Intertrappean Beds

The Intertrappean Beds are a Late Cretaceous and Early Paleocene geologic formation in India. The beds are found as interbeds between Deccan Traps layers, including the slightly older Lameta Formation. The formation spans the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, with a stratigraphic range of only a few hundred thousand years before and after the boundary, and a significant debate exists about whether specific sites belong to the Cretaceous or the Paleocene.^[2][1]

Intertrappean Beds
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian-Danian, 66.1–65.9 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Deccan Traps
Overlies	Infratrappean Beds
Location
Coordinates	17.2°N 77.9°E / 17.2; 77.9
Approximate paleocoordinates	28.0°S 59.0°E / -28.0; 59.0
Region	Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka[1]
Country	India
Intertrappean Beds (India)

Many mostly fragmentary fossils, especially of small vertebrates, are known from the formation.^[3] Indeterminate theropod and pterosaur remains have been recovered from the formation, as well as dinosaur eggs.^[4][5] The mammal genera Deccanolestes, Sahnitherium, Bharattherium, Indoclemensia, Indotriconodon and Kharmerungulatum have been recovered from several localities.^[6] The Bamanbor locality in Gujarat preserves articulated freshwater fish specimens.^[7][8] A rich plant flora is known from the formation.

Paleobiota

Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon		Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Invertebrates

Genus	Species	Material	Location	Time Period	Notes	Images
?Buprestidae	Indeterminate		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Jewel beetle.
Lomatus[9]	L. hislopi		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Jewel beetle.
?Curculionidae	Indeterminate		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Snout beetle.
Meristos	M. hunteri		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Snout beetle.
Ostracoda	Indeterminate		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	An Ostracod.
Palaeotanymecides	P. hislopi		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Snout beetle.
Bivalvia	Indeterminate		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Clam.
Limnaea	sp.		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Snail.
Valvata	sp.		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Snail.
Paludina	sp.		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Snail.
Physa	P. prinsepii		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Snail.

Fish

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Anthracoperca	A. bhatiai	Naskal, Rangapur		Otolith.	A percoid otolith.
Apateodus	A. striatus	Asifabad[10]			An enchodontoid aulopiform.
Ariidae	incertae sedis	Naskal, Rangapur, Anjar		Otolith.	An ariid catfish otolith.
?Belonostomus	B. indicus	Nagpur[3][11]			An aspidorhynchid.
Coupatezia	C. sp	Asifabad[10]			An eagle ray.
Cyprinidae	incertae sedis	Deothan-Kheri			A cyprinid.
Dapalis	D. erici	Rangapur		Otolith.	A serranid otolith.
"Eotrigonodon"	"E." wardhaensis	Asifabad[10]			Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.[12]
Enchodus	E. sp	Asifabad[10]			An enchodontoid aulopiform.
Horaclupea	H. intertrappea	Bamanbor[7]		Complete skeleton.	A clupeid.
Igdabatis	I. indicus	Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[13][14]			An eagle ray.
Indiaichthys	I. bamanborensis	Bamanbor[8]		Multiple complete skeletons.	A possible percoid.[15]
"Indotrigonodon"	"I." ovatus	Asifabad[10]			Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.[12]
"Lepidotes"	"L." sp	Asifabad[10]			A lepisosteiform.
Lepisosteus	L. indicus	Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[13][14]			A gar.
Nandidae	incertae sedis	Deothan-Kheri			A nandid.
Osteoglossidae	incertae sedis	Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[13][14]			An osteoglossid of uncertain affinities.
Palaeolabrus	P. dormaalensis	Asifabad[10]			A palaeolabrid.
Palaeopristolepis	P. chiplonkari	Bamanbor[7]		Multiple partial skeletons.	A questionable leaffish.[15]
	P. feddeni
"Perca"	"P." angusta	Bamanbor[7]		Skull.	A possible percoid, classification very doubtful.[15]
Percomorpha	incertae sedis	Bamanbor[8]		Partial skeleton.	A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
Phareodus	P. sp.	Asifabad, Naskal & Marepalli[10]			A bonytongue.
Polycanthidae	incertae sedis	Deothan-Kheri			A polycanthid.
"Pisdurodon"	"P." spatulatus	Asifabad[10]			Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.[12]
Pycnodontidae	incertae sedis	Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[13][14]			A pycnodontid of uncertain affinities.
"Pycnodus"	"P." lametae	Asifabad[10]			A pycnodontid.
Raja	R. sudhakari	Asifabad[10]			A skate.
Rhombodus	R. sp.	Asifabad[10]			A stingray.
Serranidae	incertae sedis	Deothan-Kheri			A serranid.
Siluriformes	incertae sedis	Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[13][14]			A catfish of uncertain affinities.
Sphenodus	S. sp.	Asifabad[10]			A shark.
Stephanodus	S. lybicus	Asifabad & Marepalli[10]			A pycnodontid.

Otolith-based taxa

Genus[16]	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
"Ambassidarum"	A. cappettai	Nagpur		Otolith	An ambassid otolith.
"Apogonidarum"	A. curvatus	Naskal, Rangapur		Otolith	A cardinalfish otolith.
"Blenniidarum"	B. sp	Rangapur		Otolith	A blenny otolith.
?"Centropomidarum"	C. takliensis	Nagpur		Otolith	A possible snook otolith.
"Clupeidarum"	C. valdiyai	Nagpur, Rangapur		Otolith	A clupeid otolith.
	C. sahnii
"Gonorhynchidarum"	G. rectangulus	Nagpur, Rangapur		Otolith	A gonorynchid otolith.
"Heterotidinarum"	H. heterotoides	Naskal		Otolith	An arapaimine otolith.
"Notopteridarum"	N. nolfi	Naskal, Rangapur, Cheemalagutta		Otolith	A notopterid otolith.
"Osteoglossidarum"	O. deccanensis	Naskal,		Otolith	An osteoglossid otolith.
	O. intertrappus
"Percoideorum"	P. citreum	Naskal, Nagpur, Rangapur		Otolith	Percoid otoliths.
	P. nagpurensis
	P. rangapurensis
?"Pristolepidinarum"	P. jaegeri	Nag		Otolith	A possible pristolepid otolith.
"Serranidarum"	S. sp.	Anjar		Otolith	A serranid otolith.

Amphibians

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Gobiatidae	incertae sedis	Naskal			A gobiatid frog.[3][17]
"Hemisotidae"/"Leptodactylidae"	incertae sedis	Naskal			A frog of uncertain affinities.[3][17]
Indobatrachus	I. pusillus	Worli Hill		Multiple complete skeletons[18]	A frog of uncertain affinities.
Pelobatidae	incertae sedis	Nagpur			A pelobatid frog.[3]
Ranoidea	incertae sedis	Naskal			A ranoid frog.[3][17]
Costata	incertae sedis				A costatan frog[17]
?Caudata	incertae sedis				A possible salamander.[17]

Turtles

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Carteremys	C. leithii	Worli Hill		Carapace, plastron, skull and partial mandible	A turtle of uncertain affinities.
Sankuchemys	S. sethnai	Amboli Quarry[19]		Skull[19]	A bothremydid turtle.

Lepidosaurs

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Acrosphenodontia	Incertae sedis	Naskal[20]		Dentary with teeth.[20]	An indeterminate rhynchocephalian.
"Agama"	A. sp.	Rangapur			An indeterminate agamid lizard.
Anguidae	Incertae sedis	Naskal			An indeterminate anguid lizard.[17]
?"Contogenys"	?"C." sp.	Nagpur			An indeterminate scincomorph lizard.[17]
Deccansaurus	D. palaeoindicus	Kesavi[21]		Jaws & several osteoderms.[21]	A scincoid lizard.
?"Exostinus"	"E." estestai	Nagpur			An indeterminate xenosaurid lizard.[17]
"Eumeces"	"E." sp.	Rangapur			An indeterminate scincid lizard.[17]
Indophis	I. sahnii	Naskal[22]		Over 160 vertebrae.[22]	A nigerophiid snake.
"Litakis"	"L." sp.	Nagpur			An indeterminate lizard.
"Pristiguana"	"P." sp.	Nagpur			An indeterminate iguanid lizard.
Serpentes	Incertae sedis	Naskal[22]		A trunk vertebra & left dentary.[22]	A snake.
Serpentes[17]	Incertae sedis				Possibly a primitive form,
Madtsoiidae[17]	Incertae sedis			Three individuals.	Madsoid snakes.
cf. Indophis[17]	cf. I. sahnii				Nigerophiidae snake.
Booidea[17]	Incertae sedis				Possibly a Booid snake.

Crocodyliforms

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Crocodylidae	incertae sedis	Worli Hill[3][23]		Teeth and dentary.	A crocodylid crocodyliform.
Dyrosauridae	incertae sedis	Kisalpuri[24]		Partial mandible, frontal, and vertebrae	A dyrosaurid crocodyliform.
Crocodyliformes	incertae sedis	Naskal[23]		Teeth.	Shows similarities to Hamadasuchus and perhaps Mahajangasuchus.

Dinosaurs

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
?"Hypselosaurus"	"H." sp	Mohgaon Kalan[3]			A titanosaurian sauropod.
Massospondylus[25]	M. rawesi			Tooth	Previously thought to be Massospondylus now thought to have been an indeterminate Theropod.
Sauropoda	Incertae sedis	Asifabad, Ranipur, Anjar[3]		Bones	Sauropod bones.

Oogenera

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Megaloolithus	baghensis	Kisalpuri[13]		Eggshell fragments	A Titanosaur egg.
Subtiliolithus	kachhensis	Kisalpuri[13]		Eggshell fragments	A Enantiornithine bird egg.

Pterosaurs

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Pterosauria	incertae sedis	Sirol-khal locality[5]			An indeterminate dentulous pterosaur. May not be from the Maastrichtian.[26]

Mammals

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Bharattherium	B. bonapartei	Kisalpuri		A fragmentary cheek-tooth.	A sudamericid mammal.
Deccanolestes	D. hislopi	Naskal microvertebrate site		Molars, calcanea, astralgi, humerus, ulna.	A eutherian mammal.
	D. robustus	Naskal microvertebrate site		"Dental material and an astragalus".	A eutherian mammal.
	D. narmadensis	Kisalpuri		"Isolated rear molar."	A eutherian mammal.
Indoclemensia	I. naskalensis	Naskal microvertebrate site[1]		Right second Molar.	A eutherian mammal.
	I. magnus	Naskal microvertebrate site[1]		Left second Molar.	A eutherian mammal.
Indotriconodon	I. magnus	Kutch[27]		Single lower Molar.	A eutriconodont mammal.
Kharmerungulatum	K. vanvaleni	Kisalpuri[28]		Isolated right lower molar.	A eutherian mammal.
Sahnitherium	S. rangapurensis	Rangapur microvertebrate site[29]		Upper Molar.	A eutherian mammal.

Flora

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Connaroxylon	C. dimorphum	Dhagaon, Mandla district[30]		Wood[30]	Affinities with Connaraceae.
Euphorbiotheca	E. deccanensis				Fruit, member of Euphorbiaceae.[31]
Hyphaeneocarpon					Fruit, member of palm tribe Borasseae.[32]
Palmocarpon					Fruit, member of palm tribe Cocoseae.[33]
Palmoxylon	P. dindoriensis				Wood, member of palm subfamily Coryphoideae.[34]
Pantocarpon					Fruit, member of Torricelliaceae.[35]
Phyllanthocarpon	P. singpurensis				Fruit, member of Phyllanthaceae.[36]
Rhizopalamoxylon					Palm rhizome, close affinities to Nypa.[37]
Pediastrum					Algae.[38]
Lecaniella					Algae.[38]
Pierceites	P. deccanensis				A Dinocyst.[38]
Aulacoseira					A Diatom.[38]
Azolla					Member of Salviniaceae.[38]
Crybelosporites					Member of Marsileaceae.[38]
Sparganiaceaepollenites					Pollen grains, Member of [38]Sparganiaceae/Typhaceae.
Marsilea					Member Marsileaceae.[38]
Regnellidium					Member of Marsileaceae.[38]
Nymphaeaceae indet.[38]
Typhaceae indet.[38]
Liliaceae indet.[38]
Acanthaceae indet.[38]
Pontederiaceae indet.[38]
Ovoidites					Member of Zygnemataceae.[38]
Gabonisporis					Pollen grains, member of Marsileaceae.[38]

See also

• Earth sciences portal
• Paleontology portal
• Dinosaurs portal

• Lameta Formation
• List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
  • List of stratigraphic units with indeterminate dinosaur fossils
• List of pterosaur-bearing stratigraphic units

Footnotes

1. Wilson Mantilla, Gregory P.; Renne, Paul R.; Samant, Bandana; Mohabey, Dhananjay M.; Dhobale, Anup; Tholt, Andrew J.; Tobin, Thomas S.; Widdowson, Mike; Anantharaman, S.; Dassarma, Dilip Chandra; Wilson Mantilla, Jeffrey A. (2022-04-01). "New mammals from the Naskal intertrappean site and the age of India's earliest eutherians". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 591: 110857. Bibcode:2022PPP...59110857W. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110857. ISSN 0031-0182.
2. Khosla, Ashu; Verma, Omkar; Kania, Sachin; Lucas, Spencer (2023). "Microbiota from the Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeocene Boundary Transition in the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Central India". Topics in Geobiology. 54. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28855-5. ISBN 978-3-031-28854-8. ISSN 0275-0120.
3. Prasad, Guntupalli V.R.; Sahni, Ashok (2014), "Vertebrate fauna from the Deccan volcanic province: Response to volcanic activity", Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects, Geological Society of America, doi:10.1130/2014.2505(09), ISBN 978-0-8137-2505-5, retrieved 2024-04-03
4. Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.
5. Barrett, P.M; Edwards, N.P.; Milner, A.R.; Butler, R.J., "Pterosaur distribution in time and space: an atlas." (PDF), Flugsaurier: Pterosaur Papers in Honour of Peter Wellnhofer. 2008. Hone, D.W.E., and Buffetaut, E. (Eds). Zitteliana B, 28. 264pp.
6. "MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Basal Eutheria Two, an internet directory". Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
7. Borkar, V. D. (1973-10-01). "Fossil fishes from the Inter-trappean beds of Surendranagar District, Saurashtra". Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences. 78 (4): 181–193. doi:10.1007/BF03045500. ISSN 0370-0097.
8. Arratia, G; López-Arbarello, A; Prasad, GVR; Parnar, V; Kriwet, J (2004), Arratia, G; Wilson, MVH; Cloutier, R (eds.), "Late Cretaceous-Paleocene percomorphs (Teleostei) from India - Early radiation of Perciformes", Recent advances in the origin and early radiation of vertebrates, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany, pp. 635–655, ISBN 978-3-89937-052-2, retrieved 2024-04-03
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16. Nolf, Dirk; Rana, R. S.; Prasad, G. V. R. (2008). "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian fish otoliths from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds, India: a revision". Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre. 78: 239–259.
17. Rage, Jean-Claude; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R.; Verma, Omkar; Khosla, Ashu; Parmar, Varun (2020), Prasad, Guntupalli V.R.; Patnaik, Rajeev (eds.), "Anuran Lissamphibian and Squamate Reptiles from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Deccan Intertrappean Sites in Central India, with a Review of Lissamphibian and Squamate Diversity in the Northward Drifting Indian Plate", Biological Consequences of Plate Tectonics: New Perspectives on Post-Gondwana Break-up–A Tribute to Ashok Sahni, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 99–121, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49753-8_6, ISBN 978-3-030-49753-8, retrieved 2024-04-03
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References

• Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.