako Muloki of Bulamogi, died on 1 September 2008. His son, Edward Columbus Wambuzi, was announced as his successor following contentious elections on 31 October 2008. However, five of the eleven royal chiefs denounced the new king, instead endorsing William Nadiope IV, of Bugabula. The Ugandan government advised the parties to hold another election, and an interim order was served to Wambuzi in May 2009 restraining him from holding office. On 7 June 2009, however, Wambuzi was installed on the throne amidst protests from other chiefs. He also secured a court order blocking the planned re-elections. These took place in secret on 5 October 2009, when Nadiope IV was elected unopposed. The High Court is to start hearing the cases in November 2010, but the clan heads have vowed to install Nadiope IV on the throne before September, despite the standing judicial injunctions blocking the enthronement of either contender.
12. The kyabazinga is elected for life by the Royal Council, composed of the eleven hereditary chiefs of the kingdom. Selection is limited to members of the five royal clans of the Basoga.
13. The throne is traditionally supposed to rotate among the numerous clans.
14. They belong to the Lwo rulership but not of the Atyak genealogy. The Jonam means people of the lake or stays near the river thus river Nile by location. Today after the declarance of Alur as a kingdom, they began to pay allegiance to Ubimu of Alur as per the constitution of Uganda; although maintain their own administrative sovereignty. Not all the chiefdoms and clanships in Junam belong to the same origin. Some like Ragem, Paroketo and Panyimur came from Bunyoro and the ones that want separation yet few in number while some like Amor, Pangyeth, Boro, Panyigoro, Alwi, among the 14 chiefdoms came from Nyipir lineage of the Lwo Atyak rulership, now with Ubimu Rauni III of Alur. That is why today, Junam is entirely claimed by Ragem - which is the only strongest chiefdom in Junam county of Nebbi District as designated by Mr. White Weatherhead during the British colonisation of Uganda and West Nile in particular.
15. historically, the kebu had no chieftainship but stayed with the Alur Kings/ Chiefs as pages who produced farming implements (Aidan, 1953). Today they are trying to fight for constitution recognition and proper formation of a Chiefship. Asked about their first chief no one can tell, a testimony that their desire for chiefship is a modern construct.
16. A clan of the Kebu people. The current chief belongs to the Waringu family and still is being contested.
17. The kamuswaga belongs to the Ndawula Lwabulanga lineage of the Babito clan.
18. Elected to the throne by clan leaders on 17 August 2001.
19. Elected to the throne by clan leaders on 19 September 1998.
20. The current king, Charles Mumbere, was first proclaimed as "Kibanzanga II" on 19 October 1966. He reigned as a minor, in pretendence, under a regency council until 1972, when he took the regnal name "Irema-Ngoma I". His kingdom was officially abolished by the Ugandan government on 8 September 1967, but effectively continued in armed opposition until 15 August 1982, when the king's forces surrendered and Mumbere was officially appointed as "chief elder" of the district. Rwenzururu was officially restored by the government as a traditional kingdom on 17 March 2008, and recognition was confirmed by the President at the king's coronation anniversary on 19 October 2009.
21. A clan of the Bakonzo.
22. Iguru Rukidi succeeded as omukama upon the death of his father in August 1995. He was crowned on 12 September 1996. Until 17 April 2010, he had officially reigned as a minor under a regency council.

See also

• African royalty (category)
• List of current constituent Asian monarchs

References

1. Florêncio, Fernando (2017-08-04), "No Reino da Toupeira: Autoridades Tradicionais do M'balundu e o Estado Angolano" [In the Mole Kingdom: Traditional M'balundu Authorities and the Angolan State], Vozes do Universo Rural: Reescrevendo o Estado em África, ebook'IS (in Portuguese), Lisboa: Centro de Estudos Internacionais, pp. 79–175, ISBN 978-989-8862-32-7, archived from the original on 2021-07-28, retrieved 2022-08-21
2. Orock, Rogers Tabe Egbe (2014). "WELCOMING THE ' FON OF FONS ': ANGLOPHONE ELITES AND THE POLITICS OF HOSTING CAMEROon's HEAD OF STATE". Africa. 84 (2): 226–245. doi:10.1017/S0001972013000776. ISSN 0001-9720. S2CID 144143841. Archived from the original on 2023-05-25. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
3. Butler, Stuart. "The voodoo priests, kings and ghosts of Benin". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
4. "Oba Ewuare II: A quintessential monarch at 66". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2019-10-18. Archived from the original on 2023-06-21. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
5. Research Directorate (2016-05-04). Benin: Kings in northern Benin, specifically in Borgou department; extent of their power in comparison with the power of political and civil authorities; a king's ability to force a woman to marry him; remedies available to a woman who refuses to marry a king (2014-April 2016) (Response to Information Request). Ottawa: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. BEN105509.FE. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 2022-08-27 – via European Country of Origin Information Network.
6. "Mogho Naba: Burkina Faso's mediator monarch". BBC News. 2015-09-23. Archived from the original on 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2023-06-17.
7. "Chad: protests over Ouaddai sultanate autonomy". CounterVortex. 2022-01-31. Archived from the original on 2023-06-19. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
8. "Kano and conundrum of reviewing Emir Sanusi's sack". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2023-05-07. Archived from the original on 2023-05-14. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
9. "Enthroned 37th ruler of Bailundo". www.angop.ao. 15 July 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-11-11. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
10. Sungo, Marino Leopoldo Manuel. "O reino do Mbalundu: identidade e soberania política no contexto do estado nacional angolano atual" (PDF). Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social, Florianópolis. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-11. Retrieved 2022-08-24.
11. "Jornal de Angola - Notícias - Rei pede ao governo para estancar ravinas". Jornal de Angola (in Portuguese). 2019-01-17. Archived from the original on 2024-01-05. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
12. "Angola: Govt Aware of Immigrants' Presence in Diamond Areas". 2013-07-26. Archived from the original on 2013-08-02. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
13. "REINO DO HUAMBO COM INÚMERAS DIFICULDADES PARA FUNCIONAR". Ixietu (in European Portuguese). 2021-09-22. Archived from the original on 2023-02-02. Retrieved 2023-02-02.
14. cfeditoren (2022-04-25). "Governor praises support for authorities". Angola. Archived from the original on 2023-02-02. Retrieved 2023-02-02.
15. "Angola: "Partidos devem ouvir autoridades tradicionais" – DW – 31/10/2021". dw.com (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-04-05.
16. "Festival Luvale visa transmitir e preservar cultura – Rainha Nhakatolo | Portal de Angola" (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2022-08-20. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
17. "Jornal de Angola - Notícias - Rei Cabombo celebra 100 anos de vida". Jornal de Angola (in Portuguese). 2022-01-04. Archived from the original on 2022-01-14. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
18. "Traditional authorities urge peace and harmony". Angola. 2022-06-22. Archived from the original on 2022-08-24. Retrieved 2022-08-24.
19. Constança do Nascimento da Rosa Ferreira de Ceit (2014-09-19). Silva porto na áfrica central – viye / angola: história social e transcultural de umsertanejo (1839-1890) [Silva Porto in Central Africa – Viye / Angola: Social and Transcultural History of a Countryman (1839-1890)] (PDF) (PhD thesis) (in Portuguese). NOVA University Lisbon. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-02-11. Retrieved 2024-11-10.
20. "Visite d'un ministre du royaume au Palais royal de Danxomè: Dah Woudji-Woudji Houedjissin prend langue avec le Roi Gbéhanzin". Matin Libre (in French). 2022-10-04. Archived from the original on 2023-06-21. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
21. "Benin/Développement Le roi central d'Abomey-Calavi appelle à accompagner le président Talon dans ses reformes". Les Pharaons (in French). 2020-01-19. Archived from the original on 2022-09-04. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
22. "Bénin: ce que les têtes couronnées ont décidé lors de leur conclave d'hier". Bénin Web TV (in French). 2019-04-04. Archived from the original on 2022-08-28. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
23. Cahoon, Ben. "Benin traditional polities". Worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
24. "Royaume d'Agonlin : Dada Yèto Kandji fête 27 ans de règne (Le Dr Samuel Ekoué Creppy fait Ministre royal)". Bénin Intelligent (in French). 2020-02-26. Archived from the original on 2022-08-27. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
25. "Présidence du Haut conseil des rois du Bénin:Kpodégbé Lanmanfan reconduit pour un nouveau mandat" (in French). Archived from the original on 2022-01-04. Retrieved 2022-08-24.
26. "Fermeture des frontières nigérianes:Le roi d'Avrankou dénonce un complot". acotonou.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
27. "Haut conseil des rois du Bénin : La Reine Mère Séminvo Dr Dòwòti Désir devient membre". Bénin Intelligent (in French). 2022-02-20. Archived from the original on 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
28. "Bénin - Présidentielle 2021: le professeur Joël Aïvo en opération de charme devant les têtes couronnées du Couffo". Bénin Web TV (in French). 2020-08-29. Archived from the original on 2022-08-28. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
29. "Interview with the king of Cana, Dada Aïhotogbé Langanfin Glèlè". 2017-01-14. Archived from the original on 2022-08-29. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
30. "L'événement Précis – Sa Majesté Togbé Akati II Djidjilévo, Roi de Comè:" La gestion du Bénin n'est pas encore ce que nous avons souhaité"" (in French). Archived from the original on 2022-08-29. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
31. "Le président Paul Biya obtient le grand prix BAOBAB pour sa politique de Paix -" (in French). 2019-10-31. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
32. "Destination Bénin : Djougou , la cité de Kpétoni, commune la plus peuplée du septentrion". Gouvernement de la République du Bénin (in French). Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
33. Fassinou, Victorin (2020-10-07). "Royauté à compétence ethnique : Sa majesté Nii Kouété Nicoué Kpatakpatakou II désormais roi de la civilisation Guin du Bénin (Il promet de bien assumer cette nouvelle charge)". La Presse du Jour (in French). Archived from the original on 2021-10-18. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
34. "L'He Dakpè Sossou fête avec les dignitaires religieux du Mono". Les 4 VERITES (in French). 2018-01-11. Archived from the original on 2023-06-19. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
35. "Adhésion au Haut conseil des rois du Bénin : La cour royale des Tossonou accueillie sur tapis rouge". 19 July 2022. Archived from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
36. "Présentation de vœux du roi Adjiwatonou Yèwa Hondogbè Kpèdo III de Kinto: < La culture identitaire est l'âme des peuples >". news.acotonou.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
37. "Affaire perquisition du palais du roi Signon : le haut conseil des rois du Bénin durcit le ton". aCotonou.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
38. Butler, Simon (2019). Benin. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 165. ISBN 9781784770600.
39. "Steve Mounié rend viste à Sa Majesté Daari Sounon Swanrou, roi de N'Dali". Banouto (in French). 22 June 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-09-11. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
40. "Thierry Gandaho investi Dah Kini Dégbé à Naogon | Le Béninois Libéré". Le Béninois Libéré, Quotidien Béninois d’Information Général, d’Analyse (in French). 2021-11-02. Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
41. "Bénin : vers la création d'une grande association des rois et chefs féticheurs du septentrion". TRIOMPHE MAG (in French). 2022-06-30. Archived from the original on 2022-08-24. Retrieved 2022-08-24.
42. "Royaume de Nikki : Chabi Naina III pour succéder à sa Majesté Sero Kora III". La Nouvelle Tribune (in French). 2014-08-05. Archived from the original on 2022-08-24. Retrieved 2022-08-24.
43. Zohoun, Judicaël (2017-06-04). "Un nouveau roi intronisé à Paouignan". www.24haubenin.info (in French). Archived from the original on 2022-09-04. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
44. Ayédjo, M (2 March 2009). "Non installation du roi de Parakou". Le Pays Emergent (in French). Parakou: People Online. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
45. Guédénon, Ludovic D. (18 November 2008). "La succession au trône de Dagbara II divise". La Nouvelle Tribune (in French). Parakou. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
46. "Karim da Silva grave le nom de " Ogagbami " dans le marbre de l'histoire de la renaissance de Porto-Novo". Les 4 VERITES (in French). 2022-01-28. Archived from the original on 2022-07-19. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
47. Houngbadji, Cochimau S. (2022-08-13). "Bénin: sortie officielle du nouveau roi de Savalou, Dada Ganfon Gbaguidi XV". Benin Web TV (in French). Archived from the original on 2022-08-29. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
48. A, Aline. "Plaidoyer en faveur de l'accès des femmes au foncier à Tori-Bossito : " Les femmes ne doivent plus être exclues de leurs droits d'accès à la terre à Tori " dixit le Kinidégbé Gbozèkpa Gbèna" (in French). Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
49. Cahoon, Ben. "Botswana traditional states". Worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
50. Soszynski, Henry. "baKgatla bagaKgafela". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
51. Soszynski, Henry. "baKwena". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
52. Soszynski, Henry. "bamaLete". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
53. Soszynski, Henry. "bamaNgwato". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
54. Soszynski, Henry. "baNgwaketse". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
55. Morewagae, Isaiah (5 August 2010). "Malope succeeds Seepapitso without fuss". Mmegi. Kanye: Dikgang Publishing Company. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
56. Soszynski, Henry. "baRolong". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
57. Soszynski, Henry. "baTawana". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
58. Soszynski, Henry. "baTlokwa". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on July 29, 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
59. "Royaume de Boussouma : Qui est Naaba Sigri, le nouveau Dima ? - leFaso.net". lefaso.net (in French). Archived from the original on 2023-04-08. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
60. "Macron: 'New era' in economic, military strategy in Africa". The Seattle Times. 2023-02-27. Archived from the original on 2023-06-17. Retrieved 2023-06-17.
61. admin (2020-05-21). "Chefferie Traditionnelle dans le GULMU - Artistes.bf". ArtistesBF (in French). Archived from the original on 2023-06-17. Retrieved 2023-06-17.
62. Ahmed (2021-03-21). "Royauté du Gulmu : vives tensions entre les deux palais". Aujourd'hui au Faso (in French). Archived from the original on 2023-06-17. Retrieved 2023-06-17.
63. "Inside Burkina Faso's failing fight against jihadism". France 24. 2019-10-11. Archived from the original on 2022-11-26. Retrieved 2023-06-17.
64. "Kaceto.net | Le rythme de l'info !". kaceto.net. Archived from the original on 2023-06-17. Retrieved 2023-06-17.
65. "Rissiam (province du Bam) : Naaba Koanga accomplit un acte coutumier séculaire - leFaso.net". lefaso.net (in French). Retrieved 2024-05-13.
66. "SUCCESSION DE NAABA WOBGO DE GOURCY : L'ancien ministre, Elie Ouédraogo intronisé sous haute surveillance policière - leFaso.net". lefaso.net. Archived from the original on 2023-06-17. Retrieved 2023-06-17.
67. KINDO, Noufou (2015-12-10). "Fête de l'Indépendance : La Nation burkinabè reconnaissante à 806 de ses fils". Burkina24.com - Actualité du Burkina Faso 24h/24 (in French). Archived from the original on 2023-06-17. Retrieved 2023-06-17.
68. "Palais royal de Tenkodogo : Les autorités régionales sollicitent l'accompagnement de Naba Guiguem-Pollé". aOuaga.com. Archived from the original on 2022-09-15. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
69. "Mogho Naba: Burkina Faso's mediator monarch". BBC News. 23 September 2015. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
70. "Insécurité au Sahel : " la paix va revenir", Boureima Ly, Emir du Yagha | Quotidien Sidwaya". Archived from the original on 2023-06-17. Retrieved 2023-06-17.
71. "Crise au conseil municipal de Ouahigouya : le maire entendu, les imams chez Naaba Kiiba · Islam Burkina Faso Collection · Islambf". islam.domains.uflib.ufl.edu. Archived from the original on 2022-09-15. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
72. Sustainable tourism VIII. S. Syngellakis, U. Probstl-Haider, F. D. Pineda. Southampton. 2018. ISBN 978-1-78466-256-1. OCLC 1047729340.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
73. "Kumba Massacre: Nfon Ekoko Mukete condemns attack on Fiango School – Cameroon Intelligence Report". 26 October 2020. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
74. "Cameroon's kings: Keepers of custom". CNN. 2015-06-17. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
75. Funwie, Bruno Ndonwie (2021-10-13). "Bamoun: Mohamed Nabil Mforifoum Mbombo Njoya, the New Monarch". Cameroon Radio Television (in French). Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
76. "Cameroon - High State Clerks: Traditional Authority Represented By More Than 15% - 237online.com". 2018-04-19. Archived from the original on 2022-09-11. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
77. "The Evolving Faces of the Bamoungoum Chiefdom". 21 January 2022. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
78. "Les chefs coutumiers camerounais, cible des séparatistes". DW.COM (in French). 2018-07-09. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
79. "Cameroon: SM Nji Monluh Seidou Pokam Seals the Clash Between the Bangangté and Balengou Chieftaincy - 237online.com". 2022-01-20. Archived from the original on 2022-09-11. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
80. "Cameroun : le chef Bangangté menace de rendre aveugle son homologue". Journal du Cameroun (in French). 2022-01-25. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
81. "Patrimoine : la restitution des œuvres en débat". www.cameroon-tribune.cm. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
82. ""Sans femme, on n'a que la moitié de ce qu'on veut"". BBC News Afrique (in French). Archived from the original on 2022-09-03. Retrieved 2022-09-03.
83. "Annuaire Des Chefferies Traditionnelles" [Directory of Traditional Chiefdoms]. Ministry of Territorial Administration and Decentralization (in French). 2012-10-18. Archived from the original on 2015-08-27. Retrieved 2024-11-10.
84. "New Bogo Lamido tasked to encourage education over early marriage". Cameroon News Agency. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
85. "Interview : Sa majesté Toto Bekombo Théodore Chef traditionnel de 1 er degré de Dibombari". www.cameroun24.net. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
86. "Decret No. 2020/454" [Decree No. 2020/454] (PDF). Presidency of the Republic of Cameroon (in French). 2020-08-12. p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-13. Retrieved 2024-11-10.
87. "Nigerian Traditional Chiefs at Cameroonian School - 237online.com". 2019-12-21. Archived from the original on 2022-09-11. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
88. "Nyong-et-Kellé : Eséka, tout sourire". www.cameroon-tribune.cm. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
89. "Like The Nso: Bangwa People Anticipate Return Of Stolen Lefem Statue From Germany". The Post. 2022-07-29. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
90. "Cameroon: Ibrahim El Rachidine is new Lamido of Garoua". Journal du Cameroun (in French). 2021-05-10. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
91. "Kom finds missing King". 2017-11-28. Archived from the original on 2023-06-19. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
92. "Africa24 - Can Cameroun 2021: rencontre avec Bertrand Effoudou, chef supérieur du canton Maka Bebend". Africa24 TV (in French). 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
93. "49-year-old Teacher Enthroned As Mankon Fon". The Post. 2022-06-14. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
94. "Au Cameroun, l'ombre du RDPC de Paul Biya derrière l'élection du nouveau lamido de Maroua - Jeune Afrique.com". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). Retrieved 2024-06-02.
95. Essogo, Armand (2007-06-07). "Cameroun: Le chef supérieur de Mvog Nama I installé" [Cameroon: The Chef supérieur of Mvog Nama I installed]. Cameroon tribune (in French). Retrieved 2024-11-10 – via allAfrica.
96. Biwolé, Raoul (2006-05-04). "Cameroun: Centre : Louis Mbem, nouveau chef de Ndog-Bea-Nord" [Cameroon: Centre: Louis Mbem, new chief of Ndog-Bea-Nord]. Cameroon tribune (in French). Retrieved 2024-11-10 – via allAfrica.
97. Happi, Christian (2023-11-15). "Le lamido de Ngaoundéré accusé d'entretenir des relations sexuelles avec des mineures" [The lamido of Ngaoundéré accused of having sexual relations with minors]. Actu Cameroun (in French). Archived from the original on 2024-06-05. Retrieved 2024-11-10.
98. admin (2021-01-22). "Kidnapping of political figures: Use of social media by Separatists to influence the kidnapping of political leaders and traditional authorities to show their strength". #AFFCameroon. Archived from the original on 2023-06-19. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
99. "Mbam-et-Kim : L'arrondissement de Ngoro aura bientôt sa toute première station-service - Kamer Infos +" (in French). 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
100. "Mémoire: Douala Manga Bell célébré". www.cameroon-tribune.cm. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
101. Info, Mimi Mefo (2023-06-19). "Adamawa: SONARA staff Mohamadou Hadi is Tibati's new Lamido". Mimi Mefo Info. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
102. "Gorji-Dinka v. Cameroon, Comm. 1134/2002, U.N. Doc. A/60/40, Vol. II, at 194 (HRC 2005)". www.worldcourts.com. Archived from the original on 2021-05-18. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
103. "Cameroun : Ahmadou Dahirou est le nouveau Lamido de Yagoua - Vele". Blasting News (in French). 2020-09-17. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
104. "North-West Region - The Traditional Rulers". www.northwest-cameroon.com. Archived from the original on 2023-06-17. Retrieved 2023-06-17.
105. "Baba 1: Procedure of finding new Fon not respected- Moh Mbameley". Cameroon News Agency. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
106. Manyong, Peterkins; Eta, Orock (2008-12-04). "Cameroon: Nowefu Weathers Storm - Elects Bafmeng Fon President". Cameroon Postline. Retrieved 2024-11-10 – via allAfrica.
107. Sunou (2008-04-25). "Njitack Ngompé Pélé: "Nous entendons mettre hors d'état de nuire tous ceux là qui ont juré de faire disparaître le Racing"". Camfoot.com (in French). Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
108. "Sinotables" (in French). Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
109. "Tappa in Riviera del Brenta per il re africano diretto a Parigi". www.ilgazzettino.it (in Italian). 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
110. "Cameroun : Jean Rameau Sokoudjou, roi rebelle des Bamendjou – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
111. Fosong, David (2014-07-08). "Cameroon: Bayangam Farmers Receive Farm Inputs". Cameroon tribune. Retrieved 2024-11-10 – via allAfrica.
112. Bafeli, Franck (2020-12-08). "Cameroun: Régionales 2020 à Bangangté". allAfrica.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
113. "Donga-Mantung Fons Declare For Biya – Cameroon Postline". Retrieved 2023-06-26.
114. "Tradition: Binka Fondom gets new monarch". Mimi Mefo Info. 2022-12-11. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
115. Moses, Sainge Nsanyi; Libalah, Moses Bakonck; Lyonga, Michael Ngoh; Arifique, Robin Achah; Niba, Julius Fon; Kenfack, David (October 2012). "Biodiversity Assessment and Conservation Status of Plants in the Mbembe Forest Reserve of Donga Mantung Division in the North West Region of Cameroon" (PDF). The Rufford Small Grants Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-05-06.
116. "Yang Communes With Bui Indigenes – Cameroon Postline". Archived from the original on 2023-06-21. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
117. "A Brief History of the people of the Kiluun Fondom in Nso Bui Division of Cameroon". Archived from the original on 2023-06-19. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
118. "Fon Of Kungi Confirmed". Up Station Mountain Club. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
119. "Traditional Rites: Cleansing is Torture & Threat to Humanity – Cameroon Postline". Retrieved 2023-06-26.
120. "Anglophone Crisis: Bui SDO browbeats Mbiame Fon for patronizing Separatists". Mimi Mefo Info. 2023-06-19. Archived from the original on 2023-06-21. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
121. Agbor, James (2017-11-28). "Northern Zone Fons Split As Senator Fon Teche Begs Audience With Biya To Frustrate Ambazonia". BaretaNews. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
122. "Mfe gets new traditional ruler". Cameroon News Agency. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
123. "Donga Mantung CPDM Told To Exploit SDF Wrangling". Up Station Mountain Club. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
124. "Suspicion Looms Over Disappearance Of Fon – Cameroon Postline". Archived from the original on 2023-06-19. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
125. "New Nkambe Fon 'found'". Mimi Mefo Info. 2021-12-16. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
126. "New Nkar Fon Enthroned". Up Station Mountain Club. Archived from the original on 2023-06-19. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
127. "As Ngarum Proclaims the Disappearance of Fon Nganji III, Nganji IV Appears". Cameroon News! Actualité du Cameroun - iCameroon. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
128. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-11-01. Retrieved 2023-06-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
129. "Cameroon: North-West - H.m Ngum IV Opens New Era". Cameroon Tribune. 4 January 2022.
130. "Donga Matung: Tabenken Community celebrates own Fon with Thanksgiving to God". 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
131. "Talla Village Enthrones New Fon – Cameroon Postline". Retrieved 2023-06-26.
132. ACAP, Basile REBENE /. "Centrafrique: Le nouveau Sultan de Bangassou, M. Maxime Faustin Mbringa Takama remercie le Président François Bozizé". AGENCE CENTRAFRIQUE DE PRESSE "AGENCE DE L'UNITE NATIONALE"- République Centrafricaine, Bangui (in French). Archived from the original on 2023-06-18. Retrieved 2023-06-18.
133. "Forum de Bangui: construire la paix avec les chefs traditionnels". RFI (in French). 2015-05-09. Archived from the original on 2023-06-18. Retrieved 2023-06-18.
134. "Central African Republic". Al Jazeera America. Archived from the original on 2023-06-18. Retrieved 2023-06-18.
135. Cahoon, Ben. "Chad traditional states". Worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
136. "Chad: protests over Ouaddai sultanate autonomy". CounterVortex. 2022-01-31. Archived from the original on 2023-06-19. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
137. "Royaume Loango : un nouveau palais pour Moe Makosso IV | adiac-congo.com : toute l'actualité du Bassin du Congo". www.adiac-congo.com. Archived from the original on 2022-02-01. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
138. "Queen visits Oxford to speak to students". Oxford Mail. 3 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
139. Cahoon, Ben. "Equatorial Guinea traditional states". Worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
140. The last sultan, Hanfare Alimirah, passed away on 19 September 2020. A new Sultan has taken his place as their spiritual leader amidst the conflict.
141. Delsol, Colette (27 October 2011). "Événement: Intronisation du nouveau sultan Afar". Les Nouvelles d'Addis (in French). Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
142. Dit, Stephanoeutus (2016-08-22). "Rites & tradition : Bientôt un siège pour la chefferie Benga au Cap Estérias". Gabonreview.com (in French). Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
143. thevoice (2019-09-26). "Bissau Guinean Paramount Chief addresses Gambian Chiefs -". Archived from the original on 2023-06-21. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
144. "Newly Baptized Orthodox King is a Dedicated Servant to His People". Journey To Orthodoxy. 2018-06-14. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
145. Anastasia (2018-06-13). "African King travels to Mount Athos to be baptised Greek Orthodox". NEOS KOSMOS. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
146. "Africa's week in pictures: 3-9 November 2023". BBC News. 2023-11-10. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
147. "Madagascar Traditional States". Archived from the original on 2021-09-21. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
148. Soszynski, Henry. "Jere". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
149. Kaminjolo, Singayazi (3 December 2008). "Paramount Chief Mkhumba's Elevation Divides Lhomwes". The Tribune. Blantyre: allAfrica. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
150. Phiri, Francis Tayanjah (25 January 2010). "The Mang'anja tale of Lundu dynasty". The BNL Times. Lilongwe: The Times Group Publications. Archived from the original on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
151. Kakande, Austin (10 July 2010). "Ngonis' In Court Over Gomani Chieftaincy". Malawi Voice. Lilongwe. Archived from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
152. Cammack, Diana; Kanyongolo, Edge; O’Neil, Tam (June 2009). "'Town Chiefs' in Malawi". Africa Power and Politics Programme. 3 (June 2009). London: Overseas Development Institute: 14–20. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2010..
153. Cahoon, Ben. "Mauritanian traditional states". Worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
154. Eduard Afrikaner elected chief of /Hoa /Aran //Aixa //Aes Archived 2021-09-02 at the Wayback Machine, Namibia News Agency, 25 July 2016
155. Dierks, Klaus (January 2005). "Traditional leaders in the history of Namibia". Chronology of Namibian History. Namibia Library. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
156. Cahoon, Ben. "Namibia traditional polities". Worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
157. Cloete, Luqman (27 April 2010). "Berseba groups reconcile". allAfrica.com. Windhoek: allAfrica. Archived from the original on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
158. Cloete, Luqman (22 May 2009). "Bondelswarts leadership issue a bundle of trouble". allAfrica.com. Windhoek: allAfrica. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
159. Amupadhi, Tangeni; Maletsky, Christof (29 July 2004). "New Hai-//om traditional authority eyes Etosha". The Namibian. Windhoek. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2010. {{cite news}}: External link in |title= (help)
160. Cloete, Luqman (16 March 2009). "Chief Titus laid to rest". The Namibian. Windhoek. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
161. Matundu-Tjiparuro, Kae (4 February 2009). "Riruako's inauguration a mere formality". New Era. Aminuis: New Era Publications. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
162. Mbangula, William (29 March 2004). "Govt backs traditional authorities". allAfrica.com. Windhoek: allAfrica. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
163. Christensen, Martin. "Female Heads of State of Namibia". Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership. Archived from the original on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
164. Cloete, Luqman; Maletsky, Christof (14 October 2009). "Reverend Witbooi passes". The Namibian. Windhoek. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
165. Soszynski, Henry. "Witbooi". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
166. Kangueehi, Kuvee (11 August 2008). "Keharanjo crowned paramount chief". allAfrica.com. Gobabis: allAfrica. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
167. Werner, Louis (January–February 2003). "Agadez: Sultanate of the Sahara". Saudi Aramco World. 54 (1). Houston: Aramco Services Company: 34–41. Archived from the original on 23 January 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2010..
168. Ministère de la Culture, des Arts et de la Communication (26 May 2006). "Palais du Zarmakoye de Dosso" (in French). World Heritage Centre, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
169. Todd, Monique (2014-10-27). "The last kings of Africa". CNN. Archived from the original on 2022-09-15. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
170. Yakubu (2022-11-06). "Jamiar MAAUN dake Niger ta ta ya sabon sarkin maradi Ahmad Ali zaki murna nada shi". KADAURA 24. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
171. Cahoon, Ben. "Niger traditional states". Worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
172. NIAMEY: Sarkin Damagaram Aboubakar Oumarou Sanda Ya Jagoranci Taron Mazaunan Damagaram a Yamai (in Hausa), 2019-12-09, retrieved 2023-07-27
173. Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Taƙaddama a masarautar Zinder tsakanin 'yan sarki | DW | 07.07.2011". DW.COM (in Hausa). Retrieved 2023-07-27.
174. World Statesmen.org lists of Nigerian traditional states and their rulers
175. allAfrica.com:Nigeria:New Deji Of Akure Gets Staff Of Office
176. "Muhammadu Sanusi, Nigeria's emir of Kano, speaks out after return to throne". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2024-05-31.
177. Ujumadu, Vincent (11 October 2010). "Obi seeks FG's support to rebuild Onitsha". Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
178. Staff writers. "Siculumbaï Diédhiou: Roi païen d'Oussouye,dieu sur terre, reçoit la visite de Abdoulaye Baldé" (in French). Abdoulaye Baldé. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
179. "Somalia: The Daarood kingdom will inaugurate its 34th King". Horseed Media • Somali News. 2014-05-24. Archived from the original on 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
180. Wariye, Wariye (2021-02-13). "Suldaan Daa'uud Suldaan Maxamed Cabdiqaadir oo loo Caleemo Saaray in uu Noqdo Suldanka Guud". Warsugan News. Archived from the original on 2021-06-04. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
181. "Suldaan Cismaan Suldaan Cali Madar Oo Farriimo Culus U Diray Maamulka Muuse Biixi Iyo Maamulka Farmaajo". Sayruuq News (in Somali). 2018-01-09. Archived from the original on 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
182. "Suldaanka Guud Ee Beelaha Habar-jeclo Oo Farriin Waano Ah U Diray Reer Ceel-Afweyn". Somaliland Today (in Somali). Archived from the original on 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
183. "Suldaan Xasan Suldaan Cabdilaahi oo Hadhi-sharafeed u sameeyey Suldaan Cabdiraxmaan Suldaan Cumar • Oodweynenews.com Oodweyne News". Oodweyne News (in Somali). 2021-09-20. Archived from the original on 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
184. "DAAWO: Suldaanka Cusub Ee Beesha Arab Oo U mahadceliyey Dadkii Ka Soo Qayb Galay Aaskii Aabihii". hadhwanaagnews.ca. 2021-09-16. Archived from the original on 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
185. "Garaad Jaamac Garaad Cali oo sheegay in laga been-abuurtay". Puntland Post. 2021-07-27. Archived from the original on 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
186. "Statement by President JG Zuma on the findings and recommendations of the Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims, Union Buildings, Pretoria" (Press release). Government of South Africa, Office of the President. 29 July 2010. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
187. Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims (29 April 2008). "Determination on Bakwena ba Mopeli paramountcy". Government of South Africa, Department of Provincial and Local Government. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
188. Soszynski, Henry. "baPedi". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
189. Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims (29 April 2008). "Determination on Bapedi paramountcy". Government of South Africa, Department of Provincial and Local Government. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
190. Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims (29 April 2008). "Determination on Batlokwa ba Mota paramountcy". Government of South Africa, Department of Provincial and Local Government. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
191. Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims (30 April 2008). "Determination on amaMpondo aseNyandeni and amaMpondo aseQawukeni paramountcies". Government of South Africa, Department of Provincial and Local Government. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
192. Feni, Lulamile; Maqhina, Mayibongwe (30 July 2010). "Eastern Cape loses three kings". Daily Dispatch. Pretoria: Avusa Media Limited. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
193. Feni, Lulamile (19 August 2010). "Deposed kings take legal action to reverse ruling". Daily Dispatch. Pretoria: Avusa Media Limited. Archived from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
194. Cahoon, Ben. "South African traditional states". Worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
195. Soszynski, Henry. "Pondo". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
196. Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims (29 April 2008). "Determination on Manala-Mbongo and Ndzundza-Mabhoko paramountcies". Government of South Africa, Department of Provincial and Local Government. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
197. Soszynski, Henry. "amaNdebele kaNdzundza". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 30 March 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
198. Moselakgomo, Alfred (7 February 2007). "Row brewing over suspension of amaNdebele king". Sowetan LIVE. Pretoria: Avusa Media Limited. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
199. Nkambule, Branco Zondi. "Genealogy of amaNzunza kings". Amandebele.com. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
200. Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims (30 April 2008). "Determination on Matanzima and Dalindyebo paramountcies". Government of South Africa, Department of Provincial and Local Government. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
201. Soszynski, Henry. "abaThembu". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
202. Mushiana, Elijar (2 August 2010). "Mphephu-Ramabulana is chief of the Vhavenda". Sowetan LIVE. Pretoria: Avusa Media Limited. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
203. Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims (29 July 2010). "Determinations on the position of the paramount chiefs". Government of South Africa, Department of Provincial and Local Government. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
204. Soszynski, Henry. "vhaVenda". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 27 January 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
205. Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims (29 April 2008). "Determination on amaRharhabe and amaGcaleka paramountcies". Government of South Africa, Department of Provincial and Local Government. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
206. Soszynski, Henry. "Xhosa royal family". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
207. Soszynski, Henry. "amaGcaleka". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 31 October 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
208. Soszynski, Henry. "amaRharhabe". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
209. Soszynski, Henry. "Buthelezi". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
210. Soszynski, Henry. "kwaZulu". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
211. Soszynski, Henry. "imiDushane kaNdlambe". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
212. Soszynski, Henry. "amaGqunukhwebe". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
213. Soszynski, Henry. "baFokeng". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 22 December 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
214. "Royal family". Royal Bafokeng Nation. Royal Bafokeng Communications. Archived from the original on 22 December 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
215. Soszynski, Henry. "baLobedu". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
216. "The Bhaca Nation, Our Past, Our History". KwaBhaca Kingdom. Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
217. "Griqua Royal House". HISTORY OF THE GRIQUA'S. Archived from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2015-09-19.
218. Feni, Lulamile (18 June 2008). "amaMpondomise claimants urged to set aside differences". Daily Dispatch. Pretoria: Avusa Media Limited. Archived from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
219. Feni, Lulamile (2 May 2006). "Commission told heir to throne was criminal and rapist". Daily Dispatch. Pretoria: Avusa Media Limited. Archived from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
220. "Emir Kuol Deng Kuol of the Dinka Ngok, Abyei". House of Nationalities. Archived from the original on 7 May 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
221. "His Majesty Adongo Agada Akwai Cham, King of the Anyuak". House of Nationalities. Archived from the original on 7 May 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
222. Edith Champagne; Don Murray (2007). The Man Who Became King (Documentary). Sundance Channel.
223. "Atoroba crowned Azande King". 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
224. Kwanyiyek, Akwoch Dok (8 February 2008). "The Installation of the Shilluk Reth". St. Vincent De Paul Society; Pachodo. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
225. Yor, Joshua Ojwok (1993). "The installation of the Reth of the Shilluk" (PDF). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
226. Cahoon, Ben. "Tanzania traditional states". Worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
227. Father Clement. "Ba Padiri Ba Shika Malya". Bujora Museum. Retrieved 5 February 2013.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
228. Cahoon, Ben. "Togo traditional states". Worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
229. "EWEFIAGA TOGBUI AGBOLI K. F. AGOKOLI IV - Right for Education". 2021-12-14. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
230. "Willkommen beim Council of World Elders | Healing the Earth for World Peace". www.council-of-world-elders.de. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
231. "Togbe Bansah Honoured As Spiritual Leader Of The Ewes". Modern Ghana. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
232. "Les Adja de Tado ont célébré l'édition 2016 de 'Togbui Agni'". aLome.com. Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
233. "TADO : CELEBRATION TOGBUI AGNI AVEC UN NOUVEAU ROI". Indépendant Express (in French). 2012-09-05. Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
234. Cahoon, Ben. "Other traditional states in Uganda". Worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the original on 27 July 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
235. Asego, Ojanga (13 May 2003). "The Rwoth Obima of Alur". Nebbi, Zombo and DR Congo: Jaluo. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
236. Soszynski, Henry. "Ankole". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
237. Tanganyika Notes and Records: Issues 38-50, Tanganyika Society, 1955, p. 167, archived from the original on 2021-07-09, retrieved 2020-10-02
238. The Bamasaba Tribal History, not identified, 1952, archived from the original on 2017-03-03, retrieved 2017-03-03
239. shaping the Society Christianity and Culiture: Special Reference to the African Culture of Buganda, Author House, 2012, p. 94
240. The Bitter Bread of Exile: The Financial Problems of Sir Edward Mutesa II, Progressive Publishing House, 2013, p. 6
241. Cahoon, Ben. "Uganda". Worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
242. Soszynski, Henry. "Bunyoro-Kitara". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 14 March 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
243. Soszynski, Henry. "Busoga". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
244. Staff writers (31 October 2008). "Busoga's New Kyabazinga". allAfrica.com. Kampala: allAfrica. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
245. Muyita, Solomon (6 October 2009). "Chaos as Nadiope is Elected Kyabazinga". allAfrica.com. Jinja: allAfrica. Archived from the original on 9 June 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
246. Mukyala, Esther (7 June 2009). "Muloki's heir Wambuzi installed as Busoga king". The New Vision. Kampala: Vision Group. Archived from the original on 9 June 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
247. Mugabi, Frank; Kiirya, Donald (25 July 2010). "Busoga chiefs to choose new Kyabazinga". The New Vision. Kampala: Vision Group. Archived from the original on 11 December 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
248. "Busoga Kingdom Online". Obwa Kyabazinga bwa Busoga. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
249. Muhumuza, Rodney (26 October 2008). "Lango's King Without a Throne Keeps It Simple". allAfrica.com. Kampala: allAfrica. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
250. Busoga Kingdom. "About The Kingdom: Royal Council". Obwa Kyabazinga Bwa Busoga. Archived from the original on 9 March 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
251. Soszynski, Henry. "Busoga predecessor states". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
252. Sanchez, Alex. "Royal Visit". hsc.unm.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
253. Kalusa, Walima T.; Mtonga, Mapopa (2010). Kalonga Gawa Undi X: A Biography of an African Chief and Nationalist. Nairobi: African Books Collective. p. 140. ISBN 978-9982-9972-5-6. Archived from the original on 2022-08-28. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
254. Soszynski, Henry. "Jere". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
255. Cahoon, Ben. "Zambian traditional states". Worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
256. "Cameroon: How much influence do traditional chiefs really have?". The Africa Report.com. 2020-12-11. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
257. "Decentralisation. Government Censors Traditional Chiefdoms". cameroon-report.com (in French). 2018-05-02. Archived from the original on 2022-09-11. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
258. Mişcoiu, Sergiu; Kakdeu, Louis-Marie (2021-10-01). "Authoritarian clientelism: the case of the president's 'creatures' in Cameroon". Acta Politica. 56 (4): 639–657. doi:10.1057/s41269-020-00188-y. ISSN 1741-1416.
259. Staff writers (29 July 2010). "South Africa axes six traditional kings". The Times of India. Pretoria: Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 August 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
260. Hollands, Barbara (10 May 2008). "No palace like home for kings dethroned". The Weekend Post. Pretoria: Avusa Media Limited. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
261. Mahlangu, Dominic (29 July 2010). "Zuma advises delegitimised royals not to go to court". Times LIVE. Pretoria: Avusa Media Limited. Archived from the original on 2 August 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.

Further reading

• Cahoon, Ben (2000–2010). "World Statesmen.org". Retrieved 19 April 2010.
• Soszynski, Henry (1996–2010). "Genealogical Gleanings". University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2010.
• Tick, Donald P. (2004–2008). "Indonesia Pusaka". Blogger. Retrieved 19 April 2010.
• Tick, Donald P. (2008–2010). "Kingdoms of Indonesia (Kerajaan Indonesia)". Blogger. Retrieved 19 April 2010.
• Tick, Donald P. (2007–2010). "Royal Timor: Kings, Rajas and Dynasties of Timor". Retrieved 28 April 2010.
• Van Klinken, Gerry (2007). "Return of the Sultans: The Communitarian Turn in Local Politics". The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The Deployment of Adat from Colonialism to Indigenism. London: Routledge: 149–169. SSRN 1309406.