Kickapoo language

Kickapoo (Kickapoo: Metotheeneniaatoweeheni)^[1] is either a dialect of the Fox language or a closely related language, closely related to, and mutually intelligible with, the dialects spoken by the Sauk people and Meskwaki people. Their language is included in the Central Algonquian languages subgroup of the Algonquian languages family, itself a member of the Algic languages family.

Kickapoo
Metotheeneniaatoweeheni[1]
Native to	United States, Mexico
Ethnicity	Kickapoo people
Native speakers	(1200 cited 1978)[1]
Language family	Algic Algonquian Central Algonquian Fox Kickapoo
Dialects	monolingual dialect (Peekaatowaakani)[1] Oklahoma dialect Mexican/Texan dialect
Writing system	Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3	kic
Glottolog	kick1244
ELP	Kickapoo

Kickapoo people building a winter house in the town of Nacimiento Coahuila, Mexico, 2008

In 1985, the Kickapoo Nation's School in Horton, Kansas, began a language-immersion program for elementary school grades to revive teaching and use of the Kickapoo language in kindergarten through grade 6.^[2] Efforts in language education continue at most Kickapoo sites.

In 2010, the Head Start Program at the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas reservation, which teaches the Kickapoo language, became "the first Native American school to earn Texas School Ready! (TSR) Project certification."^[3] Despite these efforts, there are no children who are first-language users of Kickapoo, as they choose to speak English instead.^[1]

Also in 2010, Mexico's Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia participated in the elaboration of a Kickapoo alphabet.^[4] The Kickapoo in Mexico are known for their whistled speech.

Texts,^[5] recordings,^[6] and a vocabulary^[7] of the language are available.

The Kickapoo language and members of the Kickapoo tribe were featured in the movie The Only Good Indian (2009), directed by Greg Wilmott and starring Wes Studi. This was a fictionalized account of Native American children forced to attend an Indian boarding school, where they were forced to speak English and give up their cultural practices.^[8]

Sounds

Consonants

Eleven consonant phonemes are used in Kickapoo:

	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar/ Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	p		t	tʃ	k
Fricative		θ	s			h
Nasal	m		n
Approximant				j	w

• The voiceless sounds can sometimes be voiced as [b, d, dʒ, ɡ, ð, z].
• /p/ in word-initial position can also be aspirated as [pʰ].
• /tʃ/ can also be pronounced as [ts].^[9]
• Glides /w, j/ may also be heard as non-syllabic vowels [o̯, i̯].^[10]
• /w/ can be pronounced as [ʔ] in fast speech.^[1]

Vowels

The eight vowel sounds in Kickapoo are: short /a, ɛ, i, o/ and long /aː, ɛː, iː, oː/.^[10]

• Sounds /a, ɛ, i, o/, can also be phonetically heard as allophones [ə, ɛ~e, ɪ, ʊ~o] and /aː, ɛː, iː, oː/ can be heard as [äː, æː, iː, ɔː].^[1]

Writing system

A Kickapoo alphabet was developed by Paul Voorhis in 1974 and was revised in 1981.^[11] A new orthography is used by the Kickapoo Language Development Program in Oklahoma.^[12]

Kickapoo alphabet (Kickapoo Language Development Program)^[12]

Letter	a	aa	ch	e	ee	h	i	ii	k	m	n	o	oo	p	s	t	th	w	y
Pronunciation	ə	ɑ	tʃ	e	æ	h	ɪ	i	k	m	n	o	ɔ	p	s	t	θ	w	j