Isotopes of bromine

Bromine (₃₅Br) has two stable isotopes, ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br, and 35 known radioisotopes, the most stable of which is ⁷⁷Br, with a half-life of 57.036 hours.

Isotopes of bromine (₃₅Br)

Main isotopes[1] Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 75Br synth 96.7 min β+ 75Se 76Br synth 16.2 h β+ 76Se 77Br synth 57.04 h β+ 77Se 79Br 50.6% stable 80Br synth 17.68 min β− 80Kr 80mBr synth 4.4205 h IT 80Br 81Br 49.4% stable 82Br synth 35.282 h β− 82Kr
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Br)
	[79.901, 79.907][2] 79.904±0.003 (abridged)[3]
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Like the radioactive isotopes of iodine, radioisotopes of bromine, collectively radiobromine, can be used to label biomolecules for nuclear medicine; for example, the positron emitters ⁷⁵Br and ⁷⁶Br can be used for positron emission tomography.^[4][5] Radiobromine has the advantage that organobromides are more stable than analogous organoiodides, and that it is not uptaken by the thyroid like iodine.^[6]

List of isotopes

Nuclide [n 1]	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)[7] [n 2][n 3]	Half-life[1]	Decay mode[1] [n 4]	Daughter isotope [n 5][n 6]	Spin and parity[1] [n 7][n 8]	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
	Excitation energy							Normal proportion[1]	Range of variation
68Br[8]	35	33	67.95836(28)#	~35 ns	p?	67Se	3+#
69Br	35	34	68.950338(45)	<19 ns[8]	p	68Se	(5/2−)
70Br	35	35	69.944792(16)	78.8(3) ms	β+	70Se	0+
					β+, p?	69As
70mBr	2292.3(8) keV			2.16(5) s	β+	70Se	9+
					β+, p?	69As
71Br	35	36	70.9393422(58)	21.4(6) s	β+	71Se	(5/2)−
72Br	35	37	71.9365946(11)	78.6(24) s	β+	72Se	1+
72mBr	100.76(15) keV			10.6(3) s	IT	72Br	(3−)
					β+?	72Se
73Br	35	38	72.9316734(72)	3.4(2) min	β+	73Se	1/2−
74Br	35	39	73.9299103(63)	25.4(3) min	β+	74Se	(0−)
74mBr	13.58(21) keV			46(2) min	β+	74Se	4+
75Br	35	40	74.9258106(46)	96.7(13) min	β+ (76%)[6]	75Se	3/2−
					EC (24%)	76Se
76Br	35	41	75.924542(10)	16.2(2) h	β+ (57%)[6]	76Se	1−
					EC (43%)	76Se
76mBr	102.58(3) keV			1.31(2) s	IT (>99.4%)	76Br	(4)+
					β+ (<0.6%)	76Se
77Br	35	42	76.9213792(30)	57.04(12) h	EC (99.3%)[9]	77Se	3/2−
					β+ (0.7%)	77Se
77mBr	105.86(8) keV			4.28(10) min	IT	77Br	9/2+
78Br	35	43	77.9211459(38)	6.45(4) min	β+ (>99.99%)	78Se	1+
					β− (<0.01%)	78Kr
78mBr	180.89(13) keV			119.4(10) μs	IT	78Br	(4+)
79Br	35	44	78.9183376(11)	Stable			3/2−	0.5065(9)
79mBr	207.61(9) keV			4.85(4) s	IT	79Br	9/2+
80Br	35	45	79.9185298(11)	17.68(2) min	β− (91.7%)	80Kr	1+
					β+ (8.3%)	80Se
80mBr	85.843(4) keV			4.4205(8) h	IT	80Br	5−
81Br	35	46	80.9162882(10)	Stable			3/2−	0.4935(9)
81mBr	536.20(9) keV			34.6(28) μs	IT	81Br	9/2+
82Br	35	47	81.9168018(10)	35.282(7) h	β−	82Kr	5−
82mBr	45.9492(10) keV			6.13(5) min	IT (97.6%)	82Br	2−
					β− (2.4%)	82Kr
83Br	35	48	82.9151753(41)	2.374(4) h	β−	83Kr	3/2−
83mBr	3069.2(4) keV			729(77) ns	IT	83Br	(19/2−)
84Br	35	49	83.9165136(17)[10]	31.76(8) min	β−	84Kr	2−
84m1Br	193.6(15) keV[10]			6.0(2) min	β−	84Kr	(6)−
84m2Br	408.2(4) keV			<140 ns	IT	84Br	1+
85Br	35	50	84.9156458(33)	2.90(6) min	β−	85Kr	3/2−
86Br	35	51	85.9188054(33)	55.1(4) s	β−	86Kr	(1−)
87Br	35	52	86.9206740(34)	55.68(12) s	β− (97.40%)	87Kr	5/2−
					β−, n (2.60%)	86Kr
88Br	35	53	87.9240833(34)	16.34(8) s	β− (93.42%)	88Kr	(1−)
					β−, n (6.58%)	87Kr
88mBr	270.17(11) keV			5.51(4) μs	IT	88Br	(4−)
89Br	35	54	88.9267046(35)	4.357(22) s	β− (86.2%)	89Kr	(3/2−, 5/2−)
					β−, n (13.8%)	88Kr
90Br	35	55	89.9312928(36)	1.910(10) s	β− (74.7%)	90Kr
					β−, n (25.3%)	89Kr
91Br	35	56	90.9343986(38)	543(4) ms	β− (70.5%)	91Kr	5/2−#
					β−, n (29.5%)	90Kr
92Br	35	57	91.9396316(72)	314(16) ms	β− (66.9%)	92Kr	(2−)
					β−, n (33.1%)	91Kr
					β−, 2n?	90Kr
92m1Br	662(1) keV			88(8) ns	IT	92Br
92m2Br	1138(1) keV			85(10) ns	IT	92Br
93Br	35	58	92.94322(46)	152(8) ms	β−, n (64%)	92Kr	5/2−#
					β− (36%)	93Kr
					β−, 2n?	91Kr
94Br	35	59	93.94885(22)#	70(20) ms	β−, n (68%)	93Kr	2−#
					β− (32%)	94Kr
					β−, 2n?	92Kr
94mBr	294.6(5) keV			530(15) ns	IT	94Br
95Br	35	60	94.95293(32)#	80# ms [>300 ns]	β−?	95Kr	5/2−#
					β−, n?	94Kr
					β−, 2n?	93Kr
95mBr	537.9(5) keV			6.8(10) μs	IT	95Br
96Br	35	61	95.95898(32)#	20# ms [>300 ns]	β−?	96Kr
					β−, n?	95Kr
					β−, 2n?	94Kr
96mBr	311.5(5) keV			3.0(9) μs	IT	95Br
97Br	35	62	96.96350(43)#	40# ms [>300 ns]	β−?	97Kr	5/2−#
					β−, n?	96Kr
					β−, 2n?	95Kr
98Br	35	63	97.96989(43)#	15# ms [>400 ns]	β−?	98Kr
					β−, n?	97Kr
					β−, 2n?	96Kr
99Br[11]	35	64
100Br[11]	35	65
101Br[12]	35	66
This table header & footer: view

1. ^mBr – Excited nuclear isomer.
2. ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
3. # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
4. Modes of decay:

   IT:	Isomeric transition
   n:	Neutron emission
   p:	Proton emission

5. Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
6. Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
7. ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
8. # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

Bromine-75

Bromine-75 has a half-life of 97 minutes.^[13] This isotope undergoes β⁺ decay rather than electron capture about 76% of the time,^[6] so it was used for diagnosis and positron emission tomography (PET) in the 1980s.^[4] However, its decay product, selenium-75, produces secondary radioactivity with a longer half-life of 120.4 days.^[6][4]

Bromine-76

Bromine-76 has a half-life of 16.2 hours.^[13] While its decay is more energetic than ⁷⁵Br and has lower yield of positrons (about 57% of decays),^[6] bromine-76 has been preferred in PET applications since the 1980s because of its longer half-life and easier synthesis, and because its decay product, ⁷⁶Se, is not radioactive.^[5]

Bromine-77

Bromine-77 is the most stable radioisotope of bromine, with a half-life of 57 hours.^[13] Although β⁺ decay is possible for this isotope, about 99.3% of decays are by electron capture.^[9] Despite its complex emission spectrum, featuring strong gamma-ray emissions at 239, 297, 521, and 579 keV,^{[14] 77}Br was used in SPECT imaging in the 1970s.^[15] However, except for longer-term tracing,^[6] this is no longer considered practical due to the difficult collimator requirements and the proximity of the 521 keV line to the 511 keV annihilation radiation related to the β⁺ decay.^[15] The Auger electrons emitted during decay are nevertheless well-suited for radiotherapy, and ⁷⁷Br can possibly be paired with the imaging-suited ⁷⁶Br (produced as an impurity in common synthesis routes) for this application.^[4][15]

References

1. Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
2. "Standard Atomic Weights: Bromine". CIAAW. 2011.
3. Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
4. Coenen, Heinz H.; Ermert, Johannes (January 2021). "Expanding PET-applications in life sciences with positron-emitters beyond fluorine-18". Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 92: 241–269. doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.07.003. PMID 32900582.
5. Welch, Michael J.; Mcelvany, Karen D. (1 October 1983). "Radionuclides of Bromine for Use in Biomedical Studies". Ract. 34 (1–2): 41–46. doi:10.1524/ract.1983.34.12.41.
6. Lambert, F.; Slegers, G.; Hermanne, α.; Mertens, J. (1 June 1994). "Production and Purification of 77 Br Suitable for Labeling Monoclonal Antibodies Used in Tumor Imaging". Ract. 65 (4): 223–226. doi:10.1524/ract.1994.65.4.223.
7. Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
8. Wimmer, K.; et al. (2019). "Discovery of ⁶⁸Br in secondary reactions of radioactive beams". Physics Letters B. 795: 266–270. arXiv:1906.04067. Bibcode:2019PhLB..795..266W. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2019.06.014. S2CID 182953245.
9. Kassis, A. I.; Adelstein, S. J.; Haydock, C.; Sastry, K. S. R.; McElvany, K. D.; Welch, M. J. (May 1982). "Lethality of Auger Electrons from the Decay of Bromine-77 in the DNA of Mammalian Cells" (PDF). Radiation Research. 90 (2): 362. Bibcode:1982RadR...90..362K. doi:10.2307/3575714. ISSN 0033-7587. JSTOR 3575714.
10. Jaries, A.; Stryjczyk, M.; Kankainen, A.; Ayoubi, L. Al; Beliuskina, O.; Canete, L.; de Groote, R. P.; Delafosse, C.; Delahaye, P.; Eronen, T.; Flayol, M.; Ge, Z.; Geldhof, S.; Gins, W.; Hukkanen, M.; Imgram, P.; Kahl, D.; Kostensalo, J.; Kujanpää, S.; Kumar, D.; Moore, I. D.; Mougeot, M.; Nesterenko, D. A.; Nikas, S.; Patel, D.; Penttilä, H.; Pitman-Weymouth, D.; Pohjalainen, I.; Raggio, A.; Ramalho, M.; Reponen, M.; Rinta-Antila, S.; de Roubin, A.; Ruotsalainen, J.; Srivastava, P. C.; Suhonen, J.; Vilen, M.; Virtanen, V.; Zadvornaya, A. "Physical Review C - Accepted Paper: Isomeric states of fission fragments explored via Penning trap mass spectrometry at IGISOL". journals.aps.org. arXiv:2403.04710.
11. Shimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam". Physical Review C. 109 (4): 044313. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313.
12. Sumikama, T.; et al. (2021). "Observation of new neutron-rich isotopes in the vicinity of Zr110". Physical Review C. 103 (1): 014614. Bibcode:2021PhRvC.103a4614S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614. hdl:10261/260248. S2CID 234019083.
13. Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
14. Singh, Balraj; Nica, Ninel (May 2012). "Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 77". Nuclear Data Sheets. 113 (5): 1115–1314. Bibcode:2012NDS...113.1115S. doi:10.1016/j.nds.2012.05.001.
15. Amjed, N.; Kaleem, N.; Wajid, A.M.; Naz, A.; Ahmad, I. (January 2024). "Evaluation of the cross section data for the low and medium energy cyclotron production of 77Br radionuclide". Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 214: 111286. doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2023.111286.

• Isotope masses from:
  • Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
• Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
  • de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
  • Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
• "News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
• Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
  • Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
  • National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
  • Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.