Jinju Formation

The Jinju Formation (Korean: 진주층; Hanja: 晋州層; RR: Jinju-cheung) is an Early Cretaceous geologic formation in South Korea.^[2] Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.^[3] The depositional age of this formation spans from approximately 112.4 ± 1.3 to 106.5 million years ago (early Albian) based on detrital zircon U-Pb dating.^[4] It predominantly consists of black shale, with sandstone packets, deposited in a fluvial-lacustrine setting.

Jinju Formation
Stratigraphic range: Albian ~112.4–106.5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Shindong Group
Underlies	Chilgog Formation, Iljig Formation
Overlies	Hasandong Formation
Thickness	1,000–1,800 m (3,300–5,900 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Shale
Other	Sandstone
Location
Coordinates	35.1°N 128.1°E / 35.1; 128.1
Approximate paleocoordinates	44.3°N 122.7°E / 44.3; 122.7
Region	Gyeongsang Province
Country	South Korea
Extent	Gyeongsang Basin(ko:경상 분지)
Type section
Named for	Jinju
Named by	Chang, 1975[1]
Jinju Formation (South Korea)

A diverse arthropod fauna, including freshwater arthropods, spiders, and insects, is known from the formation. Other notable fossils known from the formation include several freshwater fishes, ostracods, and plants. This formation has also "attracted global ichnological attention" for the variety of important ichnofossils.^[5] Columnar and rod-shaped stromatolites have also been found here.^[6]

Fossil content

Flora

Plants of the Jinju Formation
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Cupressinocladus	C. sp.[7]				The presence of this conifer indicates that a mixed type of the Tetori-Type and the Ryoseki-Type flora existed in this formation.
Ruffordia	R. sp.[8]				Schizaeaceae ferns
Cladophlebis	C. sp.[8]
Sphenopteris	S. sp.[8]
Onychiopsis	O. elongata[9]				leptosporangiate ferns
Brachyphyllum	B. japonicum[9]

Spiders

Spiders of the Jinju Formation[10]
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Korearachne	K. jinju				likely to be a lycosoid
Koreamegops	K. samsiki				a lagonomegopid
Jinjumegops	J. dalingwateri				a lagonomegopid
Mygalomorphae	indeterminate
Araneomorphae	indeterminate
Palpimanoidea	indeterminate
"Cribellate Entelegynae"	"species 1" "species 2"

Insects

Jinju formation consists of a diverse order of insects: Orthoptera, Homoptera, Mantodea, Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Dermaptera, Neuroptera, Blattoidea, Hemiptera, Odonata, Mecoptera, etc.

Alienoptera

Alienopterans of the Jinju Formation[11]
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Umenocoleus[11]	U. minimus				A member of Umenocoleidae
Psedoblattapterix[11]	P. weoni
Petropterix[11]	P. koreaensis

Blattodea

Blattodeans of the Jinju Formation[12]
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Rhipidioblattina	R. sp. cf. R. radipinguis R?. sp. cf. R. jilinensis R. sp. A
Mesoblattina	M. sp. A M. sp. B M. sp. C M. sp. D
Samaroblatta	S. sp. cf. S. rhypha
Blattula	B. sp. cf. B. exetenuata B. sp. A
Mesoblattula	M. sp.
Sclerotermes[13]	S. samsiki				A termite known only from an isolated wing, uncertain placement
Indeterminate	A total of 13 indeterminate species

Coleoptera

Beetles of the Jinju Formation[14]
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Coptoclava[15]	C. sp.			Both nymph and adult fossils are known	A member of the extinct family Coptoclavidae. Similar to C. longipoda, but assigned to a yet undescribed species since C. longipoda is usually considered to be a species complex.
Megalithomerus[16]	M. magolhalmii				A member of Elateridae
Koreagrypnus[16]	K. jinju
Cretosaja[17]	C. jinjuensis				A member of Silphidae
Notocupes[18]	N. premeris				A member of Archostemata
Asiana[19]	A. pax
Brochocoleus[19]	B. sacheonensis				A member of Ommatidae
	B. cf. punctatus
Omma[19]	O. sp.
Zygadenia[19]	Z. cornigera
Laetopsia[20]	L. leei				A member of Hydrophiloidea
	L. cf. hydraneoides
	L. sp.
Cretotaenia[20]	C. pallida

Dermaptera

Earwigs of the Jinju Formation
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
cf. Pygidicranoidea[21]	indeterminate

Diptera

Flies of the Jinju Formation
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Buccinatormyia[22]	B. gangnami				A member of the family Zhangsolvidae. Named after Gangnam Style, the famous K-Pop hit song

Hemiptera

Hemipterans of the Jinju Formation
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Jinjupopovina	J. eosahwae[23]				A member of Yuripopovinidae

Hymenoptera

Hymenopterans of the Jinju Formation
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Korehelorus	K. jinjuensis[24]				A parasitic wasp belonging to the family Heloridae
Hanguksyntexis	H. haeretica[25]				A sawfly belonging to the family Anaxyelidae

Odonata

Dragonflies of the Jinju Formation
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Hemeroscopus	H. baissicus[26]

Orthoptera

Orthopterans of the Jinju Formation
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Panorpidium	P. spica[27]				A member of Elcanidae

Raphidioptera

Snakeflies of the Jinju Formation
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Mesoraphidia[28]	M. koreensis M. phantasma				A member of Mesoraphidiidae

Neuroptera

Lacewings of the Jinju Formation
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Tachinymphes	T. koraiensis[29]				A member of the family Mesochrysopidae.
Araripeneura	A. asiatica[30]				A member of Araripeneuridae
Araripenymphes	A. koreicus[30]				A member of Cratosmylidae

Crustaceans

Isopoda

Isopods of the Jinju Formation
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Archaeoniscus[31]	A. coreaensis				A freshwater occurrence of the genus Archaeoniscus

Ostracoda

Ostracods of the Jinju Formation[32]
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Scabriculocypris	S. yanbianensis	Jeongcheon
Cypridea	C. jinjuria C. khandae C. samesi[33]	C. jinjuria in Gwanghyeon
Mongolocypris	M. kohi[34]
Lycopterocypris	L. cf. celsa	Jeongcheon
Candona	C. sp.
Djungarica	D. sp.	Jeongcheon

Spinicaudata

Clam shrimps of the Jinju Formation
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Yanjiestheria[35]	Y. kyongsangensis Y. chekiangensis Y. cf. wannanensis Y. jinjuensis Y. sp.

Vertebrates

Source:^[36]

Actinopterygii

Fishes of the Jinju Formation[37]
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Wakinoichthys[38]	W. aokii				An osteoglossiform
Jinjuichthys[39]	J. cheongi				An ichthyodectiform
Albuliformes	indeterminate
Sinamia	S. sp.				An amiiform
Lepidotes	L. sp.				Largest fish found in this formation, reaching 40 cm (1.3 ft) in total length.
Lepisosteiformes	indeterminate
Elopiformes	indeterminate				A small fish, reaching 3 cm (1.2 in) in total length.

Archosauria

Reptiles of the Jinju Formation
Genus	Species	Region[40]	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Crocodyliformes indet.[41]		Goryeong		a right mandible
Titanosauriformes indet.[42][43]		Sacheon and Goryeong		teeth	A tooth from Sacheon was initially suggested to be of Asian Brachiosaurid by Lim, Martin and Baek (2001), but Barrett et al. (2002) and Choi & Lee (2017) consider it to be indeterminate titanosauriform. Meanwhile, another tooth from Goryeong was suggested to be of Diplodocoidea by Yun et al. (2007), but Choi and Lee (2017) also considered it indeterminate titanosauriform.
Pterodactyloidea indet.[42][44]		Goryeong		teeth	While the KPE 40001 suggested to be of Boreopterid origin by Choi & Lee (2017), Yun (2021) and Yun (2024) consider them to be Anhanguerian instead based on the morphological disparity from Boreopteridae and the results of two-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses.[45][46]

Mollusks

Bivalvia

Bivalves of the Jinju Formation[47]
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Plicatounio	P. naktongensis
Nagdongia	N. soni				The genus Nagdongia is considered to be synonymous with Nakamuranaia by some.
Trigonioides	T. jaehoi

Gastropoda

Gastropods of the Jinju Formation[8]
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Brotiopsis	B. kobayashi				Dominant gastropod of the formation
Thiara	T. sp.
Viviparus[48]	V. sp.

Ichnofossils

Unnamed ichnofossils from the Jinju Formation include Ornithopod tracks and Caddisfly bioherms.^[6]

Ichnofossils of the Jinju Formation
Ichnogenus	Ichnospecies	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Grallator[49]					Theropod track; similar to the ichnospecies G. yangi
Corpulentapus[49]					Theropod track
Asianopodus[49]					Theropod track
Dromaeosauriformipes[50]	D. rarus				The smallest known non-avian dinosaur didactyl tracks possibly made by a small microraptorine, with indication of important flight behaviors such as flap-running, take-off, and landing.[51]
Dromaeosauripus[52]	D. jinjuensis	Namhae[40]			Didactyl tracks made by a 40 cm (1.3 ft) tall dromaeosaur.
Ignotornis	I. seoungjoseoi[53]				Bird Track
Jindongornipes	J. isp.[53]				Bird Track
Koreasaltipes[54]	K. jinjuensis	Jinju[40]			Traces left by a hopping mammal
Neosauroides	N. innovatus[55]				The largest reported lizard trackway in South Korea.
cf. Chelichnus[56]		Sacheon[40]			Turtle trackway; first identified as Chelonipus isp.[57]
Ranipes[56]	indeterminate				Oldest known frog trackway. Made by a species that hopped in short distances.
Crocodylopodus[58]					First report of this ichogenus from Asia.
Batrachopus	B. grandis[59]				Track made by a 3 m (9.8 ft) long bipedal crocodylomorph; the pterosaur trackway ichnospecies Haenamichnus gainensis from the Haman Formation is now assigned to this species as B. cf. grandis.[59] Paleontologist James I. Kirkland expresses doubts on the ichnogenus assignment.[60]
Minisauripus	M. isp.[5]				One of the smallest known theropod tracks. Currently the oldest record of this ichnogenus from South Korea.
Pteraichnus	P. gracilis[61] "P. seopoensis"[62]				Pterosaur trackway. P. seopoensis is currently a naked name, since it was only described in a master's thesis.
Lockeia	L. gigantus[48]				Resting bivalve trace fossils
Diplichnites	D. isp.[8]				Arthropod tracks
Coclichnus	C. isp.[8]				Trace by Annelida tracemakers
Radialimbricatus[63]	R. bitoensis				Potential tracemakers include arthropods, cnidarians or annelids
Protovirgularia[64]	P. dichotoma				First nonmarine occurrence of this ichnotaxon; possibly made by larvae of dragonfly[65]
Fictovichnus[66]	indeterminate				Probable insect cocoon or pupation chamber; the earliest record of an insect pupation structure probably associated with a burrow
Chondrites	C. isp.[67]
Palaeophycus	P. tubularis[67]
Helminthopsis	H. hieroglyphica[67]
Skolithos	S. magnus[67]
Taenidium	T. barretti[67]
Torrowangea	T. rosei[67]

See also

• ko:경상 분지 (Gyeongsang Basin)
• Geology of South Korea § Gyeongsang Basin
• List of dinosaur- bearing rock formations
  • List of stratigraphic units with indeterminate dinosaur fossils

References

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2. Jinju Formation in the Paleobiology Database
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57. Kim, J.-Y.; Lockley, M. (2016). "First report of turtle tracks from the Lower Cretaceous of Korea". Cretaceous Research. 64: 1–6. Bibcode:2016CrRes..64....1K. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.03.014.
58. Lockley, Martin G.; Lim, Jong Deock; Park, Hong Deock; Romilio, Anthony; Yoo, Jae Sang; Choi, Ji Won; Kim, Kyung Soo; Choi, Yeongi; Kang, Seung-Hyeop; Kim, Dong Hee; Kim, Tae Hyeong (2020-07-01). "First reports of Crocodylopodus from East Asia: implications for the paleoecology of the Lower Cretaceous". Cretaceous Research. 111: 104441. Bibcode:2020CrRes.11104441L. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104441. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 216164973.
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60. Kirkland, James I. [@Paleojim] (Jun 24, 2022). "I am shocked at the degree of lumping needed to assign this ichnotaxon to Batrachopus... Over splitting is certainly a problem with tracks, but this goes a bit too far in the other direction. Otherwise a very interesting and important paper. Bipedal crocs" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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