Java War

For other uses, see Java War (disambiguation).

The Java War (Javanese: ꦥꦼꦫꦁꦗꦮ) or Diponegoro War (ꦥꦼꦫꦁꦢꦶꦥꦤꦼꦒꦫ) was fought in central Java from 1825 to 1830, between the colonial Dutch Empire and native Javanese rebels. The war started as a rebellion led by Prince Diponegoro, a leading member of the Javanese aristocracy who had previously cooperated with the Dutch.

Java War
Part of the Dutch colonial campaigns
From top, left to right: Submission of Dipo Negoro to De Kock, Attack of the column Le Bron de Vexela on Diepo Negoro near Gawok, Charge of the Hussars under Lieutenant Ferrouge at Magelang, Storming of Pleret
Date 25 September 1825 – 28 March 1830 (1825-09-25 – 1830-03-28) Location Central Java Result Dutch victory Diponegoro exiled to Manado
Belligerents
Dutch Empire Yogyakarta Sultanate	Javanese rebels
Commanders and leaders
Hendrik M. de Kock Hermanus W. Dotulong	Diponegoro Sentot Prawirodirdjo Kiai Maja Nyi Ageng Serang
Strength
50,000[1]	100,000[1]
Casualties and losses
8,000 dead 7,000 dead[1]	20,000 dead[1]
200,000 civilian dead[1]

The rebel forces laid siege to Yogyakarta, a move that prevented a quick victory. This gave the Dutch time to reinforce their army with colonial and European troops, allowing them to end the siege in 1825. After this defeat, the rebels continued fighting a guerrilla war for five years.

The war ended in a Dutch victory, and Prince Diponegoro was invited to a peace conference. He was betrayed and captured. Due to the cost of the war, Dutch colonial authorities implemented major reforms throughout the Dutch East Indies to ensure the colonies remained profitable.

History

The direct cause of the Java War was the decision by the Dutch to build a road across a piece of Diponegoro's property that contained his parents' tomb. Longstanding grievances reflected tensions between the Javanese aristocracy and the increasingly powerful Dutch. Javanese aristocratic families were resentful about Dutch laws restricting their rental profits. The Dutch, meanwhile, were unwilling to lose influence over the Yogyakartan court.

Dutch influence also affected the cultural dynamics of Java. A devout Muslim, Diponegoro was alarmed by the increasingly relaxed religious observance at court. This included the rising influence of Christian Dutch colonists and the court's pro-Dutch leanings. Among Diponegoro's followers, the war was described as a jihad "both against the Dutch and the murtad or apostate Javanese."^[2]

Following a common colonial strategy, the Dutch worked to exacerbate a succession crisis for the Yogyakartan throne. Diponegoro was the eldest son of Hamengkubuwono III, but his right to succeed was disputed because his mother was not the queen. Diponegoro's rivals were his younger half-brother Hamengkubuwono IV and his then-infant nephew Hamengkubuwono V, who were supported by the Dutch.

Hostilities

The Java War began 21 July 1825 when Prince Diponegoro raised the standard of revolt on his estate at Selarong.^[3] The rebel forces were successful in the early stages of the war, taking control of central Java and besieging Yogyakarta. The Javanese population was generally supportive of Prince Diponegoro's cause.

However, as the war persisted, Prince Diponegoro had difficulties retaining his army. By contrast, the Dutch colonial army was able to fill its ranks with indigenous troops from Sulawesi, and eventually received reinforcements of European troops from the Netherlands. Dutch commander General de Kock ended the rebel siege on Yogyakarta on 25 September 1825.

Prince Diponegoro then began an extensive guerrilla war. Until 1827, the Dutch army struggled to protect the Javanese hinterland, so they bolstered their territorial defense by deploying mobile detachments of colonial troops, based in small forts throughout central Java. It is estimated that 200,000 died over the course of the conflict, including 8,000 Dutch.^[4]

The rebellion ended in 1830, after Prince Diponegoro was tricked into entering Dutch-controlled territory near Magelang, under the pretense of negotiations for a possible ceasefire. He was captured and exiled to Manado, and then to Makassar, where he died in 1855.^[5]

Battles In Java War

  Javanese Rebel Victory

  Dutch Empire Victory

Date	Battle	Javanese Rebel	Dutch Empire	Result
1825	Attack on Tegalreja	Javanese Rebel	Dutch Empire	Dutch Empire Victory [6]
August-September 1825	Siege of Yogyakarta	Javanese Rebel	Dutch Empire	Dutch Empire Victory[7]
August 1825	Fire of Yogyakarta	Javanese Rebel	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory[8]
24 July 1825	Ambush At Pisangan	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory[9]
June 1825	Battle of Fort Vredeburg	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory[10]
1825	Attack on Cepu Base	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory[11]
19 Agustus 1825	Battle of Grobogan	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory[12]
20 Agustus 1825	Battle of Getasjero	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory •Dutch Goverment in Grobogan was Captured[13]
1825-1828	South Central Java Campaign	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory[14]
1825	Battle of Demak	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory [15]
1825-1826	Siege of Madiun	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory [16]
21 July- 9 October 1825	Expedition To Selarong	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory •Diponegoro and his top commander failed to captured [17]
28 July 1826	Battle of Kasuran	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory [18]
30 July 1826	Battle of Lengkong	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory [19]
August 1826	Battle of Pajang	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory •Pajang Fall to Diponegoro Forces [20]
4 August 1826	Battle of Bantul	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory [21]
9 August 1825	Battle of Kejiwan	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory [22]
30 August 1826	Battle of Delanggu	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory [23]
October 1826	Surakarta Campaign	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory [24]
1826	Storming of Pleret	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Dutch Empire Victory[25]
15 October 1826	Battle of Gawok	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Dutch Empire Victory[26]
26 September 1827	Battle of Salatiga	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory [27]
1827	Battle of Rembang	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory [28]
1828	Battle of Jipang Rajewgesi	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory [29]
1828	Battle of East Progo	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory[30]
1828	Battle of Bagelen	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory[31]
1828	Battle of Banyumas	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory[32]
1828	Battle of Mount Merbabu	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Javanese Rebel Victory •The Rebel Succeded to Captured Dutch Forces and their weapon[33]
12 November 1828	Kyai Sentot Surrender on Mount Merapi	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Dutch Empire Victory [34]
17 September 1829	Battle of Siluk	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Dutch Empire Victory •Death of Pangeran Prabuningrat[35]
1829	Battle of Kelir	Javanese Rebels	Dutch Empire	Dutch Empire Victory •Death of Pangeran Ngabehi and his family[36]

Aftermath

Dutch sources estimated 200,000 Javanese deaths; about one tenth in combat and the remainder from disease, starvation and other causes. Dutch military fatalities were 15,000, of which 8,000 were Europeans. ^[37]

Due to the Dutch forces' heavy losses, the colonial government decided to enlist African recruits in Gold Coast: the so-called "Belanda Hitam" ("Black Dutchmen"), to augment its East Indian and European troops.

The war was detrimental to Dutch finances; thus, the pacification of Java enabled the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies to implement Cultuurstelsel ("The Cultivation System") in Java without any local opposition in 1830. Overseen by the new governor general, Johannes van den Bosch, this cultivation system required that 20% of village land be devoted to growing cash crops for export at government rates.

Alternatively, peasants had to work in government-owned plantations for 60 days of the year. Dutch colonialists and their native allies amassed enormous wealth through this forced-export system. The profits from the colony more than repaid the Netherlands for the war, and made the Dutch East Indies self-sufficient.

References

1. Prasojo, Munif; Herlia, Tati (2021). "TOTAL WAR OF THE PAST IN INDONESIA, CASE STUDY: JAVA / DIPONEGORO WAR" (PDF). International Journal of Arts and Social Science. 4 (3): 13–44.
2. J. Kathirithamby-Wells (1998). "The Old and the New". In Mackerras, Colin (ed.). Culture and Society in the Asia-Pacific. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 9781134691289.
3. Carey, Peter (1976). "The Origins of the Java War (1825–30)". The English Historical Review. 91 (358): 74. JSTOR 565191.
4. Ricklefs, M.C. (1993), A History of modern Indonesia since 1300 (2nd ed.), Stanford UP, p. 117, ISBN 978-0804721950
5. Volkman, Toby Alice (1990), Sulawesi: island crossroads of Indonesia, Passport Books, p. 73, ISBN 0844299065
6. Carey, Peter (3 June 2009). "The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java,1755-1855". KITLV press. 8 (2): 606–607 – via Oapen.
7. Midship, Ernes (30 May 2021). "The Strategy of the War the Universe Prince Diponegoro in Operation Chase the Dutch in 1825-1830". IAR Journal of Humanities and Social Science|. 2 (3): 13–25.
8. Midship, Ernes (30 May 2021). "The Strategy of the War the Universe Prince Diponegoro in Operation Chase the Dutch in 1825-1830". IAR Journal of Humanities and Social Science|. 2 (3): 13–25.
9. Carey, Peter (3 June 2009). "The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java,1755-1855". KITLV press. 8 (2): 607 – via Oapen.
10. Heru, Prasetyo (19 January 2024). "The War Of Diponegoro strategies,and impact on socio-culture in Indonesia". Jurnal Multidisipini Madani. 4 (4): 189.
11. Heru, Prasetyo (19 January 2024). "The War Of Diponegoro strategies,and impact on socio-culture in Indonesia". Jurnal Multidisipini Madani. 4 (4): 189.
12. {{Cite web|last=author |first=Author |date=2023-05-21 |title=Syahid Nurmahmudi:Peneliti Perang Jawa Wilayah Utara |url=https://www.khazanahgrobogan.com/2023/05/syahid-nurmahmudi-peneliti-perangjawa.html?m =1 |url-status=live |website=khazanahgrobogan.com}}
13. {{Cite web|last=author |first=Author |date=2023-05-21 |title=Syahid Nurmahmudi:Peneliti Perang Jawa Wilayah Utara |url=https://www.khazanahgrobogan.com/2023/05/syahid-nurmahmudi-peneliti-perangjawa.html?m =1 |url-status=live |website=khazanahgrobogan.com}}
14. Carey, Peter (3 June 2009). "The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java,1755-1855". KITLV press. 9 (5): 623 – via Oapen.
15. Careyfirst=Peter (3 June 2009). "The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java,1755-1855". KITLV press. 9 (5): 623 – via Oapen.
16. Careyfirst=Peter (3 June 2009). "The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java,1755-1855". KITLV press. 9 (5): 623 – via Oapen.
17. Careyfirst=Peter (3 June 2009). "The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java,1755-1855". KITLV press. 9 (9): 641 – via Oapen.
18. Careyfirst=Peter (3 June 2009). "The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java,1755-1855". KITLV press. 9 (9): 642 – via Oapen.
19. Careyfirst=Peter (3 June 2009). "The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java,1755-1855". KITLV press. 9 (9): 642 – via Oapen.
20. Careyfirst=Peter (3 June 2009). "The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java,1755-1855". KITLV press. 9 (8): 634 – via Oapen.
21. Careyfirst=Peter (3 June 2009). "The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java,1755-1855". KITLV press. 9 (9): 642 – via Oapen.
22. Careyfirst=Peter (3 June 2009). "The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java,1755-1855". KITLV press. 9 (9): 642 – via Oapen.
23. Careyfirst=Peter (3 June 2009). "The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java,1755-1855". KITLV press. 9 (8): 642 – via Oapen.
24. Careyfirst=Peter (3 June 2009). "The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java,1755-1855". KITLV press. 9 (8): 634 – via Oapen.
25. Tate, D.J.M (1971). The Making of Modern South-East Asia:The European Conquest. Oxford: Oxford University. ISBN 9780196381138.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
26. Careyfirst=Peter (3 June 2009). "The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java,1755-1855". KITLV press. 9 (8): 634 – via Oapen.
27. Careyfirst=Peter (3 June 2009). "The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java,1755-1855". KITLV press. 9 (8): 634 – via Oapen.
28. Careyfirst=Peter (3 June 2009). "The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java,1755-1855". KITLV press. 9 (8): 634 – via Oapen.
29. Careyfirst=Peter (3 June 2009). "The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java,1755-1855". KITLV press. 9 (8): 634 – via Oapen.
30. author (12 March 2020). "Sentot Alibasah,Panglima Termuda Pangeran Diponegoro". Historia- Majalah Sejarah Pertama Populer di Indonesia. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help); Check |url= value (help)|language=id-ID|accses date=2024-11-02
31. author (12 March 2020). "Sentot Alibasah,Panglima Termuda Pangeran Diponegoro". Historia- Majalah Sejarah Pertama Populer di Indonesia. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help); Check |url= value (help)|language=id-ID|accses date=2024-11-02
32. author (12 March 2020). "Sentot Alibasah,Panglima Termuda Pangeran Diponegoro". Historia- Majalah Sejarah Pertama Populer di Indonesia. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help); Check |url= value (help)|language=id-ID|accses date=2024-11-02
33. Heru, Prasetyo (19 January 2024). "The War Of Diponegoro strategies,and impact on socio-culture in Indonesia". Jurnal Multidisipini Madani. 4 (4): 189.
34. Careyfirst=Peter (3 June 2009). "The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java,1755-1855". KITLV press. 9 (8): 634 – via Oapen.
35. Careyfirst=Peter (3 June 2009). "The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java,1755-1855". KITLV press. 9 (8): 657 – via Oapen.
36. Careyfirst=Peter (3 June 2009). "The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java,1755-1855". KITLV press. 9 (8): 658 – via Oapen.
37. Koloniale oorlogen in Indonesië, Piet Hagen, Arbeiderspers, 2018, Pag. 310-338.

Bibliography

• Carey, P.B.R. Babad Dipanagara: an account of the outbreak of the Java War (1825–30): the Surakarta court version of the Babad Dipanagara Kuala Lumpur: Printed for the Council of the M.B.R.A.S. by Art Printing Works, 1981. Monograph (Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Malaysian Branch); no. 9.
• Carey, Peter (2008). The power of prophecy; Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java, 1785-1855. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789067183031. hdl:20.500.12657/34573. ISBN 9789067183031.
• MC Ricklefs, A History of modern Indonesia since 1300, 2nd ed, 1993, pp. 116–117.
• Midship, Ernes (30 May 2021). "The Strategy of the War the Universe Prince Diponegoro in Operation Chase the Dutch in 1825-1830". IAR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. 2 (3): 13–25. S2CID 237932042.
• Sagimun M. D. Pangeran Dipanegara: pahlawan nasional [Jakarta]: Proyek Biografi Pahlawan Nasional, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1976. (In Indonesian)

External links

• Media related to Java War at Wikimedia Commons