I, or i, is the ninth letter and the third vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is i (pronounced /ˈaɪ/), plural ies.[1][better source needed]
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2016) |
| I | |
|---|---|
| I i | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Latin language |
| Sound values | |
| In Unicode | U+0049, U+0069 |
| Alphabetical position | 9 |
| History | |
| Development | |
| Time period | ~−700 to present |
| Descendants | |
| Sisters | |
| Other | |
| Associated graphs | i(x), ij, i(x)(y) |
| Writing direction | Left-to-right |
Name
In English, the name of the letter is the "long I" sound, pronounced /ˈaɪ/. In most other languages, its name matches the letter's pronunciation in open syllables.
![Thumb](#/media/File:The_Letter_"i"_in_Different_European_Languages.png)
History
In the Phoenician alphabet, the letter may have originated in a hieroglyph for an arm that represented a voiced pharyngeal fricative (/ʕ/) in Egyptian, but was reassigned to /j/ (as in English "yes") by Semites because their word for "arm" began with that sound. This letter could also be used to represent /i/, the close front unrounded vowel, mainly in foreign words.
The Greeks adopted a form of this Phoenician yodh as their letter iota (⟨Ι, ι⟩) to represent /i/, the same as in the Old Italic alphabet. In Latin (as in Modern Greek), it was also used to represent /j/ and this use persists in the languages that descended from Latin. The modern letter 'j' originated as a variation of 'i', and both were used interchangeably for both the vowel and the consonant, coming to be differentiated only in the 16th century.[2]
Typographic variants
In some sans serif typefaces, the uppercase ⟨I⟩ may be difficult to distinguish from the lowercase letter L, 'l', the vertical bar character '|', or the digit one '1'. In serifed typefaces, the capital form of the letter has both a baseline and a cap height serif, while the lowercase L generally has a hooked ascender and a baseline serif.
The dot over the lowercase 'i' is sometimes called a tittle. The uppercase I does not have a dot, while the lowercase 'i' does in most Latin-derived alphabets. The dot can be considered optional and is usually removed when applying other diacritics. However, some schemes, such as the Turkish alphabet, have two kinds of I: dotted and dotless. In Turkish, dotted İ and dotless I are considered separate letters, representing a front and back vowel, respectively, and both have uppercase ('I', 'İ') and lowercase ('ı', 'i') forms.
The uppercase I has two kinds of shapes, with serifs (
) and without serifs (
). Usually these are considered equivalent, but they are distinguished in some extended Latin alphabet systems, such as the 1978 version of the African reference alphabet. In that system, the former is the uppercase counterpart of ɪ and the latter is the counterpart of 'i'.
Use in writing systems
| Orthography | Phonemes |
|---|---|
| Standard Chinese (Pinyin) | /i/ |
| English | /ɪ/, /aɪ/, /ə/, /ɜː/, /aɪə/, /j/ |
| Esperanto | /i/ |
| French | /i/, /j/ |
| German | /ɪ/, /iː/, /i/ |
| Italian | /i/, /iː/, /j/ |
| Kurmanji (Hawar) | /ɪ/ |
| Portuguese | /i/, /j/ |
| Spanish | /i/, /ʝ/ |
| Turkish | /ɯ/ for dotless ⟨I, ı⟩ |
| /i/ for dotted ⟨İ, i⟩ |
English
In Modern English spelling, ⟨i⟩ represents several different sounds, either the diphthong /aɪ/ ("long" ⟨i⟩) as in kite, the short /ɪ/ as in bill, or the ⟨ee⟩ sound /iː/ in the last syllable of machine. The diphthong /aɪ/ developed from Middle English /iː/ through a series of vowel shifts. In the Great Vowel Shift, Middle English /iː/ changed to Early Modern English /ei/, which later changed to /əi/ and finally to the Modern English diphthong /aɪ/ in General American and Received Pronunciation. Because the diphthong /aɪ/ developed from a Middle English long vowel, it is called "long" ⟨i⟩ in traditional English grammar.[citation needed]
The letter ⟨i⟩ is the fifth most common letter in the English language.[3]
The English first-person singular nominative pronoun is "I", pronounced /aɪ/ and always written with a capital letter. This pattern arose for basically the same reason that lowercase ⟨i⟩ acquired a dot: so it wouldn't get lost in manuscripts before the age of printing:
The capitalized "I" first showed up about 1250 in the northern and midland dialects of England, according to the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology.
Chambers notes, however, that the capitalized form didn't become established in the south of England until the 1700s (although it appears sporadically before that time).
Capitalizing the pronoun, Chambers explains, made it more distinct, thus "avoiding misreading handwritten manuscripts."[4]
Other languages
In many languages' orthographies, ⟨i⟩ is used to represent the sound /i/ or, more rarely, /ɪ/.
Other systems
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨i⟩ represents the close front unrounded vowel. The small caps ⟨ɪ⟩ represents the near-close near-front unrounded vowel.
Other uses
- The Roman numeral I represents the number 1.[5][6]
- In mathematics, a lowercase "i" is used to represent the unit imaginary number,[7] while an uppercase "I" serves to denote an identity matrix.[8]
Related characters
Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet
- I with diacritics: Ị ị Ĭ ĭ Î î Ǐ ǐ Ɨ ɨ Ï ï Ḯ ḯ Í í Ì ì Ȉ ȉ Į į Į́ Į̃ Ī ī Ī̀ ī̀ ᶖ[9] Ỉ ỉ Ȋ ȋ Ĩ ĩ Ḭ ḭ ᶤ[9]
- İ i and I ı : Latin letters dotted and dotless I
- IPA-specific symbols related to I: ɪ ɨ
- The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of the letter I:[10]
- U+1D35 ᴵ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL I
- U+1D62 ᵢ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER I
- U+1D09 ᴉ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED I
- U+1D4E ᵎ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED I
- Other variations used in phonetic transcription: ᵻ[9] ᶤ[9] ᶦ[9] ᶧ[9] 𝼚[11][12]
- i : Superscript small i is used for computer terminal graphics[13]
- Ꞽ ꞽ : Glottal I, used for Egyptological yod[14]
- Ɪ ɪ : Small capital I
- ꟾ : Long I
- ꟷ : Sideways I
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
- 𐤉 : Semitic letter Yodh, from which the following symbols originally derive:
- Ι ι: Greek letter Iota, from which the following letters derive:
- Ⲓ ⲓ : Coptic letter Yota
- І і : Cyrillic letter soft-dotted I
- 𐌉 : Old Italic I, which is the ancestor of modern Latin I
- ᛁ : Runic letter isaz, which probably derives from old Italic I
- 𐌹 : Gothic letter iiz
- Ι ι: Greek letter Iota, from which the following letters derive:
Other representations
Computing
| Preview | I | i | ı | Ｉ | ｉ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I | LATIN SMALL LETTER I | LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I |
FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I | FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER I | |||||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 73 | U+0049 | 105 | U+0069 | 305 | U+0131 | 65321 | U+FF29 | 65353 | U+FF49 |
| UTF-8 | 73 | 49 | 105 | 69 | 196 177 | C4 B1 | 239 188 169 | EF BC A9 | 239 189 137 | EF BD 89 |
| Numeric character reference | I | I | i | i | ı | ı | Ｉ | Ｉ | ｉ | ｉ |
| Named character reference | ı, ı | |||||||||
| EBCDIC family | 201 | C9 | 137 | 89 | ||||||
| ASCII1 | 73 | 49 | 105 | 69 | ||||||
| ISO 8859-3 | 73 | 49 | 105 | 69 | 185 | B9 | ||||
| ISO 8859-9 | 73 | 49 | 105 | 69 | 253 | FD | ||||
- 1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other
References
External links
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