Inor language

Inor (pronounced [inoːr]), sometimes called Ennemor, is an Afroasiatic language spoken in central Ethiopia. One of the Gurage languages, it is mainly spoken within the Gurage Zone in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, as well as by speakers of the language who have settled in Ethiopian cities, especially Addis Ababa. In addition to the morphological complexity that is common to all Semitic languages, Inor exhibits the very complex morphophonology characteristic of West Gurage languages.

Inor
Ennemor
Native to	Ethiopia
Native speakers	(undated figure of 280,000)[1]
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Semitic West Semitic South Semitic Ethiopic South Ethiopic Outer South Ethiopic West Gurage Inor
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ior
Glottolog	inor1238
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Endegegn, Enner, Gyeto, and the extinct dialect Mesmes are all sometimes considered dialects of Inor.

Inor possesses nasal vowels, which are unusual for a Gurage language. Many of these may be the result of historical rhinoglottophilia.

Phonology

Consonants

Inor consonants^[2][3]

		labial		alveolar	alveo- palatal	palatal	velar		glottal
		plain	labial				plain	labial	plain	labial
Stops and affricates	ejective			t’	tʃ’	cʼ	k’	kʷ’
	voiceless	p	pʷ	t	tʃ	c	k	kʷ	ʔ	ʔʷ
	voiced	b	bʷ	d	dʒ	ɟ	ɡ	ɡʷ
Fricatives	voiceless	f	fʷ	s	ʃ	ç	x	xʷ
	voiced			z	ʒ
Nasals		m	mʷ	n		ɲ
Approximants	plain	β̞		(l)		j		w
	nasalized	β̞̃
Rhotics	plain			r
	nasalized			r̃

Vowels

Inor vowels^[4]

	front	central	back
high	i	ɨ	u
mid	e	ə	o
low	æ	a

[ɨ] may be regarded as largely epenthetic and only marginally phonemic.^[5]

References

1. Inor at Ethnologue (15th ed., 2005)
2. Chamora & Hetzron (2000:10)
3. Abza 2016, p. 33.
4. Chamora & Hetzron (2000:13–16)
5. Chamora & Hetzron (2000:13)

Bibliography

• Abza, Tsehay (2016). Binyam Sisay Mendisu; Janne Bondi Johannessen (eds.). "Consonants and Vowels in the Western Gurage Variety Inor: Complex Connections between Phonemes, Allophones, and Free Alternations". Oslo Studies in Language. 8 (1): 31–54. doi:10.5617/osla.4416.
• Boivin, Robert (1996). "Spontaneous Nasalization in Inor". In Hudson, G. (ed.). Essays on Gurage Language and Culture. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 21–33.
• Bustorf, Dirk (2005). "Ennämor Ethnography". In Uhlig, Siegbert (ed.). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. Vol. 2: D-Ha. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 307–308.
• Chamora, Berhanu. "Consonant distribution in Inor". In Hudson, G. (ed.). Essays on Gurage Language and Culture. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 53–67.
• Chamora, Berhanu; Hetzron, Robert (2000). Inor. Munich: Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-977-5.
• Hetzron, R. (1977). The Gunnän-Gurage Languages. Napoli: Istituto Orientale di Napoli. OCLC 4989162.
• Leslau, Wolf (1979). Etymological Dictionary of Gurage (Ethiopic). Vol. 1–3. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-02041-5.
• Leslau, Wolf (1983). Ethiopians Speak: Studies in Cultural Background. Part V : Chaha - Ennemor. Äthiopistische Forschungen. Vol. 16. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 3-515-03965-1.
• Leslau, Wolf (1996). "Inor Lullabies". Africa. 66 (2): 280–287. doi:10.2307/1161320. JSTOR 1161320.
• Voigt, Rainer (2005). "Ennämor Language". In Uhlig, Siegbert (ed.). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. Vol. 2: D-Ha. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 307.