The diving environment is the natural or artificial surroundings in which a dive is done. It is usually underwater, but professional diving is sometimes done in other liquids. Underwater diving is the human practice of voluntarily descending below the surface of the water to interact with the surroundings, for various recreational or occupational reasons, but the concept of diving also legally extends to immersion in other liquids, and exposure to other pressurised environments.[1] Some of the more common diving environments are listed and defined here.
Ice diving
The diving environment is limited by accessibility and risk, but includes water and occasionally other liquids. Most underwater diving is done in the shallower coastal parts of the oceans, and inland bodies of fresh water, including lakes, dams, quarries, rivers, springs, flooded caves, reservoirs, tanks, swimming pools, and canals, but may also be done in large bore ducting and sewers, power station cooling systems, cargo and ballast tanks of ships, and liquid-filled industrial equipment. The environment may affect equipment configuration: for instance, freshwater is less dense than saltwater, so less added weight is needed to achieve diver neutral buoyancy in freshwater dives.[2] Water temperature, visibility and movement also affect the diver and the dive plan.[3] Diving in liquids other than water may present special problems due to density, viscosity and chemical compatibility of diving equipment, as well as possible environmental hazards to the diving team.[4]
Benign conditions, sometimes also referred to as confined water, are environments of low risk, where it is extremely unlikely or impossible for the diver to get lost or entrapped, or be exposed to hazards other than the basic underwater environment. These conditions are suitable for initial training in the critical survival skills, and include swimming pools, training tanks, aquarium tanks and some shallow and protected shoreline areas.[5]
Open water is unrestricted water such as a sea, lake or flooded quarry, where the diver has unobstructed direct vertical access to the surface of the water in contact with the atmosphere.[6]Open-water diving implies that if a problem arises, the diver can directly ascend vertically to the atmosphere to breathe air.[7]Wall diving is done along a near vertical face. Blue-water diving is done in mid-water where the bottom is out of sight of the diver and there may be no fixed visual reference.[8]Black-water diving is mid-water diving at night, particularly on a moonless night.[9][10]
An overhead or penetration diving environment is where the diver enters a space from which there is no direct, purely vertical ascent to the safety of breathable atmosphere at the surface. Cave diving, wreck diving, ice diving and diving inside or under other natural or artificial underwater structures or enclosures are examples. The restriction on direct ascent increases the risk of diving under an overhead, and this is usually addressed by adaptations of procedures and use of equipment such as redundant breathing gas sources and guide lines to indicate the route to the exit.[11][4][3]
The common term for a place at which one may dive is a dive site. As a general rule, professional diving is done where the work needs to be done, and recreational diving is done where conditions are suitable. There are many recorded and publicised recreational dive sites which are known for their convenience, points of interest, and frequently favourable conditions.
Diver training facilities for both professional and recreational divers generally use a small range of dive sites which are familiar and convenient, and where conditions are predictable and the environmental risk is relatively low.[15]
Confined water– A diving environment that is enclosed and bounded sufficiently for safe training
Open water– Unrestricted water with free vertical access to the surface
Physiologically and legally, a compression in a diving chamber is considered a dive. Various options for hypebaric transportation and treatment exist, each with its own characteristics, applications and operational procedures.
Closed bell– Hyperbaric chamber for transporting divers vertically through the water
Confinement can influence diver safety and the ability of the diver to perform the required task. Some types of confinement improve safety by limiting the ability of the diver to move into higher risk areas, others limit the ability of the diver to maneuver or to escape to a place of safety in an emergency.
Confined space– Space with limited entry and egress and not suitable for human inhabitants
Confined water– A diving environment that is enclosed and bounded sufficiently for safe training. The Queensland government define confined water for recreational diving purposes as "Water which offers pool-like conditions, good visibility, and water which is shallow enough so that all divers can stand up with their heads well clear of the water".[16] Other definitions do not require such shallow depth, but may have a depth restriction.
Open water– Unrestricted water with free vertical access to the surface
Blue-water diving– Diving in mid-water where the bottom is out of sight
Intake– Opening or structure through which a fluid is admitted into a space or machine
Penstock– Intake structure for turbines or sewerage systems
Overhang– Type of rock formation – A topographical feature which is open to one side, but obstructed overhead, and deep enough for a diver to be under the overhang.
Restriction– Space through which it is possible to pass with some difficulty – A minor restriction is too small for two divers to swim through together, a major restriction requires the diver to remove equipment to fit through.[17]
Sewerage– Infrastructure that conveys sewage or surface runoff using sewers
Swim-through– Short underwater tunnel with adequate clearance and obvious exit – Arch, or short, clear tunnel that has sufficient space to allow a diver to swim through and where the light of the opening at the far end is visible through the hole.
Under ships – usually for inspection, maintenance and repair, or incidentally, when diving from one. In some cases the gap between the ship and the bottom or the jetty or dock can be quite small.
Visibility in the diving medium directly affects diver safety and the ability to complete useful tasks. In some cases this can be mitigated by technology to improve visibility, but often the task procedures must be modified to suit the capacity of the diver, and the diver must have training and equipment bto deal with emergencies under more difficult circumstances.
Blue-water diving– Diving in mid-water where the bottom is out of sight
Besides the hazards associated with the underwater environment itself, there are a considerable variety of hazard types and risk levels to which a diver may be exposed due to the circumstances of the dive task. Many of these are normally only encountered by professional specialists, and the means of reducing risk to an acceptable level may be complex and expensive.
Benign water– Diving environment with very low risk
Bomb disposal– Activity to dispose of and render safe explosive munitions and other materials
Clearance diving– Military diving work involving underwater demolition and work with explosives
Currents – Water flow in a locally consistent direction
Drift diving– Scuba diving where the diver is intentionally transported by the water flow
Tidal current– Flow of water induced by astronomical gravitational effects
River diving
Turbulence– Motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity
Overfall– Dangerously steep and breaking seas due to currents over shallow obstructions
Whirlpool– Body of rotating water produced by the meeting of opposing currents
Wind wave– Surface waves generated by wind on open water
Swell (ocean)– Series of waves generated by distant weather systems
Breaking wave– Wave that becomes unstable as a consequence of excessive steepness
Wave surge, also known as shallow water wave motion – Horizontal component of wave motion.
Delta P environments– Hazards associated with underwater diving – Environments where a pressure difference causes flow. Usually refers to cases where the flow is likely to entrain and pull the diver into an enclosed space or moving machinery.
Nuclear diving– Diving in an environment where there is a risk of exposure to radioactive materials
Sewer diving– Diving for maintenance work in sewers
Lifting bag– Airtight bag used for underwater buoyant lifting when filled with air
Live-boat diving, also known as liveboat diving or live-boating– Diving from a boat which is under way (not moored) – Diving from a vessel which may have propellers or thrusters in gear during the dive.
Outfall– Discharge point of a waste stream into a body of water
Penetration diving, also known as Overhead diving– Diving under a physical barrier to a direct vertical ascent to the surface
Underwater demolition– The deliberate destruction or neutralization of man-made or natural underwater obstacles
The temperature of the diving environment can influence the equipment used by the diver, and the time the diver can be exposed to the environment without excessive risk.
Diving in warm water– Diving in conditions where no thermal protection is needed
Diving in cold water, also known as cold water diving– Diving in water where heat loss is a serious problem – Water where heat loss is a critical hazard. Arbitrarily specified at below 10°C for some training standards
Diving in freezing water, also known as ice diving– Diving in water temperatures near freezing point – Water where surface layers are at or very near freezing point.
The geographical location of a dive site can have legal or environmental consequences.
Tropical diving – Diving in tropical waters
Temperate water diving – Diving in temperate waters
A technical diver using a closed circuit rebreather with open circuit bailout cylinders returns from a 600-foot (180m) dive.
The recreational diving depth limit set by the EN 14153-2 / ISO 24801-2 level 2 "Autonomous Diver " standard is 20 metres (66ft). This is the depth to which a diver is assumed competent to dive in terms of the standard.[18] The recommended depth limit for more extensively trained recreational divers ranges from 30 metres (98ft) for PADI divers,[19] (this is the depth at which nitrogen narcosis symptoms generally begin to be noticeable in adults), to 40 metres (130ft) specified by Recreational Scuba Training Council,[19]50 metres (160ft) for divers of the British Sub-Aqua Club and Sub-Aqua Association breathing air,[20] and 60 metres (200ft) for teams of 2 to 3 French Level 3 recreational divers, breathing air.[21]
For technical divers, the recommended maximum depths are greater on the understanding that they will use less narcotic gas mixtures. 100 metres (330ft) is the maximum depth authorised for divers who have completed Trimix Diver certification with IANTD[22] or Advanced Trimix Diver certification with TDI.[23]332 metres (1,089ft) is the world record depth on scuba (2014).[24] Commercial divers using saturation techniques and heliox breathing gases routinely exceed 100 metres (330ft), but they are also limited by physiological constraints. Comex Hydra 8 experimental dives reached a record open water depth of 534 metres (1,752ft) in 1988.[25] Atmospheric pressure diving suits are mainly constrained by the technology of the articulation seals, and a US Navy diver has dived to 610 metres (2,000ft) in one.[26][27]
From an oceanographic viewpoint:
Shallow water, defined as between the surf zone and the coast
Intermediate water, defined as between the surf zone and wave base (where the waves just interact with the bottom and no more, about 80 metres (260ft) water depth with 10 second swells). The seafloor beneath intermediate water is termed the shoreface and is the zone where the seafloor slows down the swells by friction, so that the surf ends up being lower than it otherwise would be.
Deep water, defined as deeper than wave base: i.e. too deep for wind waves to interact with the seafloor.
Recreational divers will usually dive in the intermediate marine environment. Technical and commercial divers may venture into the deep water environment. The surf zone is usually too turbulent for safe or effective diving.
Diving Regulations 2009. Pretoria: Government Printer. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016– via Southern African Legal Information Institute.
Jablonski, Jarrod (2006). "9: Diving environments". Doing It Right: The Fundamentals of Better Diving. High Springs, Florida: Global Underwater Explorers. pp.137–. ISBN978-0-9713267-0-5.
"Section 2". Australian Standard AS2815.3-1992, Training and certification of occupational divers, Part 3: Air diving to 50m (2ed.). Homebush, New South Wales: Standards Australia. 1992. p.9. ISBN978-0-7262-7631-6.
Haddock, Stephen H. D.; Heine, John N. (2005). Scientific Blue-Water Diving(PDF). California Sea Grant College Program. Archived from the original(PDF) on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
Bartick, Mike (Spring 2017). "Blackwater Diving". Alert Diver. Divers Alert Network. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
"IANTD Trimix Diver (OC, SCR, CCR)". IANTD Technical Programs. International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers. Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
