John A. Miller

Not to be confused with John A. Millar.

John A. Miller, born August John Mueller (1872 – June 24, 1941), was an American roller coaster designer and builder, inventor, and businessman. Miller patented over 100 key roller coaster components,^[1] and is widely considered the "father of the modern high-speed roller coaster."^[2] During his lifetime, he participated in the design of approximately 150 coasters^[3] and was a key business partner and mentor to other well-known roller coaster designers, including Harry C. Baker and John C. Allen.

John A. Miller
Born	August John Mueller 1872 (1872)[1] Homewood, Illinois, U.S.
Died	June 24, 1941(1941-06-24) (aged 68–69) Houston, Texas, U.S.
Occupation	Roller coaster engineer

Biography

Early life

Miller was born in Homewood, Illinois, in 1872 and worked as a coaster builder from a very early age.^[2] At the age of 19, he started working with La Marcus Thompson and went on to serve as Thompson's chief engineer.^[2] By 1911, he was working as a consultant to the Philadelphia Toboggan Company^[4] He also worked with noted designers Frederick Ingersoll and Fred and Josiah Pearce.^[5]

In 1910, Miller designed a device that prevented cars from rolling backward down the lift hill in the event of pull chain breakage. It attached to the track and clicked onto the rungs of the chain. Known as the safety chain dog or safety ratchet, it evolved into the device on the underside of cars that makes the distinctive clinkety-clank sound commonly heard on the lift hills of wooden coasters.

A roller coaster wheel assembly. The underfriction wheels are on the bottom. The three sets of wheels clamp onto the track.

Miller's most important contribution to roller coaster technology, though, was the underfriction wheel. In 1919,^[6] he patented the "Miller Under Friction Wheel," also called the "upstop wheel", which consisted of a wheel that ran under the track to keep the coaster cars from flying off. This allowed designers to incorporate very steep drops, sharp horizontal and vertical curves, and high speeds.^[1] These are found on nearly every modern roller coaster in operation.^[5]

Miller & Baker

Besides patenting ingenious inventions for coasters—including several types of brakes and car bar locks—Miller built his share of unusual "scream machines". In 1920 Miller went into business with Harry C. Baker as "Miller & Baker, Inc." and over the next three years they built popular coasters all over North America. Characteristics of their roller coasters are camelback hills (multiple straight or slightly angled drops that went all the way to the ground) and large, flat turns.^[1]

Miller & Baker built other types of amusement rides and structures as well. In addition to coasters, the firm constructed mill chutes and domed roof buildings for carousels and dance pavilions.^[7]

The John Miller Company

After 1923, Miller continued to design and build coasters for his own company, The John Miller Company. Dip-Lo-Docus (c. 1923), billed as "The Jazz Ride", featured revolving three-seater cars, whereas Flying Turns (1929) consisted of cars with swiveling rubber wheels tearing through a half-cylindrical chute like a toboggan. The legendary Cyclone (1928–1958) at Puritas Springs near Cleveland, Ohio, was honored with a place on the Smithsonian Institution's list of Great Lost Roller Coasters. It was hidden so much by foliage that only the boarding platform was visible to riders before they began to race through the ravine. This 1928 ride was considered one of the golden-age classics of the period.^[1]

Later life and death

Although many of his most famous roller coasters were built during the 1920s, Miller never stopped building roller coasters. He continued to travel to supervise site installations and consult on roller coaster design until his death. He died on June 24, 1941, while working on a roller coaster project at Playland Park in Houston, Texas, at the age of 69.^[5]

Roller coasters

During his lifetime, Miller designed or contributed to the design of approximately 150 roller coasters.^[3]

Name	Park	Location	Opened	Closed	Ref(s)
Greyhound	Lakewood Fairgrounds	Atlanta, GA	1915	1974	[8]
Jack Rabbit	Riverview Park	Des Moines, IA	1915	1919	[9]
Dip-Lo-Docus	Olympic Park	Irvington, NJ	1923	?	[10]
Cyclone	Puritas Springs	Cleveland, OH	1928	1958	[11]
Greyhound	Celoron Park	Jamestown, NY	1924	1959	[12]
Flying Turns	Euclid Beach Park	Cleveland, OH	1929	1969	[13]
Ravine Flyer	Waldameer Park	Erie, PA	1922	1938	[14]
Thunderbolt	Revere Beach	Revere, MA	1921	1930	[15]
Thunderbolt	Coney Island	New York, NY	1925	1982[a]	[16]
Beach Coaster	Ocean View Pavilion Amusement Park	Jacksonville, FL	1928	1949[b]	[17]
Screechin' Eagle	LeSourdsville Lake Amusement Park	Middletown, OH	1928	2002[c]	[18][19]
Legend	Arnolds Park	Arnolds Park, IA	1930[d]	—	[20]
Racer	Kennywood	Pittsburgh, PA	1927	—	[21]
Jack Rabbit	Kennywood	Pittsburgh, PA	1920	—	[22]
Thunderbolt[e]	Kennywood	Pittsburgh, PA	1924	—	[23]
Big Dipper	Blackpool Pleasure Beach	Blackpool, England	1923	—	[24]
Big Dipper	Geauga Lake	Aurora, OH	1925	2007[f]	[25]
Classic Coaster	Washington State Fair	Puyallup, WA	1935	—	[26]
Jack Rabbit[g]	Seabreeze Amusement Park	Rochester, NY	1920	—	[27]
Roller Coaster[h]	Lagoon Amusement Park	Farmington, UT	1921	—	[28]
Zippin Pippin[i]	Bay Beach Amusement Park	Green Bay, WI	1912	—	[29]
The Wild One[j]	Six Flags America	Largo, MD	1917	—	[30][31]
Jack Rabbit	Clementon Park	Clementon, NJ	1919	2002[k]	[32]
Dips	Buckroe Beach Park	Hampton, VA	1920	1985	[33]
Screem Machine[l]	Splash Zone Water Park	Wildwood, NJ	1919	1984	[34]
The Big Beast	Edgewater Park	Detroit, MI	1927	1981	[35]
Speed Hound	Don Hanson's Amusement Park	Harveys Lake, PA	1931	1980	[36]
Roller Coaster	Riverview Park	Des Moines, IA	1920	1978	[37]
Alps	Willow Grove Park	Willow Grove, PA	1905	1975	[38]
Comet	Silver Beach Amusement Park	St. Joseph, MI	1924	1971[m]	[39]
Thriller[n]	Riverside Park	Indianapolis, IN	1924	1970	[40][41]
Derby Racer	Euclid Beach Park	Cleveland, OH	1913	1969	[42]
Flying Dragon	Walled Lake Park	Walled Lake, MI	1929	1968	[43]
Jack Rabbit	Natatorium Park	Spokane, WA	1920	1968	[44]
Big Dipper	Riverview Park	Chicago, IL	1920	1967	[45]
Fireball	Riverview Park	Chicago, IL	1923	1967	[46]
Flying Turns	Riverview Park	Chicago, IL	1935	1967	[47]
Humming Bird	Riverview Beach Park	Pennsville, NJ	1923	1967	[48]
Pippin	Riverview Park	Chicago, IL	1921	1967	[49]
Sea Serpent	Pacific Ocean Park	Santa Monica, CA	1925	1967	[50]
Dips	Buckeye Lake Amusement Park	Buckeye Lake, OH	1924	1958[o]	[51][52]
Giant	Winnipeg Beach	Manitoba, Canada	1919	1964[p]	[53]
Skyrocket	Fairyland Park	Kansas City, MO	1923	1966	[54]
Aero Dips	Euclid Beach Park	Cleveland, OH	1909	1965	[55]
Jet Star[q]	Olympic Park	Irvington, NJ	1925	1965	[56]
Deep Dip Coaster	Fair Park	Nashville, TN	1924	1964	[57]
Gee Wiz	Riverview Park	Chicago, IL	1912	1963	[58]
Crystal Flyer	Crystal Beach Park	Vermilion, OH	1926	1962	[59]
Big Dipper	Jefferson Beach	St. Clair Shores, MI	1927	1959	[60]
Comet	Chain of Rocks Amusement Park	St. Louis, MO	1926	1958	[61]
Cyclone	Lake Ariel Amusement Park		1928	1955
Derby Racer	Central Park		1912	1951
Rocket	Lakeworth Park		1930	1951
Sky Rocket	Steeplechase Island	-	1921	1951
Velvet Racer	Ghost Town on the River		1936	1951
Pippin Coaster	Rocky Glen Park	Moosic, PA	1924	1950
Mountain Dips Coaster	Rocky Glen Park	Moosic, PA	1920	1939
Cyclone	DandiLion Park		1929	1949
Deep Dipper	Carlin's Park		1919	1949
Racer Dip	Bay Shore Park		1920	1947
Skyrocket	Meyer's Lake Park		1924	1946
Triple Racing Coaster	State Fair of Texas		1936	1946
Skyrocket	Palisades Amusement Park	Fort Lee, NJ	1926	1944
Giant Coaster	Central Park		1921	1942
Jack Rabbit	Keansburg Amusement Park		1931	1941
Wildcat	Enna Jettick Park		1921	1941
Flying Turns	Steeplechase Park		1934	1939
Greyhound	Hazle Park		1923	1939
Thunderbolt	Moxahala Amusement Park		1928	1939
Whoopee Baby Scenic	Neptune Beach		1927	1939
Whoopee Coaster	Neptune Beach		1929	1939
Wildcat	Merrimack Park	Methuen, MA	1921	1938
Derby Racer	Lakeside Amusement Park		1911	1937
Jack Rabbit	Capital Beach Park		1918	1936
Racing Derby	Ghost Town on the River		1910	1936
Gorge Ride	Cascade Park	New Castle, PA	1922	1935
Flying Turns	Century of Progress		1933	1934
Cyclone	Chester Park		1927	1935
Some Kick	Venice Amusement Pier		1923	1934
Big Dipper	Roton Point		1914	1933
Comet	Pacific City	San Mateo County, CA	1923	1933[r]	[62]
Flash	Riverside Park	Indianapolis, IN	1924	1970	[63]
Flash	White City	Chicago, IL	1928	1933
Greyhound	Riverside Amusement Park	Agawam, MA	1915	1933
Lightning	Riverside Amusement Park	Agawam, MA	1920	1933
Racing Coaster	White City	Chicago, IL	1910	1933
Devil	Liberty Pier		1925	1932
Jack Rabbit	Riverview Park	Chicago, IL	1914	1932
Derby Racer	Riverview Park	Chicago, IL	1910	1931
Big Dipper	Krug Park		1918	1930
Jack Rabbit Racer	Queens Park		1915	1930
Jack Rabbit	Paxtang Park	Harrisburg, PA	1923	1929
Pippin	Luna Park	Cleveland, OH	1923	1929
Roller Coaster	Arnolds Park		1922	1929
Big Dipper	Idora Park	Oakland, CA	1922	1928
Giant Coaster	Harlem Park		1912	1928
Greyhound	Island Beach Park		1922	1928
Jack Rabbit	Playland Park		1928	1928
Skyrocket	Idora Park	Oakland, CA	1927	1928
Thriller	Exposition Park		1926	1928
Big Dipper	Gordon Gardens		1922	1927
Jack Rabbit	Rocky Springs Park		1918	1927
Racer	Kennywood	Pittsburgh, PA	1910	1926
Cannon Ball	Riverview Park	Chicago, IL	1919	1925
Comet	Palisades Amusement Park	Fort Lee, NJ	1921	1925
Jack Rabbit	Revere Beach	Revere, MA	1916	1924
Zip	Lick Pier		1922	1924
Blue Streak	Riverview Park	Chicago, IL	1911	1923
Chase through the Clouds	Silver Beach Amusement Park		1905	1923
Speed-O-Plane	Kennywood	Pittsburgh, PA	1911	1923
Deep Dipper	Frederick Road Park		1920	1922
Giant Coaster Dips	East End Park		1913	1922
Leap the Dips	Forest Park		1907	1922
Great Mountain Ride	Forest Park Highlands		1912	1921
The Gorge	Cascade Park	New Castle, PA	1903	1921
Royal Gorge Scenic Railway	Riverview Park	Chicago, IL	1908	1920
Jack Rabbit	Riverview Park	Chicago, IL	1915	1919
Velvet Coaster	Riverview Park	Chicago, IL	1909	1919
Scenic Railway	White City	Chicago, IL	1905	1916
Figure Eight	Seabreeze		1903	1915
Royal Dip Coaster	Playland Park		1915	1915
Dip The Dips	Clyffside Park		1909	1913
Pikes Peak Scenic Railway	Riverview Park	Chicago, IL	1907	1911
Scenic Railway	Kennywood	Pittsburgh, PA	1904	1910
Scenic Railway	Erie Beach Park		1910	1930
Deep Dips	Olympic Park		1920	?
Derby Racer	Electric Park		?	?
Dips	Liberty Park		?	?
Figure 8	Hague Park		?	?
Giant Coaster	Lakewood Park		1923	1982
Greyhound	Stanley Park		?
L.A. Thompson Scenic Railway	Lake Erie Park & Casino		?	?
Pippin	Wildwood Park		?	?
Racer Dips	Forest Park Highlands		1920	1940
Roller Coaster	Woodlawn Park		1922	?
Scenic Railway	Ghost Town on the River		1905	?
Sidewinder	Legend City		1968	1983
Sky Rocket	Coney Island	Cincinnati, OH	1921	1944
Skyline Twister	Rolling Green Park		1928	1972
Velvet Coaster	Woodside Park		1925	?
Velvet Coaster	Lakeside Amusement Park		1908	?
Skyrocket	Playland Park[s]	Houston, TX	1924	1963	[64][65][66]

1. Dismantled in 2000
2. Dismantled in 1950
3. Dismantled in 2011; remnants sent to the National Roller Coaster Museum & Archives (NRCMA) in Arlington, Texas.
4. The official clam is 1927, but RCDB research supports 1930
5. Originally named Pippin, it was redesigned in 1968 by Andy Vettel
6. Dismantled on October 17, 2016
7. Partially destroyed in a fire in 1923 and rebuilt
8. Referred to as White Roller Coaster by locals
9. Was originally located at East End Park and later Libertyland before being relocated to Bay Beach Amusement Park
10. Originally named "The Giant Coaster" when it was located at Paragon Park in Hull, MA (1917–1985), it was redesigned in 1932 by Herbert Schmeck after being partially destroyed in a fire
11. Removed in 2007
12. Formerly known as Jack Rabbit (1919–1975)
13. Removed in 1975
14. Original in 1914 was moved/rebuilt in 1924 and considered a new ride
15. Remained standing until 1966, until it was destroyed in a storm that blew it over into the lake.
16. Removed in 1966
17. Badly damaged in a storm in 1950, it was redesigned/rebuilt by PTC's Herbert Schmeck and reopened in 1952
18. SBNO from 1924 to 1933, when it was torn down
19. Relocated from Luna Park, Houston (1924-1934)

Patents

Number	Date	Description
13,588	1913, July 1	reissue
979,875	1910, December 27
979,982	1910, December 27
979,983	1910, December 27	Braking Apparatus
979,984	1910, December 27	Chain Dog
1,037,957	1912, September 10
1,037,958	1912, September 10
1,038,174	1912, September 10
1,038,175	1912, September 10
1,062,838	1913, May 27
1,062,839	1913, May 27
1,076,779	1913, October 28
1,319,888	1919, October 28	Underfriction Wheel
1,373,754	1921, April 5
1,380,730	1921, June 7
1,380,731	1921, June 7
1,380,732	1921, June 7
1,409,750	1922, February 14
1,409,751	1922, February 14
1,415,187	1922, May 9
1,438,452	1922, December 12
1,448,763	1923, May 20
1,448,764	1923, May 20
1,476,995	1923, December 11
1,501,060	1924, July 15
1,501,061	1924, July 15	Track construction
1,536,122	1925, May 5	Track construction
1,536,448	1925, May 5	Coaster with tight turns
1,539,094	1925, May 26	Ferris Wheel
1,562,035	1925, November 17	Pleasure Railway Car
1,562,036	1925, November 17	Pleasure Railway Structure
1,591,722	1926, July 6	Amusement Structure
1,593,587	1926, July 27	Pleasure Railway Structure
1,605,369	1926, November 2	Truck for Pleasure Railway Cars
1,606,769	1926, November 16	Roof Structure
1,606,770	1926, November 16	Handle-bar Structure
1,607,771	1926, November 23	Water-chute Structure
1,613,118	1927, January 4	Pleasure Railway Structure
1,629,520	1927, May 24	Pleasure Railway Structure
1,645,202	1927, October 11	Roof Structure
1,656,218	1928, January 17	Pleasure Railway Car
1,825,468	1931, September 29	Pleasure Railway Structure

References

1. Rutherford, Scott (2000). The American roller coaster. Osceola, WI: MBI Pub. Co. pp. 33, 35–37. ISBN 0760306893. OL 8010804M.
2. Cartmell, Robert (1987). The Incredible Scream Machine: A History of the Roller Coaster. Fairview Park, OH: Amusement Park Books, Inc. pp. 117–136. ISBN 0879723416.
3. Marden, Duane. "John A. Miller". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
4. Urbanowicz, Steven J. (1987). The Roller Coaster Lover's Companion. New York: Citadell Press. ISBN 0806523093.
5. "John A. Miller". MIT Inventor of the Week Archive. Archived from the original on February 14, 2008. Retrieved March 7, 2008.
6. US patent 1319888, John Miller, "Pleasure railway structure", issued 1919-10-28
7. Miller and Baker Inc. 1923 Catalogue (reprint). Natrona Heights, PA: Amusement Park Journal. 1923.
8. Marden, Duane. "Greyhound  (Lakewood Fairgrounds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
9. Marden, Duane. "Jack Rabbit  (Riverview Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
10. Kilby, Jack; Noyce, Robert; Roebling, John A. (2008). Inventors and Inventions. Vol. 4. New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 1084. ISBN 978-0761477679.
11. Marden, Duane. "Cyclone  (Puritas Springs)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
12. Marden, Duane. "Greyhound  (Celoron Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
13. Marden, Duane. "Flying Turns  (Euclid Beach Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
14. Marden, Duane. "Ravine Flyer  (Waldameer Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
15. Marden, Duane. "Thunderbolt  (Revere Beach)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
16. Marden, Duane. "Thunderbolt  (Coney Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
17. Marden, Duane. "Beach Coaster  (Ocean View Pavilion Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
18. Marden, Duane. "Screechin' Eagle  (LeSourdsville Lake Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
19. Marden, Duane. "Thunderbolt  (Moxahala Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
20. Marden, Duane. "Legend  (Arnold's Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
21. Marden, Duane. "Racer  (Kennywood)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
22. Marden, Duane. "Jack Rabbit  (Kennywood)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
23. Marden, Duane. "Thunderbolt  (Kennywood)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
24. Marden, Duane. "Big Dipper  (Blackpool Pleasure Beach)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
25. Marden, Duane. "Big Dipper  (Geauga Lake & Wildwater Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
26. Marden, Duane. "Classic Coaster  (Washington State Fair)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
27. Marden, Duane. "Jack Rabbit  (Seabreeze)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
28. Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster  (Lagoon Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
29. Marden, Duane. "Zippin Pippin  (Bay Beach Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
30. Marden, Duane. "The Wild One  (Six Flags America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
31. Marden, Duane. "Giant Coaster  (Paragon Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
32. Marden, Duane. "Jack Rabbit  (Clementon Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
33. Marden, Duane. "Dips  (Buckroe Beach Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
34. Marden, Duane. "Screem Machine  (Splash Zone Water Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
35. Marden, Duane. "The Big Beast  (Edgewater Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
36. Marden, Duane. "Speed Hound  (Don Hanson's Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
37. Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster  (Riverview Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
38. Marden, Duane. "Alps  (Willow Grove Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
39. Marden, Duane. "Comet  (Silver Beach Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
40. Marden, Duane. "Thriller  (Riverside Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
41. Marden, Duane. "Thriller  (Riverside Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
42. Marden, Duane. "Derby Racer  (Euclid Beach Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
43. Marden, Duane. "Flying Dragon  (Walled Lake Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
44. Marden, Duane. "Jack Rabbit  (Natatorium Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
45. Marden, Duane. "Big Dipper  (Riverview Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
46. Marden, Duane. "Fireball  (Riverview Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
47. Marden, Duane. "Flying Turns  (Riverview Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
48. Marden, Duane. "Humming Bird  (Riverview Beach Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
49. Marden, Duane. "Pippin  (Riverview Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
50. Marden, Duane. "Sea Serpent  (Pacific Ocean Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
51. Marden, Duane. "Dips  (Buckeye Lake)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
52. "Buckeye Lake Amusement Park". Buckeye Lake Historical Society. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
53. Marden, Duane. "Giant  (Winnipeg Beach)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
54. Marden, Duane. "Skyrocket  (Fairyland Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
55. Marden, Duane. "Aero Dips  (Euclid Beach Park])". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
56. Marden, Duane. "Jet Star  (Olympic Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
57. Marden, Duane. "Deep Dip Coaster  (Fair Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
58. Marden, Duane. "Gee Wiz  (Riverview Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
59. Marden, Duane. "Crystal Flyer  (Crystal Beach Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
60. Marden, Duane. "Big Dipper  (Jefferson Beach)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
61. Marden, Duane. "Comet  (Chain of Rocks Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
62. Marden, Duane. "Comet  (Pacific City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
63. Marden, Duane. "Flash  (Riverside Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
64. Inc, Nielsen Business Media (March 7, 1942). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
65. "Roller Coaster - Playland Park (Houston, Texas, USA)". rcdb.com. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
66. "Playland Park (Houston, Texas, USA)". rcdb.com. Retrieved November 19, 2015.

External links

• John A. Miller site