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1941-1946 United States Army Air Forces operational command From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
I Fighter Command was a United States Army Air Forces intermediate command responsible for command and control of the fighter operations within the First Air Force during World War II. It was initially established in June 1941 as the 1st Interceptor Command to provide air defense of the Northeastern United States. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the command's area of responsibility extended over the entire Atlantic coast and into Canada and Iceland. As the perceived threat of attack decreased, the command's responsibnility for training units and aircrews became its primary mission. The command continued its mission until March 1946, when it was inactivated.
| I Fighter Command | |
|---|---|
P-40 Warhawk of the command's 31st Pursuit Group | |
| Active | 1941–1946 |
| Country |  United States |
| Branch |  United States Army United States Air Force |
| Role | Air defense and training of fighter units |
| Engagements | American Theater of World War II |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | John K. Cannon Elwood R. Quesada |
| Insignia | |
| I Fighter Command emblem[note 1][1] |  |
GHQ Air Force (GHQ AF) had been established with two major combat functions, to maintain a striking force against long range targets, and the air defense of the United States.[2] In the spring of 1941, the War Department established four strategic defense areas and GHQ, AF reorganized its Northeast Air District as 1st Air Force with responsibility for air defense planning and organization along the eastern seaboard.[3] Simultaneously, an Air Defense Command was established at Mitchel Field to plan the air defense of the United States and develop air defense doctrine.[4][note 2]
1st Air Force activated 1st Interceptor Command at Mitchel Field on 5 June 1941, under the command of Brigadier General John C. McDonnell, drawing its personnel from Air Defense Command, which inactivated three days earlier.[5] The command's initial tactical components were the 6th and 7th Pursuit Wings[6][7][1]
Shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the command moved its headquarters to New York City. Here, as the importance of the North Atlantic supply line grew, it assumed responsibility for planning the air defense of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. It selected radar sites in cooperation with Canadian authorities and worked to standardize aircraft warning procedures there.[8] In June 1942, the command returned to Mitchel and would remain there until inactivated.[1] The command dispatched the 33d Pursuit Squadron to provide air defense in Iceland in July.[9] The command organized Detachment A to manage the 33rd, along with antiaircraft artillery and signal warning units involved in the air defense of Iceland.[10]
The command was charged with control of "active agents" for air defense in its area of responsibility, which included interceptor aircraft, antiaircraft artillery and barrage balloons. Civilian organizations provided air raid warnings and enforced blackouts and came under the authority of the Office of Civilian Defense. Radar was initially not sufficiently developed to be included in air defense systems, There were only eight radars under construction to guard the Atlantic coast, but the command worked "feverishly" to create a ground observer corps and coastal radar net as elements of its Aircraft Warning Service.[11] However, it soon became apparent that having two commands responsible for air defense in the Eastern Theater of Operations was impractical, and in early 1942, the command took over responsibility for air defense of the East and part of the Gulf coast.[12][note 3][13]
Along the Atlantic coast, Eastern Defense Command established a "vital air defense zone", extending from the coast approximately 150 miles (240 km) inland and 200 miles (320 km) to sea, with long range bombers from 1st Bomber Command flying patrols over the ocean. However, 1st Bomber Command soon focused on antisubmarine warfare.[14] Regional air defense wings were established in August 1942 at Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Norfolk.[15][16][17] The command's mission of fighter control later expanded to providing emergency flight services to other aircraft and assisting in air sea rescue.[18]
In 1942, Air Force Combat Command had established an Operational Training Unit (OTU) system for 2nd and 3d Air Forces. The system was later extended to 1st Air Force. Although it was originally intended to confine the OTU system to 2d and 3rd Air Forces, too much of the AAF's aircrew and aircraft were assigned to 1st Air Force to permit the command to forego training responsibilities entirely. In May 1942, all pursuit groups assumed Operational Training Unit (OTU) responsibility.[19] The command also trained fighter units and personnel.[1] By the end of 1942, the command's training consisted almost entirely of OTUs.[20] As units deployed overseas, the command's training mission shifted to training individuals in Replacement Training Units (RTU).
After the end of the war it was inactivated on 21 March 1946.[1] After September 1947, all former Air Corps units were transferred to the United States Air Force, which disbanded the command in October 1948.[1]
| Campaign Streamer | Campaign | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 | American Theater without inscription | 7 December 1941 – 2 March 1946 | 1st Interceptor Command (later I Fighter Command)[1] |
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