Spanish writer (1913–1990) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jesús Evaristo Díaz-Casariego y Fernández-Noriega (7 November 1913 – 16 September 1990)[2] was a Spanish writer and publisher, popular especially during the early and mid-Francoism. Among some 60 books and booklets he wrote most are popular and semi-scientific historiographic works, though he was known chiefly as a novelist, especially as the author of Con la vida hicieron fuego (1953). In the early 1940s he managed a vehemently militant Francoist daily El Alcazár, yet in his youth and older age he was active as a Carlist. Today he is considered the author of second-rate literature, occasionally recognized as expert on Asturian culture and history.
The best known of Casariego's ancestors was an admiral[3] who in the late 16th century served as governor of Florida.[4] The family got very branched in course of the following centuries, yet none of its members rose to similar honors; one of its arms, the Casariegos, have always been related to Western Asturias. The paternal grandfather of Jesús Evaristo, Evaristo Díaz-Casariego y López-Acevedo (1849-1930),[5] served in the navy; he held various posts in Spain and overseas and fought in the Spanish–American War.[6] Though not exactly a writer he developed some knack for letters and published a number of navy-related manuals.[7] He married Carmen de Pazos y Rodríguez-Varela;[8] the couple had only one child, Jesús Díaz-Casariego Pazos, born in Aviles.[9] He opted for a civilian career and practiced as a dentist, first in Luarca[10] and then in Gijón.[11] In 1913[12] he married Ramona Fernandez Noriega from Tineo,[13] daughter to a local fiscal municipal[14] and former indiano.[15] The couple settled in Luarca and had 6 children, Jesús Evaristo born as the oldest one.[16]
As a child Jesús Evaristo was brought up mostly by his paternal grandparents, who pursued a very traditional education model;[17] as a mature man he later applauded them for childhood "con estilo antigue y virtuoso en el santo temor de Dios y en fidelidad constante a los grandes ideas de mi raza".[18] He spent early years in Luarca and Tineo,[19] and obtained bachillerato in an unnamed institution in Tineo.[20] At unspecified time in the late 1920s he enrolled at the Faculty of Law of the University of Oviedo; he graduated in the early 1930s in Madrid.[21] Though educated to be a lawyer, during his academic years Casariego was tempted by letters, especially that apart from his grandfather also other of his ancestors[22] and some distant relatives[23] tried their hand in literature. The young Jesús Evaristo started to follow the Filosofía y Letras curriculum in Madrid;[24] in the mid-1930s he also studied history in Germany.[25] Already in 1929 he started contributing to the local Asturian daily Región,[26] in the early 1930s to Madrid-based La Nación and El Siglo Futuro,[27] and other periodicals.[28]
Oviedo University
In 1935[29] Casariego married María Paz Aguillaume Cadavieco, granddaughter to a Frenchman[30] who in the late 19th century arrived in Asturias building a railway network. His son and Casariego's father-in-law Manuel Aguillaume Valdes[31] held various post office managerial jobs in Asturias; a militant free-thinker, socialist and UGT activist, he was promoted by the Republican administration holding high postal jobs in Oviedo and Toledo, but charged with 13 crimes allegedly committed during the Civil War, he was later trialed and eventually executed during early Francoism.[32] Jesús Evaristo and María Paz settled in Madrid, they had 4 children, all of them daughters: Carmen,[33] María Paz,[34] Margarita and Julia.[35] None of them became a public figure, though three were active in culture contributing to belles-letters, film and historiography.[36]
Casariego was born to family of Carlist heritage. Some of his distant paternal relatives contributed to legitimist press during the Isabelline period,[37] some fought in the First Carlist War;[38] and some [39] in the Third Carlist War. It is not clear what sympathies prevailed among Casariego's parents, as his father is not known for political engagements and his mother came from a militantly Liberal family;[40] however, Casariego credited paternal grandparents for implanting his Traditionalist outlook.[41] It turned out to be more that a juvenile sentiment, as during academic years in the early 1930s he openly declared himself the follower of the Carlist claimant Don Jaime[42] and member of Partido Católico Monárquico.[43] In 1932 he helped to set up the Oviedo branch of Juventud Tradicionalista and engaged in the Madrid section of Juventud Carlista, growing to its vice-president soon.[44] Within the party he made himself known in 1933, when Casariego published a brief treaty on Traditionalist doctrine; it was preceded by a foreword by the Carlist political leader, conde de Rodezno.[45]
Since 1932 Casariego worked for a conservative daily La Nación, running the crónica política column and acting as a correspondent;[46] around the same time he started contributing to the central Madrid Carlist daily El Siglo Futuro, initially as an Oviedo correspondent[47] and since 1936 as member of the editorial board. He covered the Asturian Revolution and recognized as reactionary journalist, in Madrid was subject to violence himself.[48] He was active in Carlist propaganda, e.g. organizing homages to requetés fighting the revolutionaries in Asturias in 1934,[49] though it is not clear whether he engaged in Carlist anti-Republican plots. One source vaguely suggests that Casariego did conspire[50] and another one notes that he was many times detained.[51] Most specific information is that Casariego led some 160 Carlist paramilitary when training warfare near Oviedo, engaged in Sanjurjada and briefly sought refuge in Portugal.[52]
The July coup caught Casariego in Asturias, where the family[53] used to spend their summer holidays.[54] He joined the Carlist requeté militiamen[55] engaged in defense of Oviedo,[56] held by the Nationalists but besieged by the Republicans.[57] He was active in combat at least until early 1937.[58] Details are not clear; information provided by Casariego in his later writings is considered confusing by historians.[59] The unit he often referred to, Tercio de Nuestra Señora de Covadonga, is viewed by scholars as sort of a "unidad fantasma", created chiefly by Casariego's literary works.[60] It seems he was either promoted or acted as an officer, his rank given either as teniente[61] or as capitán.[62] According to himself Casariego was heavily wounded when fighting against the Lincoln Brigade.[63] He later probably led a machine-gun company in the Legion,[64] and in early 1939 was noted entering Barcelona with the victorious Nationalist units.[65] It is not known when Casariego ceased to serve under arms, yet no-one has questioned his military merits and some hail his heroic performance.[66] Some sources claim he faked execution of Republican POWs in order to save their lives.[67]
Following the Nationalist victory Casariego returned to Madrid.[68] At that time he already must have had access to at least some individuals forming top layer of Francoist Spain, Ramón Serrano Suñer having been one of them; he launched a bid to restart publishing El Siglo Futuro and La Nación, and possibly to assume management of one of these dailies.[69] Serrano appreciated Casariego's vehement anti-Left militancy yet remained skeptical about his Traditionalist leaning;[70] eventually Casariego was marked as director of El Alcázar, a Toledo-based „diario del frente de Madrid” freshly transferred to Madrid and coveted by two competing organizations.[71] Its original manager was fired at the first opportunity and in October 1939 Casariego assumed directorship of the daily, first temporarily[72] and them permanently. His nomination reflected the Francoist concept of "doctrina de información": parent companies were free to propose managers, but Ministry of Interior was free to reject or confirm them; commercially they were responsible before the board, politically before the state administration.[73]
Casariego's tenure in El Alcazár was marked by permanent conflict with the owners and the board, headed by general Moscardo; it resulted from personal decisions[74] and conflicting managerial visions rather than from political discrepancies, both sides blaming each other for dropping sales and poor commercial performance.[75] In 1942 the conflict escalated to legal denunciations over alleged illegal trading in paper; official investigation strengthened Casariego's position.[76] As press envoy from a neutral country he travelled across the war-torn Europe and interviewed Hitler, Mussolini and Churchill.[77] In terms of political line El Alcazár demonstrated more than zealous loyalty to the new Spain, exalting Franco, Falange and the new Spain in general.[78] However, Casariego did not abandon his earlier ideological leaning: one of key threads which characterized El Alcazár’s profile of the period was "tradicionalismo de raíz carlista", combined with "hispanismo imperialista".[79] He also made sure that these members of El Siglo Futuro staff who survived the war found employment in El Alcazár.[80]
One more thread marking El Alcazár was its "militante germanofilia";[81] according to some sources, the paper was financially supported by the National Socialists.[82] Regardless of his editorial duties, also as a writer Casariego exalted the Germans. His poem Hitler, Mussolini y Franco. Romancillo de los tres Capitanes hailed Nazi Germany as "músculo y motor" which provided a new impulse "desde Flandes a Polonia", and applauded Hitler as Christian crusader against Bolshevism;[83] indeed it seems that the anti-Communist zeal prevailed over pro-German leaning, as during the Hitler-Stalin rapprochement Casariego kept lambasting Moscow as arch-enemy of Europe.[84] What worked to Casariego's advantage changed when pro-Nazi Serrano Suñer was sidetracked and Jordana presided over a new course of the Spanish foreign policy. The new foreign minister demanded that germanophile tones in the Spanish press are de-emphasized; El Alcazár sort of complied, but went on exalting extremely militant anti-Communism, which in turn annoyed Jordana. The board seized the opportunity and in June 1944 Moscardo suggested to Arrese that Casariego should be removed; indeed, few weeks later he left.[85]
Madrid, 1950s
The ministry-approved Casariego's departure from El Alcazár was not a fall from grace; in some Francoist spheres he remained an appreciated militant camaráda[86] and in 1946 was received at a personal audience by Franco,[87] the privilege granted also in 1948.[88] Already in the early 1940s he commenced an academic career. In 1941 Casariego obtained PhD honors thanks to a dissertation on Spanish imperial legal infrastructure in America,[89] which in turn enabled his assumption of teaching duties at University of Madrid. At the faculties of Law and Political/Economic Sciences he was delivering the course on Historia de las Instituciones Civiles de España en América;[90] it is not clear when his engagement came to an end, yet as late as 1949 he was still recorded as giving lectures at the university.[91] Resident in Madrid, he was noted also as organizing literary tertulias[92] and delivering lectures at Instituto de Cultura Hispanica,[93] Escuela de Periodismo, Centro Asturiano de Madrid and Union Mercantil. At times he contributed also to other Madrid newspapers.[94]
Casariego withdrew from Carlist political militancy. He did not engage in political structures, did not frequent Carlism-flavored events and did not contribute to Carlism-flavored press; historiographic works on Carlism during early and mid-Francoism do not mention him at all.[95] Due to his pro-Francoist zeal demonstrated during the El Alcazár spell many Traditionalists considered him traitor and dubbed him "El Diablo".[96] Some authors suggest that Casariego was left embittered, disappointed and perhaps bewildered,[97] others suggest he withdrew to some sort of political skepticism, "contracorriente de vientos dictatoriales y democráticos".[98] This, however, by no means amounted to opposition or publicly demonstrated discontent; also in the 1950s[99] and 1960s[100] he was a few times admitted by Franco at private audiences. He marginally practiced as a lawyer[101] and was also involved in fishing business in his native Asturias.[102]
Buenos Aires, 1960s
In the mid-1950s Casariego resumed his press career; as special envoy of ABC[103] he spent the late 1950s and the early 1960s in Latin America, be it Argentina[104] or Cuba,[105] contributing in particular to the ABC companion weekly Blanco y Negro. Upon return to Spain in the mid-1960s Casariego did not return to Madrid but settled in his native Luarca;[106] in its borough of Barcellina he owned a large family house.[107] His interest focused on culture and history, largely formatted as gathering manuscripts, old prints, graphics and other documents.[108] He resumed academic duties, this time in University of Oviedo; already in 1966 he was referred to as "catedratico de historia"[109] and among various courses he managed the role which stands out is this of director del Seminario de Historia Contemporanea de Asturias, performed at least until the early 1970s.[110] He dedicated more and more time to works of the Oviedo-based Instituto de Estudios Asturianos, recognized among chief experts on Asturian history and culture.
Carlist standard
In 1969 Casariego produced a legal treaty[111] which claimed citizenship rights for the Borbón-Parmas and presented it to the Cortes.[112] No scholar clarifies its origin,[113] especially that Casariego was an unlikely candidate for advocate of a Progressist prince Carlos Hugo. One historian refers a thesis that the initiative was part of a Francoist plot, with Carrero Blanco and CIA money in the background.[114] The initiative bore no fruit, yet Casariego undertook another one: in 1970 he addressed the Carlist Junta Suprema with a widely publicized memorandum.[115] It denounced Left-wing course of the party leadership "camarilla"[116] and dwelled on Traditionalist doctrine.[117] Casariego suggested a grand Carlist assembly to be organized beyond Spain, presided by Don Javier and tasked with setting the political direction.[118] Junta[119] replied that Spain was no longer "a country of illiterate peasants",[120] yet Casariego's letter might have triggered another wave of secessions from the Progressist-dominated movement.[121]
In the early 1970s Casariego joined few isolated initiatives aimed at reinforcing Traditionalist influence within Carlism; he published a booklet,[122] contributed to El Pensamiento Navarro,[123] signed few open letters[124] and planned launch of a Traditionalist periodical.[125] All these bids bore no fruit and at the moment of Franco's death Casariego was among a group of Carlist orthodoxes left out in the cold by the Left-wing Partido Carlista. Following some hesitation related to recognition of Juan Carlos[126] in the mid-1970s[127] Casariego was among founders of Comunión Tradicionalista, one of few attempts to re-institutionalize orthodox Carlism. As its delegate he ran for Senate from the Alianza Nacional 18 de Julio list in the 1977 elections, yet his Oviedo bid proved unsuccessful;[128] in the 1978 by-elections he was standing as the CT[129] candidate and lost decisively.[130] Despite these defeats at times he assumed high profile as leader of far-Right groupings; during the nationwide rally against the constitution draft, the gathering which amassed hundreds of thousands of people on the Madrid Plaza de Oriente in November 1978, Casariego was among the key speakers.[131] The event marked the climax but also the end of his political career; except interventions in few rallies of 1979[132] he withdrew from politics.
For decade engaged in Institute of Asturian Studies, by some considered ideological outpost of Francoism in Asturias,[133] in 1978 Casariego was the first elected director of IDEA;[134] he held the job for the next 12 years.[135] His public engagements of the 1980s are almost exclusively related to Asturian issues,[136] he also kept contributing to the IDEA bulletin.[137] He paid special attention to bable, promoted it and found himself among co-founders of Amigos de los Bables,[138] though he also opposed institutionalization[139] and codification of the language.[140] As late as 1989 he appeared as prestigious expert during local events,[141] delivering lectures in the Oviedo ayuntamiento and addressing the audience which included top local officials.[142] Despite public recognition and grand house in Barcellina his financial status was shaky and some claim he died "in austerity"; when admitted to the hospital it turned out he had no social insurance.[143]
His contemporaries knew Casariego mostly as a novelist. Flor de hidalgos (1938),[144]La ciudad sitiada (1939)[145] and the best-known Con la vida hicieron fuego (1953) are set during the Civil War; the first two provide accounts of Carlists requetés fighting the Republicans, the last novel remained within the same genre, but assumed a somewhat melancholic tone. El mayorazgo navegante (1944)[146] was an adventure story in a historical setting. Far less popular was Casariego's poetry:[147]Romances modernos de toros, guerra y caza (1945), Romancillos de la fregata y de la diligencia (1951), Mares y veleros de España (1953), La historia triste de Fernando y Belisa (1960), Los cantos del bosque (1973) and Cantos de las soledades (1976).
Most Casariego's books fall into historiography.[148] His interest was very much in grandeur of Hispanidad;[149] key works in the area are essays grouped in Grandeza y proyección del mundo hispánico (1941)[150] and Exaltación y estirpe de las cosas de España (1944),[151] plus more systematic studies El municipio y las cortes en el imperio español de Indias (1943), Jovellanos o el equilibrio (1944), Historia del derecho y de las instituciones marítimas del mundo hispánico (1947)[152] and El marqués de Sargadelos (1976),[153] apart from a number of minor works.[154]
In the last three decades of his life Casariego focused on history and culture of Asturias.[155] Among some 15 works on the subject the one which stands out is Historias asturianas de hace más de mil años (1983), followed by Las Asturias guerrera (1976),[156]Caminos y viajeros de Asturias (1979) and Oviedo en la historia y la literatura a través de 1200 años (1987); the rest are minor booklets.[157] Casariego investigated also some specific topics. His interest in maritime history was best expressed in Los orígenes del Derecho Marítimo (1947) and Los grandes periplos de la antigüedad (1949),[158] accompanied by a translation from Greek[159] and other works.[160] Interest in history of arms and hunting was pursued in perhaps the best Casariego's historiographic studies,[161]Tratado histórico de las armas (1962), Tratado de montería y caza menuda (1976), Caza en el arte español (1982)[162] and Armas de España (1984).
The least-known Casariego's works are related to politics.[163] Some are general militant propaganda pamphlets: España ante la guerra del mundo[164] and ¡Guerra en Finlandia! La Unión Sovietica contra Europa (both 1940), ¡Alerta Europa! Un llamamiento a la conciencia de los europeos no rojos (1943) and somewhat more analytical La generación de 1936 y sus problemas (1954) and La unidad de España y los mitos del separatismo vasco (1980). Some are treaties on history and theory of Carlism:[165]El Tradicionalismo como doctrina del derecho político (1933), Para la historia del Carlismo (1939), Carlismo y Facismo, La verdad del Tradicionalismo: aportaciones españoles a la realidad de Europa (both 1940),[166]Historia militar y política de Zumalacárregui (1941) and Lo que es hoy un carlismo (1970).[167]
Before the Civil War Casariego was known only to readers of La Nacíon and to a few Carlists; until the mid-1940s he gained some recognition due to El Alcazár assignment and the first two novels.[168] It was Con la vida hicieron fuego which in the mid-1950s earned him the nationally recognized status. Popular among both readers and critics,[169] the book was dubbed "novela de una generación"[170] and applauded by intellectuals like Marañon;[171] many appreciated its Galdosian breadth.[172] The novel also served as basis for a 1956 movie, yet the cinematographic work traded the original melancholy for "exaltación oficialista" and was not a success.[173] The late 1950s marked the climax of Casariego's popularity; though he kept writing his later volumes were addressed to limited audience interested in specific topics, like hunting, maritime history, Carlism and the culture of Asturias. Only in his native region he gained monumental status, in the 1970s recognized as an expert on Asturian past but also as sort of a living relic, "un gran tipo",[174] picturesque icon,[175] "man living in the 18th century"[176] and a protagonist of countless anecdotes.[177] He was named Hijo Adoptivo by Luarca and Hijo Predilecto by Tineo[178] and in 1983 earned a commemorative booklet.[179]
The writings of Casariego[180] did not stand the test of time. As a novelist[181] he is absent in general works on 20th-century Spanish prose,[182] reduced to short passages in accounts on "literatura fascista"[183] or civil war novel.[184] His books are usually presented as slightly more than propaganda. With political apologetics,[185] lively yet simple plot, nagging moralizing objectives and anachronistic message,[186] they are counted within "corriente martirológico-heroica" and denied major value.[187] Even more damning are scholars who focus on pro-Nazi threads in Casariego's writings; they quote poems which exalted Hitler and his crusade against Soviet bolshevism or British plutocracy[188] and note that as late as 1953 protagonists of his novels identified with Fascism.[189] There are also competitive views, though. Apart from apparently ideologically-grounded references to "outstanding writer", also by foreign authors,[190] some students note that especially Con la vida was grounded in philosophical concepts,[191] protagonists remained complex figures in dialectic relationship with environment and the message was far from unambiguous proselytizing.[192] Nazi threads are presented as Casariego's protest against hypocrisy, which turned Wehrmacht generals who invaded Poland into criminals and Soviet generals who invaded Poland into prosecutors.[193]
Tineo. "Travesia Jesús Evaristo Casariago" is the road running through lower part of the photo
Casariego historiographic works went into almost total oblivion, though they are at times quoted by historians of Carlism,[194] Asturias,[195] hunting[196] or navigation.[197] His best-known contribution is actually an erroneous concept on Marx and Carlism, which entered wide circulation and which needed decades to get corrected.[198] Among the Traditionalists Casariego is considered a valiant soldier, talented writer and recently also a theorist, counted among "maestros del tradicionalismo hispanico de la segunda mitad del siglo XX".[199] There is a street named after Casariego in Tineo and some local prints name him "tinetense universal".[200] His massive collection[201] was largely lost in chaos following his death;[202] his house in Barcellina was until recently in decay approaching a ruin.[203]
Gonzalo Méndez de Cancio-Donlebún; for genealogical details see Genealogía de la familia Cancio-Donlebún y sus entronques con otros linajes, [in:] Xenealogia.org service, available here
it is believed that it was him who in the early 17th century brought the first maize transport to Europe, M. Menendez, Casariego custodia el arca que trajo el primer maíz de América, [in:] El Comercio 19.12.11, available here
Jesús E. Casariego, Transmigraciones asturianas. Asturianos en el descubrimiento de América, [in:] Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Asturianos 120 (1986), p. 1321
titled Vocabulario Hispano-Anglo-Franco-Aleman para uso del oficial de la Marina, Plan de vigilancia para las costas de Cuba and Señales maritimas y salvamiento de náufragios
his maternal grandfather was Baldomero Fernández Castaedo (?-1915), Castropol 20.09.15, availavle here; for his fiscál municipal role see Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Oviedo 15.10.15, available here
the children were named Jesús Evaristo, Carmen, Josefina, Maria Antonia, Ramón and Rafael, Región 05.12.39, available here; some sources claim that Casariego was born in 1913, compare ABC 18.09.90, available here; the confusion was caused by Casariego himself, who intended to obscure his status of extra-marital child, González Ramírez 2012, p. 43
every day the boy and his grandparents prayed for all defunct members of the family - listed one by one - and unknown ones; another rosary was intended for all travellers and mariners; before going to bed the boy kissed hands of his grandparents, Gonzalo Anes y Alvarez-Castrillón, Casariego historiador. Introducción, [in:] Jesús Evaristo Casariego: Biografía, antología y critica de su obra, Gijón 1983, ISBN8485377192, p. 36
José María Casariego co-operated with the Carlist daily La Esperanza and crusaded against Mendizabal and Rousseau, Casariego, José María M. entry, [in:] vivirasturias service, available here
one source mentions Casariego in 1936 in relation to "dos carreras universitarias", J. E. Casariego, veinte años, [in:] Voluntad 23.09.10, available here
"en 1934 hizo estudios especializados en Berlín", Anes y Alvarez-Castrillón 1983, p. 39; one source claims that Casariego graduated in Oviedo, Madrid and Berlin, see Jordi Rodríguez Virgili, El director de periódicos en la Ley de Prensa de 1938: el caso de Jesús Evaristo Casariego en El Alcázar, [in:] Juan A. García Galindo, Juan Fco. Gutiérrez Lozano, Inmaculada Sánchez Alarcón (eds.), La comunicación social durante el franquismo, Málaga 2002, ISBN847785498X, p. 89
named Etienne Juste Aguillaume, see Víctor Guerra García, Manuel Aguillaume Valdés. Un Diputado Socialista natural de Tremañes, [in:] Tremañes, diario de una aldea blog 14.03.13, available here
for Margarita see La Sacroissance entry, [in:] Documentaldecrecimiento service, available here, for Julia see La Abuela entry, [in:] Musicalenapepe service, available here
the paternal grandfather joined the legitimists as "jefe de estado mayor de la columna carlista", Julio Antonio Fernández Lamuño, Jesús Evaristo Casariego, Tineo, villa y concejo, Oviedo 1982, p. xvi
Baldomero Castanedo served in Republican militia during the First Republic, José Luis Pérez de Castro, J. E. Casariego: el hombre y la obra, [in:] Jesús Evaristo Casariego: Biografía, antología y critica de su obra, Gijón 1983, ISBN8485377192, p. 13
exact title of the work is not clear. One version known is "El Tradicionalismo como doctrina política", compare J.B. [Jacek Bartyzel?], Jesús Evaristo Casariego y Fernández-Noriega. 20. rocznica śmierci (16 IX 1990 – 16 IX 2010), available here. Another is "El Tradicionalismo como doctrina de derecho político", Jacek Bartyzel, Ostatnia Krucjata karlistów, [in:] legitymizm service, available here; see also a title of his lecture, La Nación 08.03.33, available here
María del Carmen Alfonso García, Llamas y rescoldos nacionales: Con la vida hicieron fuego, novela de Jesús Evaristo Casariego (1953) y película de Ana Mariscal (1957), [in:] Arbor 187 (2012), p. 1088
José Antonio Cepeda, Articulos y Narracines. J. E. Casariego, Peridoista y Soladdo, [in:] Jesús Evaristo Casariego: Biografía, antología y critica de su obra, Gijón 1983, ISBN8485377192, p.94
according to one account Casariego commanded a sub-unit named "Grupo de Asalto de la sección de empuje", entrusted with manning one of the advanced defense posts in the hills surrounding Oviedo, Cepeda 1983, p. 94
some details in Ronald Fraser, Blood of Spain: an oral history of the Spanish Civil War, London 1979, ISBN9780394489827, p. 254, and Ronald Fraser, Recuérdalo tú y recuérdalo a otros: historia oral de la guerra civil española, Madrid 2007, ISBN9788484328742, p. 344
Mario Martín Gijón, Nazismo y antisemitismo en la literatura falangista. En torno a Poemas de la Alemania Eterna, [in:] Letras peninsulares 22/2 (2010), p. 80
Piotr Sawicki, La narrativa española de la Guerra Civil (1936-1975). Propaganda, testimonio y memoria creativa, Alicante 2010, p. 57. The homage volume published in 1983 also repeatedly refers to Casariego serving during the siege of Oviedo as a captain, see e.g. Cepeda 1983, p. 95
Carta de un caballero de España al Honorable señor Harry Truman, Presidente de la U.S.A., [in:] hispanismo service, available here. Other sources claim he was wounded a number of times, Alvarez-Castrillón 1983, p. 37
"III Bandera de la Legión", Cepeda 1983, p. 95; another author claimed that Casariego "durante casi tres años peleó con honor y lealtad, estuvo varias veces herido", Alberto Vasallo de Mumbert, J. E. Cazariego, un cruzado del siglo XX, [in:] Jesús Evaristo Casariego: Biografía, antología y critica de su obra, Gijón 1983, ISBN8485377192, p. 48
Tercio de Nuestra Señora de Covadonga entry, [in:] requetes service, available here, J.B. [Jacek Bartyzel?], Jesús Evaristo Casariego y Fernández-Noriega. 20. rocznica śmierci (16 IX 1990 – 16 IX 2010), available here
Juan Antonio Cabezas, J. E. Casariego: un asturiano leal, humanista y humanitario, [in:] Jesús Evaristo Casariego: Biografía, antología y critica de su obra, Gijón 1983, ISBN8485377192, p. 19
the Casariegos lived at Calle de la Magdalena, Pérez de Castro 1983, p. 17; in the late 1940s they apparently basked in luxury, as it was noted that "tenía un caserón enorme del siglo XVII en la misma calle Magdalena, repleto de lujos, mayordomos, sirvientas, obras de arte", Juan Manuel Menéndez De Las Heras, La epopeya de "El Chato", Madrid 2009, ISBN9788490094617, p. 244
Alcazar was initially a Requeté paper in Toledo, then published by Editorial El alcazar as "Diario del frente de Madrid". On April 11, 1939 its management requested move to Madrid, and on June 19, 1939 the first Madrid-based issue went into print. Joaquín Valdés Sancho was the director since 1936; he was forced to step down once El Alcazár confused names of two Francoist officials. He was first editor fired by the Spanish government in Madrid, Rodríguez Virgili 2002, pp. 91-92
the circulation went down from 40,000 in 1940 to 11,000 in 1944, Rafael Ángel Nieto-Aliseda, El Alcázar: la etapa aperturista de un periódico laureado por el franquismo, [in:] Aportes 27/79 (2012), p. 100
this is a general opinion on the role El Alcazár during early Francoism. However, some authors claim that Casaiego "acaba por enfrentarse con los franquistas de la sopa boba", Cepeda 1983, p. 95
Rodríguez Virgili 2002, p. 93. Casariego’s enthusiasm for Hispanidad was combined with hostility towards competing global designs. Apart from British imperialism, the object of customary enmity among the Traditionalists, another concept despised was Americanism; in the yearly 1940s Casariego used to assault Yanquee culture, Daniel Fernández de Miguel, El enemigo yanqui. Las raíces conservadoras del antiamericanismo español, Zaragoza 2012, ISBN9788494581410, p. 149
"músculo y motor de Europa / desde el Báltico a los Alpes, / desde Flandes a Polonia / técnica, razón y esfuerzo / entre el delicado aroma / de las leyendas del Rhin. / Milicias con voz de estrofas / de la música de Wagner, / canciones que al viento asombra", quoted after Martín Gijón 2010, pp. 67-68
according to some authors he was dismissed, Rodríguez Virgili 2002, pp. 100-101. Another version is that he left voluntarily due to his disagreement with the official policy, Alvarez-Castrillón 1983, p. 37
Diario de Burgos 01.04.43, available here. Casariego contributed also to other Falangist periodicals, like Labór, Ferran Archilés i Cardona, La nación de los españoles: Discursos y prácticas del nacionalismo español en la época contemporánea, Valencia 2012, ISBN9788437089164, p. 83
according to one version titled Gestación histórica plenitud y muerte de las instituciones civiles y políticas del imperio español en América, according to another Derecho español en Indias, Pérez de Castro 1983, p. 14
during the literary sessions he co-organized Casariego is not noted for a Francoist zeal; quite to the contrary, Jaime Menéndez Fernández recorded he had no problem taking part, Menéndez De Las Heras 2009, p. 244
at unspecified period he was member of its ruling board, Consejo de Hispanidad,
Pedro Diez G. Andrade, Casariego y Cunqueiro. Dos vidas paralelas de Asturias y Galicia, [in:] Jesús Evaristo Casariego: Biografía, antología y critica de su obra, Gijón 1983, ISBN8485377192, p. 25
Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo, 1962–1977, Pamplona 1997; ISBN9788431315641, Daniel Jesús García Riol, La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovación ideológica del carlismo (1965-1973) [PhD thesis UNED], Madrid 2015, Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis in Historia Contemporanea, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia], Valencia 2009, Josep Miralles Climent, El carlismo militante (1965-1980). Del tradicionalismo al socialismo autogestionario [PhD thesis Universidad Jaume I], Castellón 2015, Ramón María Rodón Guinjoan, Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976) [PhD thesis Universitat Abat Oliba CEU], Barcelona 2015
Eduardo Martín de Pozuelo, Iñaki Ellakuría, La guerra ignorada: los espías españoles que combatieron a los nazis, Barcelona 2008, ISBN9788483067680, p. 273
ABC 26.02.52, available here. He owned a fishing boat named "La joven Carmina" and according to one source, wrote Con la vida on its board during fishing ventures off the Asturian coast, Pérez de Castro 1983, p. 13
allegedly Casariego’s dissertation presented to the Cortes was to earn him trust of the Carlist Progressist youth, which in turn was to facilitate his Traditionalist takeover of the movement, theory referred after Miralles Climent 2015, p. 54
Interpelación a la Junta Suprema de la Comunión Tradicionalista: ¿A dónde se quiere llevar al Carlismo?; before publishing it, in a private letter Casariego demanded action from the then president of the Carlist Junta Suprema, Juan José Palomino Jiménez García Riol 2015, p. 277
"camarilla con falta de capacidad intelectual que procede de modo dictatorial"; Casariego scorned also these who tried to court Movimiento, García Riol 2015, p. 279
he reminded the Junta jefe Palomino that Carlism was about "monarquia católica, legitimista, descentralizadora, popular, gremial, campesina", pitted against Liberalism and Marxism, García Riol 2015, p. 83, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, pp. 137-8, 154
such grand meetings used to dot the history of Carlism, e.g. Asamblea de Vevey in 1870 or Magna Junta de Biarritz in 1919, García Riol 2015, pp. 279-280
Lo qye es hoy un carlismo (Síntesis de indeologia tradicionalista) was published in 1970 and immediately confiscated by the authorities, García Riol 2015, p. 279
in 1972, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 231. In a special communique the leaders of Partido Carlista noted that Casariego had never been member of Comunión Tradicionalista, see Montejurra 58 (1971), p. 10
some compared his contribution to Asturian culture to the contribution of Cunqueiro to the Galician culture, Pedro Diez G. Andrade, Casariego y Cunqueiro. Dos vidas paralelas de Asturias y Galicia, [in:] Jesús Evaristo Casariego: Biografía, antología y critica de su obra, Gijón 1983, ISBN8485377192, pp. 25-27
the enthusiast of bable, he also noted that "libros en nuestro idoma hay bien pocos y los únicos buenos, escritos por fieles carlistas", Martín Gijón 2010, p. 80
"Casariego ye enemigu dafechu de la normalización de la llingua non por ello dexó", Xosé Lluis García Arias, Antoloxía de prosa bable, Uviéu 1998, ISBN9788481681628, p. 154. This stand was by no means exceptional and some promoters of vernacular languages opposed their codification for a number of reasons. This was e.g. the case of another Carlist, Julio de Urquijo e Ibarra, the expert Basque linguist, who objected to codification of Vascuense
together with other opponents of codification, like Gustavo Bueno and Emilio Alarcos, Casariego was ridiculed by the Communists, ABC 08.02.89, available here
there is a single approximation to Casariego's poetic opus, Jose María M. Cachero, J. E. Casariego y su obra poética, [in:] Jesús Evaristo Casariego: Biografía, antología y critica de su obra, Gijón 1983, ISBN8485377192, pp. 134-136
discussion of Casariego as historian in Anes y Alvarez-Castrillón 1983, pp. 36-44. The author claims Casariego as historian appreciated in particular oral and iconographic sources, Anes y Alvarez-Castrillón 1983, p. 38
author of historiographic study omits Hispanidad when re-constructing the backbone of Casariego's historiographic vision,
and lists 1) maritime themes, 2) history of arms, 3) biographies and 4) history of Asturias, Anes y Alvarez-Castrillón 1983, p. 39
Grandeza y proyección was reportedly influenced by Maeztu, José Luis Rodríguez Jiménez, La extrema derecha en España: del tardofranquismo a la consolidación de la democracia (1957-1982) [PhD thesis Universidad Complutense], Madrid 2002, p. 232
prologued and applauded as ultra-Hispanic work by Azorín; another discussion of Casariego's vision of Hispanidad in Pio Zabala y Lera, J. E. Casariego y su concepto de lo español, prologue to Grandeza y Proyección del mundo hispánico
he put forward his own vision of history in general and history of Asturias in particular in El estudio de la Historia y su significación, a lecture delivered when commencing Seminario de Historia in IDEA, published later in Jesús Evaristo Casariego: Biografía, antología y critica de su obra, Gijón 1983, ISBN8485377192, pp. 49-51
Luarca y sus problemas (1961), Las famosas reliquias asturianas y Luarca (1966), Exposición de Retratos y Autógrafos Asturianos (1967), Una revolución asturiana en el siglo IX (1969), Los derechos marítimo-pesqueros de España y de los asturianos en el mar libre, ' (both 1973), Escudo de Luarca, El estudio sobre el Oviedo viejo (both 1974), Asturias y la amar, El principado de Asturias (both 1976), Nicolas Soria (1977), Asturias por la independencia y libertad de España, Significación de la cultura asturiana a través de mil doscientos años, Asturias proclamó el patronazgo de Santiago para España (all 1979), Recuerdos personales de Pérez de Ayala y repaso a su ideologia (1981), Revindicaciones del mariscal asturiano Bobes, (both 1983) and Tierra de Tineo (1985)
Los navegantes vascos y asturianos y el derecho marítimo medieval (1945), Notas para la historia de las instituciones marítimo-pesqueras del Cantábrico (1946), Las grandes exploraciones marítimas del Africa en la Antigüedad (1950), Los vascos en las empresas marítimas de España (1952)
Casariego produced also joint works; with Francisco Carantoña Dubert he fathered Las mascaradas de Evaristo Valle (1984), and with Efrén García Fernández and Antonio Bonet Correa he signed Navia: normas urbanísticas municipales (1983)
for detailed discussion of Casariego's theoretical vision of politics and ideology see José María Codón Fernández, Fundamentos y aspectos de la doctrina política y social de J. E. Casariego, [in:] Jesús Evaristo Casariego: Biografía, antología y critica de su obra, Gijón 1983, ISBN8485377192, pp. 149-166
in the work Casariego applied for Fascist credentials, e.g. when claiming that "España fue el primer país europeo donde floreció un «fascismo» militante, patriótico y popular, religioso y social, España ante la guerra del mondo", quoted after Francisco Morente, Rafael Sánchez Mazas y la esencia católica del fascismo español, [in:] Miguel A. Ruiz Carnicer (ed.), Falange. Las culturas políticas del fascismo en la España de Franco, 1936-1975, Zaragoza 2013, ISBN9788499112169, p. 120
dubbed "a littlel encyclopedia of Carlism" it was prologued by Esteban Bilbao, Manuel de Santa Cruz Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta, Apuntes y documentos para la historia del tradicionalismo español: 1939–1966, vol. 2, Seville 1979, pp. 174-175
a collection of press comments in J. E. Casariego, novelista, [in:] Jesús Evaristo Casariego: Biografía, antología y critica de su obra, Gijón 1983, ISBN8485377192, pp. 123-132; see also the 1953 homege to Casariego, ABC 08.12.53, available here
reportedly his favorite literary protagonists were don Quijote, Jim Hawkins from Treasure Island and Marqués de Bradomín, a Carlist figure created by Valle-Inclán, Ignacio Gracia Noriega, El centenario del viejo hidalgo, [in:] ignaciogracianoriega service, available here
with his height and sideburns he made an impressive man; already in the early 1940, when sporting the requete uniform in Madrid, he was compared to the iconic Carlist commander Zumalacarregui, Cabezas 1983, p. 19
he once objected to a British flag flown from one of the banks in Spain; his demand to remove Union Jack ended up in a fistfight and police intervention. Another time when driving with a befriended priest he once stopped to help a trapped motorist. When the latter thanked but declined, Casariego said good bye and noted that "queda a su disposición un hidalgo de las Asturias que viaja con su mayordomo y su capellán", Marqués 2013. He liked to stress that "yo sólo bebo vino o sidra. Nunca por mi católica, españolisima y astur garganta pasó una gota de whisky o coca-cola", Bello 2004, p. 70. When first confronted with female student in a miniskirt, he declared that "Señorita, aquí o enseña usted o enseño yo", lne service, available here. His house in Barcellina greeted guests with a notice that "se prohíbe la entrada a mujeres vestidas de macho y a curas disfrazados de hereje" , ABC 22.09.14, available here. When stopped by Carabineros with loafs of bread on Asturian-Galician border (as part of combating speculation, transport of foodstuffs across provincial borders was illegal at the time) he exclaimed "but men, I am at the service of national propaganda! It's just that I am missing patria and justice", a reference to the then popular official slogan "Patria, pan y justicia", Pérez de Castro 1983, p. 14. Some 40 other anecdotes listed in Anecdotario de rápido ingenio, [in:] Jesús Evaristo Casariego: Biografía, antología y critica de su obra, Gijón 1983, ISBN8485377192, pp. 170-173
bibliography in Bibliografía de J. E. Casariego, [in:] Jesús Evaristo Casariego: Biografía, antología y critica de su obra, Gijón 1983, ISBN8485377192, pp. 203-207. It excludes press contributions - which might run into hundreds, and articles published in scientific or semi-scientific periodicals like the IDEA bulletin
a very apologetic though rather isolated opinion of Casariego as a novelist in anonymous collection of press notes, J. E. Casariego, novelista, [in:] Jesús Evaristo Casariego: Biografía, antología y critica de su obra, Gijón 1983, ISBN8485377192, pp. 123-132
though at times he appears in compendia dedicated to poetry, see Angel Pariente, Diccionario bibliográfico de la poesía española del siglo XX, Madrid 2003, ISBN9788484721093, p. 76
Sawicki 2010, p. 58; however, by the end of his life Casariego used to write passages very respectful towards his former Republican enemies, see e.g. comments that the fight for Oviedo "era cosa de HOMBRES, de hombres con bandera roja y de hombres con bandera roja y gualda", Región 10.12.76, referred after Jesús Evaristo Casariego: Biografía, antología y critica de su obra, Gijón 1983, ISBN8485377192, p. 102
Rodríguez Virgili 2002, pp. 95-97. See also his 1941 declaration made in Berlin, namely that "la Hispanidad es una Cruzada y por eso – a parte de mi insignificancia personal – que es oportuno que ahora suene su voz en este Berlin, cuando los recios soldados de Alemania, vencedores de la Europa decadente, clavan sus banderas gloriosas en el corazón del monstruo comunista, negación suprema de la Cristiandad, del Occidente y de la Cultura", quoted after Frank-Rutger Hausmann, "Auch im Krieg schweigen die Musen nicht": die Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Institute im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Gottingen 2002, ISBN9783525351819, p. 227
"wybitny hiszpański pisarz tradycjonalistyczny", J.B. [Jacek Bartyzel?], Jesús Evaristo Casariego y Fernández-Noriega. 20. rocznica śmierci (16 IX 1990 – 16 IX 2010), available here
"habían hecho fuego con sus propias vidas, disparándolas, tensas, […], sobre el caos infinito y multitudinario de la Historia…" Alfonso García 2012, p. 1093
"todo el mundo ha visto cómo se ahorcaba a Generales alemanes por haber invadido Polonia, y cómo entre los jueces y fiscales figuraban los mismos rusos que, de acuerdo con ellos, la invadieron también", Alfonso García 2012 , p. 1101
Juan Pablo Torrente Sánchez-Guisande, Osos y otras fieras en el pasado de Asturias, 1700-1860, Oviedo 1999, ISBN9788493086916, p. 30, José Manuel Fradejas Rueda, La Caza en la Edad Media, Valladolid 2002, ISBN9788493281854, p. 98
Milagros del Vas Mingo, Miguel Luque Talaván, El laberinto del comercio naval: la avería en el tráfico marítimo-mercantil indiano, Mexico 2002, p. 27, Margarita Serna Vallejo, De los gremios de mareantes a las actuales cofradías pesqueras de Castro Urdiales, Colindres, Laredo y Santoña, Oviedo 2017, ISBN9788481027983, p. 135
Casariego referred Marx who allegedly praised Carlism as a freedom movement, see ABC 11.05.61, available here. The reference was in fact based on Engels' statement which listed Carlism as a historical relic, combined with some Marx's comments, all simplified and rounded by Casariego. The alleged quotation was later widely used in propaganda of Partido Carlista pundits, who presented Carlism as a proto-socialist movement of proletarian protest. For in-depth analysis of the misunderstanding see e.g. Miguel Izu, Marx y el Carlismo, [in:] Sistema: Revista de ciencias sociales 161 (2001), pp. 103-112, available online here
Maestros del tradicionalismo hispanico de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, International Congress by Consejo de Estudios Hispanicos Felipé II, Madrid, September 13, 2014, see the conference program, available here
Casona de Jesús Evaristo Casariego, [in:] vivirasturias service, available here
María del Carmen Alfonso García, Llamas y rescoldos nacionales: Con la vida hicieron fuego, novela de Jesús Evaristo Casariego (1953) y película de Ana Mariscal (1957), [in:] Arbor 187 (2012), pp.1087–1106
Jesús Evaristo Casariego: Biografía, antología y critica de su obra, Gijón 1983, ISBN8485377192
Senén González Ramírez, Centenario del natalicio de un tinetense universal, [in:] Tineo 2012, pp.42–44
Mario Martín Gijón, Nazismo y antisemitismo en la literatura falangista en torno a "Poemas de la Alemania eterna" (1940), [in:] Letras peninsulares 22/2 (2010), pp.59–80
Rafael Ángel Nieto-Aliseda Causo, El periódico "El alcazár": del autoritarismo a la democracia [PhD thesis CEU], Madrid 2014
Julio Rodríguez-Puértolas, Historia de la literatura fascista española, Madrid 2008, ISBN9788446029304
Jordi Rodríguez Virgili, El director de periódicos en la Ley de Prensa de 1938: el caso de Jesús Evaristo Casariego en El Alcázar, [in:] Juan A. García Galindo, Juan Fco. Gutiérrez Lozano, Inmaculada Sánchez Alarcón (eds.), La comunicación social durante el franquismo, Málaga 2002, ISBN847785498X, pp.87–102
Piotr Sawicki, La narrativa española de la Guerra Civil (1936-1975). Propaganda, testimonio y memoria creativa, Alicante 2010
Jorge Uría, Cultura oficial e ideología en la Asturias franquista: el I.D.E.A., Oviedo 1984, ISBN9788460035527
_-_Fondo_Marín-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg)
.jpg)
