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Hitbodedut or hisbodedus (Hebrew: הִתְבּוֹדְדוּת, lit. "seclusion, solitariness, solitude";[1] Tiberian: hīṯbōḏăḏūṯ [hiθboːðaˈðuːuθ],[2] Ashkenazi: hīsboydedēs/hīsboydedūs or hīsbōdedūs, Sephardi: hitbōdedūt) refers to practices of self-secluded Jewish meditation. The term was popularized by Rebbe Nachman of Breslov (1772–1810) to refer to an unstructured, spontaneous, and individualized form of prayer and meditation through which one would establish a close, personal relationship with God and ultimately see the Divinity inherent in all being.[3]
According to some scholars, within the school of ecstatic Kabbalah, hitbodedut should be understood as "concentrated thought as part of a clearly defined mystical technique". This is demonstrated in the teachings of Kabbalists such as Abraham Aboulafia, Isaac of Acre, Moses Cordovero, Elazar Azkiri, Eliyahu De Vidas, and Hayyim Vital, also suggesting that this practice may have influenced later Jewish mystics, including Hasidic masters.[4]
Later research focused on hitbodedut as practiced in the Breslov tradition, distinguishing it from earlier mystics' hitbodedut, which often denotes mental concentration.[5] Instead, Breslov hitbodedut is understood as either its literal meaning—physical self-seclusion—or as candid conversation with God. In some instances, Rabbi Nachman emphasizes that seclusion and frank talks with God are intended to bring about potent mystical experiences, which is viewed as the ideal culmination of Breslov hitbodedut. It is believed that this tradition has been adapted to modern spiritual needs, shifting from solitary communication with God to a focus on personal well-being, emotional healing, and self-exploration.[5]
Recent research challenges earlier scholars and the distinction between hitbodedut in ecstatic Kabbalah, Breslov hitbodedut, and other hitbodedut teachings.[6] Instead it suggests that the earliest hitbodedut guide was written by Abraham son of Moses Maimonides (1186–1237), leader of the Pietists of Egypt, proposing that hitbodedut should be understood as “a meditative practice comprising three key elements—withdrawal from physical stimuli, directing awareness toward the Divine, and applying focused concentration to cleave to God and potentially attain divine inspiration.”[6] It is suggested that hitbodedut was transmitted to the 13th century Kabbalists of Acre, the 16th-century Kabbalists of Safed, and eventually to later 18th-century Kabbalists such as Moses Hayyim Luzato, as well as Hasidic masters such as Rabbi Nachman of Breslov. The inclusion of Breslov hitbodedut under this definition is said to be based on a rare citation of Rabbi Nachman’s own words on hitbodedut at the end of Likutei Moharan 52, which does not include conversing with God.[6]
Among the earliest documented evidence to the use of hitbodedut as a spiritual practice can be found in the teachings of the Jewish pietistic movement in Egypt. In these teachings, depending on the context, hitbodedut can mean one of three things: "either spiritual retreat to a secluded place... the meditational technique practiced during such a retreat... the psychological state resulting therefrom, i.e. oblivion to the sensual world."[7]
In his most important work, Kitab Kifayat al-Abidin (The Guide for Serving God), Abraham Maimonides suggests a special spiritual path for the Hasid (pious), the one who wishes to have a closer, more intimate worship of God. The chapter in the Kifayat on Hitbodedut begins by identifying it as a practice used by the prophets and the pious, stating that “Hitbodedut is an ideal path to intimacy with God. It is the way of the greatest Hasidim, and through it, the prophets achieved Encounter with God.”[8] He then goes to describe the nature of the practice, and provides a typology of Hitbodedut, distinguishing between “outward” and “inward” practices:
“There is outward Hitbodedut, and there is inward Hitbodedut. The purpose of outward Hitbodedut is to realize inward Hitbodedut, which is the highest rung in the ladder toward Encounter, and is [a degree of] Encounter itself. Inward Hitbodedut is the complete focus of the heart… [This requires one] to empty the heart and mind of all besides God and to fill and occupy them with Him.”[8]
It is suggested there are two forms of Hitbodedut, ‘outward’, which involves physical seclusion to eliminate distractions and quiet the senses, and ‘inward’, which involves two key elements: directing one's awareness ("heart and mind") away from worldly concerns ("all besides God") and focusing completely on God ("fill and occupy them with Him"). The physical aspect, seclusion, serves as means for the inner practice, which seeks to deepen Devekut (attachment to God) until the self merges with the Divine, ultimately leading to an encounter with God.[6] Maimoni also provides practical instructions for Hitbodedut:
“Totally or partially quiet the sensitive soul; detach the appetitive (desiring) soul from worldly occupations and reorient it toward God; fill the rational soul with God; and [finally,] use the imaginative soul to assist the intelligence in contemplating God’s magnificent creations, which testify to their Creator.”[8]
Based on these instructions, some scholars suggest defining Hitbodedut as a meditation technique that consists of three core elements: withdrawal from physical stimuli, focusing awareness on the Divine, and applying concentrated attention to achieve closeness to God and, potentially, Divine inspiration.[6]
The method involves talking to God in an intimate, informal manner while secluded in a private setting such as a closed room or a private outdoor setting.
The Rebbe Nachman of Breslov used to teach that one should spend a lot of time in solitude every day: during these moments, which would later turn into semi-prophetic or ecstatic experiences for the knowledge of God and the truth of the Torah, the devout Jew has more opportunities for Teshuvah, due to innovations in the knowledge of the Torah itself, in addition to being a specific meditative modality for personal prayers and being able to trust God as you would with a friend.[a]
Rebbe Nachman taught that the best place for hitbodedut is in the forests or fields. "When a person meditates in the fields, all the grasses join in his prayer and increase its effectiveness and power," he wrote.[9] He also suggested practicing hitbodedut in the middle of the night, when the desires and lusts of this world are at rest,[10] although doing it during the day is just as effective.
During a session of hitbodedut, the practitioner pours out his heart to God in his own language, describing all his thoughts, feelings, problems and frustrations.[b] Nothing was viewed by Rebbe Nachman as being too mundane for discussion, including business dealings, conflicting desires and everyday interactions. Even the inability to properly articulate what one wishes to say is viewed as a legitimate subject to discuss with God. One should also use the opportunity to examine his behavior and motivations, correcting the flaws and errors of the past while seeking the proper path for the future.
If one is absolutely unable to speak to God, then Rebbe Nachman advised saying one word with as much strength as possible. He taught that saying that word over and over again will eventually lead to a breakthrough; God will have compassion on the person and they will eventually be able to express themselves.[11]
Rebbe Nachman told his leading disciple, Reb Noson, that hitbodedut should be practiced in a simple, straightforward manner, as if he were conversing with a close friend.[12] He also advised:
"It is very good to pour out your thoughts before God like a child pleading before his father. God calls us His children, as it is written (Deuteronomy 14:1), "You are children to God." Therefore, it is good to express your thoughts and troubles to God like a child complaining and pestering his father."[13]
Hitbodedut also lends itself to certain silent meditation techniques. One is the "silent scream," which Rebbe Nachman himself practiced. He described the silent scream as follows:
You can shout loudly in a "small still voice"… Anyone can do this. Just imagine the sound of such a scream in your mind. Depict the shout in your imagination exactly as it would sound. Keep this up until you are literally screaming with this soundless "small still voice."
This is actually a scream and not mere imagination. Just as some vessels bring the sound from your lungs to your lips, others bring it to the brain. You can draw the sound through these nerves, literally bringing it into your head. When you do this, you are actually shouting inside your brain.[14]
Another form of hitbodedut is called bitul (nullification), in which the practitioner meditates on God's presence to the exclusion of all other things, including oneself.
Hitbodedut is performed in one's mother tongue, in contrast to most other Jewish prayers that are recited in Hebrew. Rebbe Nachman did not intend for hitbodedut to take the place of the three daily prescribed Jewish services, but to supplement them. He recommended that his followers engage in hitbodedut for at least one hour each day.
Hitbodedut is a staple practice for all Breslover Hasidim. The practice has been much publicized throughout Israel and the Jewish diaspora as a unique form of Jewish meditation, and is practiced by some Jews who are not Breslover Hasidim.
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