Iquicha War of 1839

For the conflict from 1825 to 1828, see Iquicha War of 1825–1828.

The Iquicha War of 1839 was a brief armed conflict during and after the War of the Confederation between the United Restoration Army and indigenous peasants from Huanta who tried to defend the defeated Peru–Bolivian Confederation.

Iquicha War of 1839
Part of the War of the Confederation
Map of the Iquichan Republic.
Date March–November 1839 Location Huanta, Iquicha Result Peruvian–Chilean victory: Treaty of Yanallay signed Huachaca exiles himself to Apurímac
Belligerents
United Restoration Army	Iquicha
Commanders and leaders
Manuel Lopera	Antonio Huachaca Tadeo Choque

Background

On July 24, 1833, the Callao Battalion^[1] and several squadrons of the Hussars of Junín regiment^[2] rebelled in Ayacucho under the command of Captains Alejandro Deustua and Tomás Flores, assassinating the prefect, Colonel Juan Antonio González, and the head of the military department, Colonel Mariano Guillén, and rebelled on the side of the Iquichans.^[2] On August 15 they confronted Generals Pedro Pablo Bermúdez and Miguel de San Román and the Piquisa Battalion^[3] in Pultunchara. Then, on October 26, General Felipe Salaverry revolted in Cajamarca^[4] but was defeated at the Garita de Moche by Juan Francisco de Vidal on November 19.^[5]

For this reason, in the Peruvian Civil War of 1834, the Iquichans supported the liberal president Luis José de Orbegoso against the coup of the conservative generals Pedro Pablo Bermúdez^[6] and Agustín Gamarra, a key figure in politics of the time, and an enemy of the republiqueta.^[7] During his presidency, Gamarra had favored the merchants of Lima and neglected the rest of the country, especially the rural areas and their population.^[8]

After defeating the revolt in the capital, Orbegoso had to face Gamarra in the southern highlands of the country seeking an alliance with the inhabitants of Huanta. The liberals mobilized an army of 4,000 Indians under the command of landowner Juan José Urbina,^[9] who knew how to unify under his command Republicans and monarchists.^[10] He had to face the conservatives, who mobilized four to five thousand combatants in the area.^[11] In April he seized Huanta and Huamanga, and a month later the civil war ended with the victory of the Liberals.^[12]

Conflict

In 1836, the Iquichianos adhered to the idea of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation seen as "the continuation of the Empire by other means",^[13] for which Huachaca participated in the wars of the Confederation between 1836 and 1839. In 1838 Huachaca became Justice of the Peace and Governor of the Carhuaucra district and Supreme Chief of the Republic of Iquicha.

The Iquichans first supported the Confederation in their support of Andrés de Santa Cruz during the Salaverry-Santa Cruz War, since "he came to respond to the demands of the southern Andean groups who, since at least 1814, have defended a more decentralized country, in which they take into account the interests of the regional elites against the centralist coastal hegemonic groups."^[14] In March 1839 he took up arms against the Restoration Army and put Huanta under siege to no avail.

Treaty of Yanallay

Treaty of Yanallay

Type	Peace treaty
Signed	15 November 1839 (1839-11-15)[15]
Location	Yanallay, Peru
Signatories	Manuel Lopera Tadeo Choque
Languages	Spanish

Finally tired of the conflict, after several confrontations, the Yanallay Treaty was signed on November 15, between the prefect of Ayacucho, Colonel Manuel Lopera, and the guerrilla Tadeo Choque (or Chocce). The Iquichans decide to recognize and submit to the Peruvian State. Huachaca refuses to participate in that agreement and retires to the Apurímac jungles, where he would later die in 1848.^[16] By 1838, the authorities used the expression republiqueta to refer to the territories under the control of Huachaca.^[17]

After the defeat of Iquicha, Huachaca changed his name to José Antonio Navala Huachaca, with José having been chosen in reference to the name of Antonio José de Sucre and his surname Navala referring to the Peruvian Navy.^[18]

See also

• Antonio Huachaca
• Battle of Yungay

References

1. Galdo, 1992: 179
2. Comisión Investigadora de los Sucesos de Uchuraccay (1983). Informe (in Spanish). Lima: Editora Perú. p. 43.
3. Gavilán, 1941: 206
4. Echenique, 1952: 349
5. de Mendiburu, Manuel. Biografías (in Spanish). Vol. 25. Instituto histórico del Perú. p. 131. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
6. Méndez Gastelumendi, 2002: 21; 2005: 128s
7. Husson, 1992: 86; Méndez Gastelumendi, 2002: 21; 2005: 128
8. Méndez Gastelumendi, 2005: 133
9. Méndez Gastelumendi, 2005: 137
10. Méndez Gastelumendi, 2002: 14, nota 19; 2005: 138
11. Méndez Gastelumendi, Cecilia (1997). Carta del prefecto de Ayacucho, general Domingo Tristán, a Antonio Huachaca, Luna Huana, 4 de marzo de 1834.
12. Méndez Gastelumendi, 2005: 138s
13. Altuve-Febres, 1999: 3
14. Sala i Vila, 2001: 37
15. Gullo, Marcelo (2013). La historia oculta: La lucha del pueblo argentino por su independencia del imperio inglés (in Spanish). Editorial Biblos. ISBN 978-9876912969.
16. Altuve-Febres Lores, 1996: 4; Husson, 1992: 88
17. Méndez Gastelumendi, 2002: 30
18. Bonilla, 1996: 148

Bibliography

• Altuve-Febres Lores, Fernán (1996). Los Reinos del Perú: apuntes sobre la monarquía peruana.
• Echenique, José Rufino (1952). Memorias para la historia del Perú (1808-1878). Tomo I. Editorial Huascarán.
• Galdo Gutiérrez, Virgilio (1992). Ayacucho: conflictos y pobreza, historia regional (siglos XVI-XIX). Universidad Nacional San Cristóbal de Huamanga.
• Gavilán, Narciso (1941). Ensayos históricos. Imprenta diocesana.
• Husson, Patrick (1992). De la guerra a la rebelión: (Huanta, siglo XIX). Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de Las Casas" & Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos.
• Méndez Gastelumendi, Cecilia (1997). Pactos sin tributo. Caudillos y campesinos en el Perú postindependiente: el caso de Ayacucho. Siglo XXI. Coordinación de Leticia Reina. ISBN 978-968-23-2097-2. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
• Méndez Gastelumendi, Cecilia (2002). "El poder del nombre, o la construcción de identidades étnicas y nacionales en el Perú: Mito e historia de los iquichanos". Documento de Trabajo. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos (IEP). ISSN 1022-0356.
• Méndez Gastelumendi, Cecilia (2005b). Tradiciones liberales en los Andes o la ciudadanía por las armas: campesinos y militares en la formación del Estado peruano. Concejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Coordinación de Marta Irurozqui Victoriano. ISBN 978-8-40008-338-0. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
• Sala i Vila, Nuria (2001). Selva y Andes: Ayacucho, 1780-1929, historia de una región en la encrucijada. Editorial Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). ISBN 9788400079222.