Hesseltal Formation

The Hesseltal Formation or Blackcoloured Formation is a Late Cretaceous (late Cenomanian to early Turonian) geological formation from northern Germany. It consists of lithified marls and limestone, with a unique series of black shales deposited in anoxic conditions during the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event.^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]}

Hesseltal Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Cenomanian-Early Turonian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Planerkalk Group
Lithology
Primary	Marl, limestone
Other	Black shale
Location
Country	Germany
Extent	North Rhine-Westphalia Lower Saxony
Type section
Named by	Hiss, Kaplan & Wiese
Year defined	2007

It provides an important record of the fauna of the proto-North Sea basin. The formation's diversity of fossil fish is thought to be due to a consequence of an expanding oxygen minimum zone that caused mass mortalities among different communities of fish, including both those associated with warm surface waters and those associated with colder waters from upwelling. The anoxic conditions allowed for detailed preservation of some of these fish, including bony fish with their stomach contents preserved and even a few partial body fossils of cartilaginous fish.^[5][7] Fossil ammonites with preserved soft parts are also known.^[8]

The formation's deposition also documents the Plenus Cold Event, an enigmatic, brief but severe cooling event that occurred during the otherwise rapid global warming from the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event, possibly as a consequence of changing ocean circulation.^[5]

Paleobiota

Most fish are documented in Diedrich (2012) and a species list from Amalfitano et al (2020).^[7][9]

Bony fish

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Apateodus	A. striatus			An ichthyotringid aulopiform.
Armigatus	A. brevissimus			An ellimmichthyiform clupeomorph.
Anomoeodus	A. angustus			A pycnodont.
	A. muensteri
Aulolepis	A. typus			A ctenothrissiform.
Apsopelix	A. anglicus			A crossognathid crossognathiform.
Bananogmius	B. ornatus			A plethodid tselfatiiform. Preserved with Clupavus in the stomach.
Belonostomus	B. cinctus			An aspidorhynchid.
Cimolichthys	C. levesiensis			A cimolichthyid aulopiform.
Clupavus	C. maroccanus			A basal ostariophysian. The most common fish of the formation.
Cylindracanthus	C. cf. minor		Rostral fragment	A fish of uncertain affinities.
Dercetis (=Leptotrachelus)	D. sp.			A dercetid aulopiform.
?Dixonanogmius	D. sp.[10]			A plethodid.
Elopopsis	E. microdon			A pachyrhizodontid crossognathiform.
Enchodus	E. lewesiensis			An enchodontid aulopiform.
	E. venator
Halec	H. sp.			A halecid aulopiform.
Hoplopteryx	H. lewesiensis			A trachichthyiform.
Ichthyodectes	I. sp.			An ichthyodectid.
Ichthyotringa	I. africana			An ichthyotringid aulopiform.
Njoerdichthys	N. dyckerhoffi[11]	Galgenknapp Quarry, Hohne Quarry		A pycnodont.
Osmeroides	O. lewesiensis			An osmeroidid elopiform.
Pachyrhizodus	P. subulidens			A pachyrhizodontid crossognathiform.
	P. sp.
Paranursallia	P. gutturosa			A pycnodont.
Protosphyraena	P. sp.			A billfish-like pachycormid.
"Pycnodus"	"P." scrobiculatus			A pycnodont.
Rhamphoichthys	R. taxidiotis[10]	DIMAC Quarry		A billfish-like plethodid.
Rharbichthys	R. ferox			An aulopiform.
Rhynchodercetis	R. sp.			A dercetid aulopiform.
Protostomias	P. maroccanus			A dragonfish-like teleost.
Tselfatia	T. formosa			A plethodid.
Xiphactinus	X. sp.			An ichthyodectid.

Chondrichthyans

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Cantioscyllium	C. decipiens			A nurse shark.
Carcharias	C. sp.			A sand shark.
Chiloscyllium	C. greenei			A bamboo shark.
Cretalamna	C. appendiculata			An otodontid shark.
Cretascyliorhinus	C. aff. destombesi			A scyliorhinid shark.
Cretodus	C. semiplicatus			A pseudoscapanorhynchid shark.
Cretoxyrhina	C. denticulata			A cretoxyrhinid shark.
	C. mantelli
Diprosopovenator	D. hilperti[5]		Partial body fossils	A pseudoscyliorhinid shark (formerly Paraorthacodus sp.)
?Eostriatolamia	?E. subulata			A sand shark.
Heterodontus	H. caniculatus			A bullhead shark.
	H. polydictyos
Paranomotodon	P. angustidens			A thresher shark.
Protolamna	P. acuta			A pseudoscapanorhynchid shark.
	P. sokolovi
Pseudoscyliorhinus	P. schwarzhansi			A pseudoscyliorhinid shark
Posadaia	P. nolfi			A sand shark.
Pseudospinax	P. pusillus			A bamboo shark.
Ptychodus	P. decurrens		Articulated specimen, teeth	A ptychodontid shark.
	P. mammilaris
Polyacrodus	P. polyptychus			A hybodontid shark.
Scapanorhynchus	S. raphiodon			A goblin shark.
Squalicorax	S. falcatus			A crow shark.
Squatina (Cretascyllium)	S. cranei			An angelshark.
Squatirhina	S. westfalica			A ray of uncertain affinities.
Turoniabatis	T. ornata			A ray of uncertain affinities.

Reptiles

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Coniasaurus	C. crassidens[12]	DIMAC quarry	Dentary, teeth	A dolichosaurid squamate
Dolichosaurus	D. longicollis[12]	DIMAC quarry	Dorsal vertebra	A dolichosaurid squamate
Mosasauroidea indet.[12]		DIMAC quarry	Articulated tail	The oldest articulated mosasaur remains from Europe.

References

1. "PBDB Strata Results". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
2. Voigt, Silke; Aurag, Aissa; Leis, Florian; Kaplan, Ulrich (2007-01-15). "Late Cenomanian to Middle Turonian high-resolution carbon isotope stratigraphy: New data from the Münsterland Cretaceous Basin, Germany". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 253 (1): 196–210. Bibcode:2007E&PSL.253..196V. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.10.026. ISSN 0012-821X.
3. Diedrich, Cajus G. (2013-04-01). "Facies related phylostratigraphy of the benthic neoselachian Ptychodus from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian/Turonian) of the Pre-North Sea Basin of Europe". Cretaceous Research. 41: 17–30. Bibcode:2013CrRes..41...17D. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.10.007. ISSN 0195-6671.
4. Hetzel, Almut; März, Christian; Vogt, Christoph; Brumsack, Hans-Jürgen (2011). "Geochemical environment of Cenomanian - Turonian black shale deposition at Wunstorf (northern Germany)". Cretaceous Research. 32 (4): 480–494. Bibcode:2011CrRes..32..480H. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.03.004. ISSN 0195-6671.
5. Stumpf, Sebastian; Scheer, Udo; Kriwet, Jürgen (2019-03-04). "A new genus and species of extinct ground shark, † Diprosopovenator hilperti , gen. et sp. nov. (Carcharhiniformes, †Pseudoscyliorhinidae, fam. nov.), from the Upper Cretaceous of Germany". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (2): e1593185. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E3185S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1593185. ISSN 0272-4634.
6. van Helmond, N. a. G. M.; Sluijs, A.; Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.; Reichart, G.-J.; Voigt, S.; Erbacher, J.; Pross, J.; Brinkhuis, H. (2015-03-18). "Freshwater discharge controlled deposition of Cenomanian–Turonian black shales on the NW European epicontinental shelf (Wunstorf, northern Germany)". Climate of the Past. 11 (3): 495–508. Bibcode:2015CliPa..11..495V. doi:10.5194/cp-11-495-2015. ISSN 1814-9324.
7. Hunt, Adrian P.; Milàn, Jesper; Lucas, Spencer G.; Spielmann, Justin A. (2012). Vertebrate Coprolites: Bulletin 57. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science.
8. Klug, Christian; Riegraf, Wolfgang; Lehmann, Jens (2012). "Soft–part preservation in heteromorph ammonites from the Cenomanian–Turonian Boundary Event (OAE 2) in north–west Germany". Palaeontology. 55 (6): 1307–1331. Bibcode:2012Palgy..55.1307K. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01196.x. ISSN 0031-0239.
9. Amalfitano, Jacopo; Giusberti, Luca; Fornaciari, Eliana; Carnevale, Giorgio (2020-04-03). "UPPER CENOMANIAN FISHES FROM THE BONARELLI LEVEL (OAE2) OF NORTHEASTERN ITALY". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 126 (2). doi:10.13130/2039-4942/13224. ISSN 2039-4942.
10. El Hossny, Tamara; Cavin, Lionel; Kaplan, Ulrich; Schwermann, Achim H.; Samankassou, Elias; Friedman, Matt (2023). "The first articulated skeletons of enigmatic Late Cretaceous billfish-like actinopterygians". Royal Society Open Science. 10 (12): 231296. Bibcode:2023RSOS...1031296E. doi:10.1098/rsos.231296. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 10698480. PMID 38077217.
11. Cawley, John; Lehnmann, Jens; Wiese, Frank; Kriwet, Jürgen (2020). "Njoerdichthys dyckerhoffi gen. et sp. nov. (Pycnodontiformes, lower Turonian) northward migration caused by the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum". Cretaceous Research. 116. Bibcode:2020CrRes.11604590C. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104590. PMC 7611863. PMID 34690488.
12. Smith, Krister T.; Schwermann, Achim H.; Wilmsen, Markus (2019). "The oldest articulated mosasaurian remains (earliest Turonian) from Germany". Geologie und Paläontologie in Westfalen. 91: 3–23.