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Book of Joshua, chapter 10 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Joshua 10 is the tenth chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1] According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas,[2][3] but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE.[3][4] This chapter focuses on the conquest of southern part of Canaan by the Israelites under the leadership of Joshua,[5] a part of a section comprising Joshua 5:13–12:24 about the conquest of Canaan.[6]
| Joshua 10 | |
|---|---|
 The pages containing the Book of Joshua in Leningrad Codex (1008 CE). | |
| Book | Book of Joshua |
| Hebrew Bible part | Nevi'im |
| Order in the Hebrew part | 1 |
| Category | Former Prophets |
| Christian Bible part | Old Testament |
| Order in the Christian part | 6 |
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 43 verses.
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[7] Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q47 (4QJosha; 200–100 BCE) with extant verses 2–5, 8–11.[8][9][10] [11]
Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).[12][lower-alpha 1] Fragments of the Septuagint Greek text containing this chapter are found in manuscripts such as Washington Manuscript I (5th century CE), and a reduced version of the Septuagint text is found in the illustrated Joshua Roll.[14][15][16]
The narrative of the Israelites conquering the land of Canaan comprises verses 5:13 to 12:24 of the Book of Joshua and has the following outline:[17]
Chapters 10 and 11 closely parallel each other and have similar structure:[18]
| Joshua 10 | Joshua 11 |
|---|---|
| southern alliance (10:1–5) | northern alliance (11:1–5) |
| divine reassurance (10:8) | divine reassurance (11:6) |
| victory employing surprise (10:9–11) | victory employing surprise (11:7–9) |
| execution of kings/destruction of cities (10:16–39) | execution of kings/destruction of cities (11:10–15) |
| conquest summary (10:40–43) | conquest summary (11:16–23) |
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Gibeon was apparently a relatively powerful city-state, 'like one of the royal cities' (verse 2), although it did not have a king (none is mentioned in Joshua 9), so its submission to the Israelites without war shocked the region (verses 1–15) and the neighboring states declared war to Gibeon for the perceived betrayal.[19] Having an alliance with Israel, the Gibeonites can requested help from the Israelites (verse 6).[20] This opportunity enabled Joshua at the same time to fight for control of the whole southern region of Canaan.[20] Jerusalem occupies an important location on the central ridge, between south and north mountains, and its king, Adoni-zedek, established an alliance with four other kings from across the southern highlands (cf 12:10–13; later would become the territory of Judah).[20] The battle report against the southern alliance emphasizes the hand of God in the victory, as the hailstones from heaven were more devastating than the action of Israelite forces, and the staying of the sun and moon (meaning that 'the day was lengthened') demonstrated that YHWH, not Joshua, had the full control of even the heavenly bodies in the defeat of the southern kings.[20]
In the battle Israel pursued the fleeing enemies into their territory, 'as far as Azekah and Makkedah' (verse 10), then they cornered the five kings into a cave and held them there until their armies were thoroughly decimated with only a few survivors going back to their cities (verses 16–27).[20] The five kings were executed by hanging (verse 24), similar to the treatment of the king of Ai (Joshua 8:29).[20] Memorial stones were again established to mark the victory accompanied by Joshua's words of encouragement to the army (verse 25) recalling God's words to Joshua at the start of the conquest (Joshua 1:6).[20]
_p075_JOSHUA'S_CAMAIGNS._THE_CONQUEST,_WEST_OF_JORDAN.jpg)
The next phase in the campaign is the conquest of the cities from which the alliance had come, now defended only by few survivals from the battlefield, but the conquered cities do not correspond exactly to those forming the alliance.
Younger shows that the conquest of southern cities (verses 28-39) has a specific chiasm structure:[22] A Makkedah (verse 28) B Libnah (verses 29–30) C Lachish (verses 31–32) X Gezer (verse 33) C' Eglon (verses 34–35) B' Hebron (verses 36–37) A' Debir (verses 38–39) The center of a chiasm (the member with no parallel) is the report of Israel's attack of King Horam of Gezer who had marched his army in defense of Lachish (verse 33), but Israel never conquered Gezer (16:10), so the chiasm emphasizes the event as memorable in relation to the city's ancient importance.[23]
The conquest report of those cities follows a repeating formula (but not in lock-step order):[24]
The statement 6 for both Makkedah (city 1) and Libnah (city 2) is compared to that of Jericho, whereas that of the next three is compared only to the one destroyed just before it. The fate of the final city, Debir (verses 38-39) is compared to both Libnah (city 2) and Hebron (city 5).[24]
Jerusalem, as also stated in the Book of Judges, was not subjugated by Joshua (Joshua 15:63), whereas the conquest on Jarmuth is not recorded. Gezer was mentioned but not conquered (it is finally taken at the time of Solomon; 1 Kings 9:16; cf. Joshua 16:10). Libnah and Debir, not parts of the alliance, were taken due to geographical proximities to other conquered cities (to fulfill the herem, or ban; verses 28, 35, 37, 40).[20]
The narrative ends with a summary statement that Joshua controlled the entire southern part of the land.[20] Based on the estimate of logistics involved, the conquests in this chapter could take several weeks (or even months) to complete.[23]
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