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James Robert Edgar (born July 22, 1946)[1][2] is an American politician who served as the 38th governor of Illinois from 1991 to 1999.[3] A moderate Republican, he previously served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1977 to 1979 and as the 35th Secretary of State of Illinois from 1981 to 1991.[4]
Jim Edgar | |
|---|---|
_(3x4).jpg) Official portrait, 1989 | |
| 38th Governor of Illinois | |
| In office January 14, 1991 – January 11, 1999 | |
| Lieutenant | Bob Kustra (1991–1998) Vacant (1998–1999) |
| Preceded by | Jim Thompson |
| Succeeded by | George Ryan |
| 35th Secretary of State of Illinois | |
| In office January 5, 1981 – January 14, 1991 | |
| Governor | Jim Thompson |
| Preceded by | Alan J. Dixon |
| Succeeded by | George Ryan |
| Member of the Illinois House of Representatives from the 53rd district | |
| In office January 12, 1977 – March 8, 1979 | |
| Preceded by | Max Coffey Bob Craig |
| Succeeded by | Harry Woodyard |
| Personal details | |
| Born | James Robert Edgar July 22, 1946 Vinita, Oklahoma, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Brenda Smith |
| Children | 2 |
| Education | Eastern Illinois University (BA) |
| Website | Jim Edgar |
Edgar was born in Vinita, Oklahoma and raised in Charleston, a city in Central Illinois. Beginning his political career as a legislative aide, he was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives in 1976 and reelected in 1978. In 1979, while still in his second term, Edgar would be appointed as the director of legislative affairs for Illinois Governor Jim Thompson.
Following Secretary of State Alan J. Dixon's election to the U.S. Senate in 1980, Thompson appointed Edgar to serve the remainder of Dixon's term. Edgar would go on to win a full term in 1982 and was reelected by a significant margin in 1986 in a race complicated by a LaRouchian candidate on the Democratic ticket.
Edgar ran successfully for Governor of Illinois in the competitive 1990 election, narrowly defeating incumbent Attorney General Neil Hartigan. During the Republican Revolution of '94, he won reelection in a landslide over the Democratic Illinois Comptroller Dawn Clark Netsch—winning 101 of the state's 102 counties. He declined to run for a third term in 1998 and subsequently retired from public office.
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Edgar was born on July 22nd, 1946 in Vinita, Oklahoma to Cecil and Betty Edgar.[5] Cecil, a small-businessman from Charleston, Illinois, died in an automobile accident in 1953, leaving Jim and his two older brothers to be raised by their mother.[6]
To support her children, Betty Edgar worked as a clerk at Eastern Illinois University, where Jim would later attend.[7] While at Eastern, Jim met his future wife Brenda Smith and served as student body president.[7] He graduated with a bachelor's degree in history in 1968.[5]
Edgar developed an interest in politics at a young age.[6] Though his parents were both Democrats, Edgar became a Republican while in elementary school after following the 1952 campaign of Dwight D. Eisenhower.[7][8]
A young Rockefeller Republican, Edgar briefly volunteered for the Presidential campaign of Pennsylvania Governor William Scranton in the 1964 Republican Primaries and supported New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller in 1968.[6][8]
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Work in the Illinois General Assembly
Following his graduation from college, Edgar served as a legislative intern and then personal assistant to Illinois Senate Republican leader W. Russell Arrington despite his mother's wish for him to attend law school.[6] Edgar would later regard the moderate Arrington as his role model.[6]
Following his time with Arrington, Edgar would also work briefly under Illinois House Speaker W. Robert Blair.[6]
Illinois House of Representatives
In 1974, Edgar ran unsuccessfully in the Republican nomination for state representative from the 53rd district, coming in third place.[9] After the campaign, Edgar worked as an insurance and cosmetics salesperson before briefly serving the National Conference of State Legislatures in Denver.[6]
He ran for the same seat again two years later in 1976 and won.[10] He was re-elected in 1978.[11]
While in the House, Edgar served on the Appropriations II, Human Resources, and Revenue committees as well as the Illinois Commission on Intergovernmental Cooperation.[12] Due to his moderate policy positions, Edgar was often considered a swing vote, especially on the Human Resources committee.[8]
In April 1979, shortly after winning re-election, Edgar resigned his state House seat to accept an appointment from Governor Jim Thompson to be the governor's legislative liaison.[6] Though reluctant at first, Edgar accepted Thompson's offer with an unwritten promise that it would lead to Edgar getting a spot on a statewide ticket later on.[8]
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In January 1981, Governor Thompson announced Edgar's appointment as Illinois Secretary of State to fill the vacancy left by incumbent Secretary of State Alan Dixon following his 1980 election to the U.S. Senate.[13][14] He won re-election twice in 1982 and 1986 with his 1986 re-election against the Illinois Solidarity Party nominee Jane N. Spirgel and the Lyndon LaRouche-backed Democratic nominee Janice A. Hart being the largest statewide margin of victory in Illinois history until the election of Barack Obama to the U.S. Senate in 2004.[15][16]
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During his first term as Secretary of State, Edgar diverged from past practices in the office by keeping many of the Democratic employees hired by his predecessor.[17] He would later comment on his decision by saying "to me, the best politics is good government" and that in his view, as long as the employees did their jobs, he had no interest in firing them regardless of political affiliation.[17]
On policy, Edgar's partial term and first full term were largely defined by his work to toughen Illinois's drunk driving penalties.[6] This included strengthening breathalyzer requirements for individuals pulled over for possibly driving under the influence and reforming the state's legal view of driver's licenses to be a "privilege, not a right," thereby allowing licenses to be administratively suspended pending a court date for potentially driving drunk as opposed to the prior system where drivers retained their licenses until their court date.[17][18] Edgar also voiced support for a national 21-year-old legal drinking age and was appointed to U.S. President Ronald Reagan's Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving in 1982.[18]
During his second term, Edgar spearheaded a successful legislative battle to pass a bill instituting mandatory automobile insurance for Illinois motorists.[6][9] Prior to Edgar's intervention, the bill had been routinely defeated by the state's insurance lobby.[6] Edgar would later pick the Senate sponsor on the bill, Bob Kustra, to serve as his Lieutenant Governor.[6] Edgar also pushed forward an effort to construct a new Illinois State Library as its own building and his efforts to support the State Library during his tenure earned Edgar the nickname of "The Reader" from State Library employees.[9]
1990 Illinois gubernatorial election
On August 8th, 1989, Edgar announced his candidacy for Governor of Illinois following incumbent Governor Jim Thompson's decision not to run for a fifth term.[19] Despite instantly becoming the Republican Party's frontrunner and Thompson's heir-apparent, Edgar was challenged in the 1990 primary by perennial candidate Robert Marshall and conservative political activist Steve Baer.[20][21] Baer, the former executive director of the Illinois Republican Fund, opposed Edgar's pro-choice stance on abortion and his support of making permanent a then-temporary 20% income tax in support of the state's education system.[20] Edgar won the Republican nomination with a little under 63% of the primary vote.[22]
In the general election, Edgar faced Democrat Neil Hartigan, the incumbent Illinois Attorney General and former Illinois Lieutenant Governor under the state's last Democratic Governor Dan Walker.[23] Hartigan, like Baer, opposed making permanent the state's 20% education-focused income tax and attacked Edgar as a tax-and-spend politician.[20] In addition to being fiscally conservative, Hartigan was a noted social liberal.[24][25] He supported abortion rights and other socially liberal causes throughout his time in public life.[26][27][28]
Edgar, meanwhile, campaigned on fiscal responsibility for the state and on his character as a consistent leader while attacking Hartigan as being an indecisive policy maker who changed his opinions on issues when it became politically convenient, a perspective that had hurt Hartigan in the past.[6][23][29] At one rally towards the end of the campaign, Edgar held up a waffle and joked that it would become the state seal if Hartigan were elected.[29]
Edgar's campaign was hindered by a poor national environment for Republicans and a desire amongst the Illinois public for a change in leadership following the previous four terms of Jim Thompson.[6][30]
In the two weeks prior to the election, those hindrances paired with poor polling led Edgar to believe he was going to lose, but despite trailing Hartigan for most of election night, Edgar narrowly won the election by a little over 2% of the vote.[17][31] Edgar's close victory occurred alongside the re-election of incumbent U.S. Senator Paul Simon in a Democratic landslide and made Edgar one of only two Republicans to win statewide office in Illinois that year.[32]
In the election's aftermath, a few factors were given credit for Edgar's success: first was his successful effort to market himself as a candidate representing change for the state despite being a Republican, second was the Edgar campaign's strong get-out-the-vote effort on election day, and third was Edgar's unique appeal to groups that were not traditionally a part of the state's Republican coalition.[6][32]
Despite being attacked for it for most of the campaign, Edgar's position on the state income tax benefitted him with Chicago-area Black voters, a number of whom already felt disrespected by Hartigan due to his endorsement of third party candidate Thomas Hynes, a longtime ally of his, in the 1987 Chicago Mayoral election against incumbent Democratic mayor Harold Washington, the city's first black mayor.[32][33][34] Hartigan worked to regain support in the African American community throughout the race, even bringing in former professional boxer Muhammad Ali to campaign alongside him.[35]
During the campaign, Edgar openly opposed U.S. President George H.W. Bush's vetoing of the Civil Rights Act of 1990 and courted the support of prominent Black leaders, especially those involved with the recently-formed Harold Washington Party, gaining endorsements from several including Lu Palmer.[36][37][34]
As a result of Hartigan's shortcomings and Edgar's overtures to these longtime Democratic constituencies, Edgar ran stronger in the Black community than any Republican had in decades, earning a quarter of the black vote in Cook County.[32][38] Edgar also performed better than Republicans traditionally did amongst Chicago's Latino voters, many of whom were already familiar with him thanks to Edgar's library and literacy programs while Secretary of State.[17][34] Edgar's gains amongst these traditionally Democratic groups helped negate his losses to Hartigan in more traditionally Republican areas of the state that would have otherwise resulted in a loss.[32][38]
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First term (1991–1995)
On January 14th, 1991, Edgar took the oath of office as Governor of Illinois and gave a speech focused on fiscal responsibility.[39] During the gubernatorial transition between the 1990 election and his inauguration, Edgar and his staff were made aware of a nearly billion-dollar deficit in state spending that he would have to deal with upon assuming office and though the exact size of the deficit was downplayed by the Illinois State Bureau of the Budget to the public and to the news-media of the time, it was still recognized to be the largest budget deficit in state history up to that point.[40][41] Then, three weeks following Edgar's inauguration, the state began to feel stronger effects of the early 1990s recession, worsening the state's financial standing further.[42]
To try and correct the state's finances, Edgar's first proposed budget for the fiscal year 1992 included no tax increases and extensive cuts to state spending totaling in the millions of dollars—with the exception of education, which received a slight increase.[43][44] This budget ran into conflict with the Democrat-controlled Illinois General Assembly and a months-long budget fight ensued between Edgar and Illinois House Speaker Mike Madigan over his proposals.[43][45] After months of negotiations, the two reached a compromise in mid-July that included most of Edgar's initial spending cuts, made permanent the temporary income tax increase that had dominated the 1990 campaign, and established property tax caps in all counties except Cook.[45][40] Edgar would have two more significant budget fights in 1992 and 1993 and the state's financial troubles would dominate much of Edgar's first term.[46][47]
In between budget fights, Edgar also sought to reform the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services, which had been put under court supervision following an ACLU lawsuit three years prior to Edgar taking office.[48] Policy changes enacted by Edgar included reorienting the department's priorities around focusing on the best interests of the children they were dealing with as opposed to keeping families together, toughening standards for private agencies and organizations overseeing child-care, and passing a bipartisan package of welfare reforms in 1994 focused on increasing scrutiny in abuse-related death investigations, establishing methods of stopping child abuse before it occurs, and requiring the department to draft standardized training procedures and guidelines for caseworkers.[48][49]
On April 24th, 1993, Edgar declared Kane, Lake, and McHenry counties disaster areas due to flooding.[40] This would be the first of many actions Edgar would take to curb the devastation of the Great Flood of 1993, later be regarded as one of the worst natural disasters in Illinois history.[40][50] Edgar would mobilize over 7,000 members of the Illinois National Guard to flood duty over the course of the disaster and organize hundreds of inmates from the Illinois Department of Corrections to help with sandbagging and levee-reinforcement.[51][40] Edgar would also help with sandbagging efforts himself throughout the summer.[50][40]
The "Edgar ramp"
In 1994, Edgar signed into law Public Act 88-593, a bipartisan compromise bill between Edgar and Illinois House Speaker Mike Madigan to address the state's developing pension crisis.[1] Prior to 1981, the State of Illinois funded pensions on an "as-you-go" basis, making benefit payouts as they came due, with employee contributions and investment income funding a reserve to cover future payouts.[52] This approach was stopped in 1982 due to strains on the Illinois budget and state contributions remained flat between 1982 and 1995, resulting in an underfunding of pensions by approximately $20 billion.[52] Public Act 88-593 set out a schedule to raise the state's pension funding ratio from the flat then-52% liability to 90% by 2045 with mandatory yearly payments and a 15 year "ramp" period at the start where the state's payments would begin low and increase at an escalating rate yearly.[53][54] It would be from this "ramp" period that the funding plan would gain the colloquial name "the Edgar ramp."[54] Despite being heralded as a bipartisan success at the time, the "ramp approach" was imperfect at correcting the state's pension issues long-term and the Illinois pension crisis continues into the present day, with Illinois' public pensions being the worst-funded in the nation as of 2023.[55][54]
1994 Illinois gubernatorial election
In 1994, Edgar easily defeated the Democratic nominee, incumbent state comptroller Dawn Clark Netsch, to win re-election in a landslide. He won 101 of the state's 102 counties, including the historically Democratic stronghold of Cook County.
Second term (1995–1999)
During his second term, the relationship between his re-election campaign and Management Systems of Illinois (MSI) came under federal scrutiny. MSI, Edgar's largest campaign contributor, was granted a contract that cost an estimated $20 million in overcharges. Edgar was never accused of wrongdoing, but he testified twice, once in court and once by videotape, becoming the first sitting Illinois governor to take the witness stand in a criminal case in 75 years. In those appearances, the governor insisted political donations played no role in who received state contracts.[56] Convictions were obtained against Management Services of Illinois; Michael Martin, who had been a partner of Management Services of Illinois; and Ronald Lowder, who had been a state welfare administrator and later worked for Management Services of Illinois.[57]
While pro-choice, Edgar signed into law the Parental Notification of Abortion Act during his second term.[58]
On August 20, 1997, Edgar announced he would retire from politics at the end of his second term. If he sought a third term, he was seen by his supporters as likely to win it. He was also encouraged by Republican officials to run for U.S. Senate that year, which he also declined to do.[59]
Edgar supported Secretary of State George Ryan to succeed him. Ryan was elected governor in 1998.[60]
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Edgar is a distinguished fellow of the Institute of Government & Public Affairs at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.[61]
In 1999, Edgar was elected a fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration.[62]
Edgar was named the honorary chairman of the Ronald Reagan Centennial Celebration at Eureka College, President Reagan's alma mater. To open the Reagan Centennial year in January 2011, Governor Edgar delivered the keynote speech at the concluding dinner of the "Reagan and the Midwest" academic conference held at Eureka College.[63] In September 2011, Edgar helped dedicate the Mark R. Shenkman Reagan Research Center housed in the Eureka College library.[64]
As former chairman of the board of the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library Foundation, Edgar underwrote the costs of the traveling trophy for the annual Lincoln Bowl tradition started in 2012. The Lincoln Bowl celebrates the Lincoln connection with Knox College and Eureka College, two Illinois colleges where Lincoln spoke, and is awarded to the winning team each time the two schools play each other in football.[65]
In July 2016, the Chicago Sun-Times reported that Illinois Financing Partners, a firm for which Edgar served as chairman, won approval by the state to advance money to state vendors who had been waiting for payments by the state. In turn, the firm would get to keep late payment fees when Illinois finally pays.[66]
Edgar was inducted as a Laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the State's highest honor) by the Governor of Illinois in 1999 in the area of Government.[67]
He is a resident fellow at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.[68]
Political opinions
A moderate Republican, Edgar supports abortion rights.[58]
In February 2008, Edgar endorsed Republican Senator John McCain of Arizona for President of the United States.[69]
Edgar supported Mitt Romney in 2012.[70] When Donald Trump won the Republican nomination in 2016, Edgar publicly announced that he would not be voting for him.[71] After the President's second nomination, Edgar, along with other Illinois GOP moderates, announced their support of former United States Vice President and Democratic challenger Joe Biden.[72] Edgar told Peoria-area newspaper Peoria Journal Star, "I have been very disappointed. We’ve had chaos for four years we didn’t need to have. I mean, there’s always going to be some turmoil, but he stirs it up. He bullies. You can’t believe what he says because he’ll do the different thing the next day. ... He’s bungled the virus, there’s no doubt about that. He continued to stir up division in the country, (when) a president should be trying to bring people together. I mean, the list goes on and on."[73]
In the spring of 2016, Edgar said that he believed Governor Bruce Rauner should sign the Democratic budget and support the Democratic pension plan.[74] Edgar pushed for a pension bill to save $15 billion back in 1994.[75] "We had a time bomb in our retirement system that was going to go off in the first part of the 21st century," Edgar told The State Journal-Register in 1994. "This legislation defuses that time bomb."[75] The legislature passed Edgar's bill unanimously.[75]
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Edgar is married to Brenda Smith Edgar. They have two children, Brad and Elizabeth.[6]
In 1994, Edgar underwent emergency quadruple bypass surgery, and was hospitalized in 1998 for chest pains.[76]
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