Hip-hop soul

Hip hop soul is a subgenre of contemporary R&B music, most popular during the early and mid 1990s,^[1] which fuses R&B or soul singing with hip hop musical production.^[1] The subgenre had evolved from a previous R&B subgenre, new jack swing,^[2] which had incorporated hip-hop influences into R&B music.^[2] By contrast, hip hop soul is, as described in The Encyclopedia of African American Music, "quite literally soul singing over hip hop grooves".^[1]

Hip hop soul
Stylistic origins	Hip hop soul R&B new jack swing
Cultural origins	Early 1990s, U.S.
Derivative forms	Neo soul

The genre was most popular during the mid and late 1990s^[1] with artists such as Mary J. Blige (known as the "Queen of Hip-Hop Soul"), Jodeci, Faith Evans, TLC, and R. Kelly.^[2] By the late 1990s, hip hop soul would lead to the creation of neo soul,^[1][2] which retained the hip hop and R&B influences while also adding elements of classic 1970s soul music.^[1]

Description

Hip hop soul evolved directly from new jack swing, a form of contemporary R&B popularized by artists and producers such as Teddy Riley and his group Guy, Keith Sweat, and Bobby Brown.^[1][3] New jack swing had incorporated elements of hip-hop music—primarily hip-hop-inspired drum tracks and rapped verses^[1]—into contemporary R&B music also heavily inspired by the work of Prince.^[3] Hip hop soul shifted from new jack swing's reliance on synth-heavy production and took the hip-hop/R&B synthesis further by having R&B singers sing directly over the types of sample-heavy backing tracks typically found in contemporary hip-hop recordings like boom bap.^[1][3]

The creation and evolution of hip hop soul led to an increasingly symbiotic relationship between its parent genres.^[4][5] Hip hop soul acts presented themselves in styles and personas comparable to those of rappers^[3][6]—dressing in hip hop fashions and adopting a tougher image than the traditional pop-friendly personas of R&B artists^[3][6] (the existence and popularity of hip hop soul also had the opposite effect on mainstream rappers, who took on some of the elements of the R&B artists' personas to become more palatable to mainstream audiences).^[5] The subgenre increased the popularity of R&B music among the younger hip-hop audience, leading to better sales and airplay success for hip hop soul recordings versus previous forms of post-disco R&B, on the Billboard pop music sales charts.^[7] It also increased the popularity of hip-hop music and culture with older audiences and corporations looking to market urban music.^[8] However, the creation of hip hop soul has been argued by music journalists and fans of R&B music to have "killed off" traditional styles of R&B.^[5]

History

R&B singer Mary J. Blige is known as the "queen of hip hop soul" due to her frequent collaborations with rappers and hip hop producers.^[9][10]

The term "hip hop soul" is attributed to record producer and later rapper Sean "Puffy" Combs,^[8] who came up with the term during the promotion of What's the 411?, the 1992 debut album of Uptown Records artist Mary J. Blige.^[8] Blige was promoted by the company as the "Queen of Hip-Hop Soul", and her debut album, primarily produced by Combs, was filled with mid-tempo R&B ballads sung over hip-hop beats and samples.^[8] Similarly, Diary of a Mad Band (1993), the second album from another Uptown act, Jodeci, featured the four-man male vocal group moving away from its new jack swing origins into hip hop soul recordings driven more by hip-hop rhythms than melodies.^[3] A large number of male acts, both solo performers and groups, followed or competed with Jodeci, among them R. Kelly, 112, Tony! Toni! Toné!^[7] and Blackstreet, a second group formed by Teddy Riley.^[3]

Hip hop soul artist Montell Jordan was the first R&B singer signed to hip-hop record label Def Jam Recordings;^[6] his 1995 single "This Is How We Do It", built around a sample of Slick Rick's 1989 hip-hop song "Children's Story",^[4] typified the sound of the subgenre. Another key recording is "I'll Be There for You/You're All I Need to Get By", a 1995 duet between Wu-Tang rapper Method Man and Mary J. Blige which interpolated Method Man's rapped verses with Blige singing a cover of Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell's "You're All I Need to Get By".^[11] "I'll Be There For You/You're All I Need to Get By" won the 1996 Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group.^[3]

The female vocal group TLC, consisting of two singers and a rapper, had their start in new jack swing (dubbed "new jill swing" in their case)^[3] with their debut album, Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip (1992). Their second album, CrazySexyCool, to which Puffy Combs was a significant contributor, moved the group into the aesthetic of hip hop soul.^[3][6] Similar female acts of the time included SWV, Adina Howard,^[6] Faith Evans, and Total, the latter two acts signed to Puffy Combs' own label, Bad Boy Entertainment.^[3]

Hip hop soul as a distinct subgenre experienced a lull in popularity with the spread of hip-hop influences into more standard R&B music by the end of the 1990s^[12] and the emergence of neo soul, an R&B subgenre which blended hip-hop and contemporary R&B with heavier influences from the soul music of the 1960s and 1970s.^[1] Examples of neo soul artists include Tony! Toni! Toné!, D'Angelo, Erykah Badu, and Lauryn Hill.^[3] Several newer artists continued to perform in the hip hop soul subgenre in its original form from the 2000s forward, among them John Legend, Anthony Hamilton, and Keyshia Cole.^[1]

See also

• African-American music

References

1. Price, Emmett G. III; Kernodle, Tammy L.; Maxille, Horace J. Jr., eds. (2010). Encyclopedia of African American Music. ABC-CLIO. pp. 115, 902–903. ISBN 978-0313341991 – via Google Books.
2. Donaldson, Melvin Burke (2007). Hip Hop in American Cinema. Peter Lang. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-082046345-2 – via Google Books.
3. Gardner, Elysa (1999). "Hip-Hop Soul". In Light, Alan (ed.). The Vibe History of Hip-Hop (1st ed.). Three Rivers Press. pp. 307–317.
4. Baker, Ernest; Lechner, Alysa; Drake, David; Ahmed, Insanul; Spencer, Tannis (March 19, 2013). "The 50 Best R&B Songs That Flipped Rap Beats". Complex. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
5. Van Nguyen, Dean (November 13, 2011). "The R&B Renaissance". PopMatters. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
6. Reynolds, J.R. (June 3, 1995). "Is Hip-Hop's Growing Dominance of R&B an Evolutionary Step, or Is It Displacing Traditional Soul Music Altogether?". Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 22. p. 2. ISSN 0006-2510 – via Google Books.
7. Owen, Frank (December 1993 – January 1994). "The Year in R&B: Quiet Storm". Vibe. pp. 70–73. ISSN 1070-4701. Retrieved July 23, 2014 – via Google Books.
8. Stout, Steve (September 17, 2001). "Share My World". Billboard. Vol. 123, no. 37. pp. 8–9. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved January 17, 2020 – via Google Books.
9. Reeves, Marcus (2009). Somebody Scream!: Rap Music's Rise to Prominence in the Aftershock of Black Power. Macmillan. pp. 143, 185. ISBN 978-0-86547-997-5.
10. Bynoe, Yvonne (2006). Encyclopedia of Rap and Hip-Hop Culture. Greenwood Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-313-33058-2. Universally known as the 'Queen of Hip Hop Soul' because of her frequent collaborations with rap artists and Hip Hop producers...
11. Neal, Mark Anthony (2013). What the Music Said: Black Popular Music and Black Public Culture. Routledge. p. 156. ISBN 9781135204624 – via Google Books.
12. Kenon, Marci (June 3, 2000). "Hip Hop: It's Here to Stay, OK?". Billboard. Vol. 112, no. 23. p. 42. ISSN 0006-2510 – via Google Books.