Hayling and Brixton tests

The Hayling and Brixton tests^[1] are neuropsychological tests of executive function created by psychologists Paul W. Burgess and Tim Shallice. It is composed of two tests, the Hayling Sentence Completion Test and the Brixton Spatial Awareness Test.^{[citation needed]}

Hayling and Brixton tests
Purpose	test of executive function

The Hayling Sentence Completion Test

The Hayling Sentence Completion test is a measure of response initiation and response suppression. It consists of two sets of 15 sentences each having the last word missing. In the first section the examiner reads each sentence aloud and the participant has to simply complete the sentences, yielding a simple measure of response initiation speed. The second part of the Hayling requires participants to complete a sentence with a nonsense ending word (and suppress a sensible one), giving measures of response suppression ability and thinking time.^{[citation needed]}

This test is entirely spoken and is thus suitable for people with a wide range of problems such as those involving reading, visual perception, or movement. It takes approximately five minutes to administer yet yields three different measures of executive functioning which can be considered separately or combined into an overall score.^{[citation needed]}

The Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test

The Brixton test is a visuospatial sequencing task with rule changes. This test measures the ability to detect rules in sequences of stimuli. It usually takes between five and ten minutes to administer, and yields an easily understood scaled score of between 1 and 10.

The Brixton Test is perceptually simple and does not require a verbal response. It is thus appropriate for people who are suffering from a wide range of associated deficits such as those involving speech production or reading.

Clinical uses of the Hayling and Brixton tests

The tests are used by clinical neuropsychologists to assess executive functioning in people with neurological disorders such as tumors,^[2] strokes,^[3] acquired brain injury,^[1][4] Parkinson's disease,^[5] dementia,^[5][3] Korsakoff's syndrome,^[6][3] encephalitis,^[7] and also psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia.^[8]

References

1. Burgess, P. & Shallice, T. (1997) The Hayling and Brixton Tests. Test manual. Bury St Edmunds, UK: Thames Valley Test Company.
2. Robinson, Gail A.; Biggs, Vivien; Walker, David G. (2015). "Cognitive Screening in Brain Tumors: Short but Sensitive Enough?". Frontiers in Oncology. 5: 60. doi:10.3389/fonc.2015.00060. ISSN 2234-943X. PMC 4356080. PMID 25815273.
3. Berg, Esther Van Den; Nys, Gudrun M. S.; Brands, Augustina M. A.; Ruis, Carla; Zandvoort, Martine J. E. Van; Kessels, Roy P. C. (2009). "The Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test as a test for executive function: Validity in patient groups and norms for older adults". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 15 (5): 695–703. doi:10.1017/S1355617709990269. ISSN 1469-7661. PMID 19638251. S2CID 7982402.
4. Wood, Rodger Ll; Liossi, Christina (2006). "The ecological validity of executive tests in a severely brain injured sample". Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 21 (5): 429–437. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2005.06.014. ISSN 0887-6177. PMID 16879945.
5. Martyr, Anthony; Boycheva, Elina; Kudlicka, Aleksandra (2017). "Assessing inhibitory control in early-stage Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease using the Hayling Sentence Completion Test". Journal of Neuropsychology. 13 (1): 67–81. doi:10.1111/jnp.12129. hdl:10871/28177. ISSN 1748-6653. PMID 28635178.
6. Oosterman, Joukje M.; de Goede, Maartje; Wester, Arie J.; van Zandvoort, Martine J. E.; Kessels, Roy P. C. (2011). "Perspective taking in Korsakoff's syndrome: the role of executive functioning and task complexity". Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 23 (6): 302–308. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00552.x. hdl:2066/99600. ISSN 1601-5215. PMID 25380042. S2CID 31133566.
7. Pewter, Stephen M.; Williams, W. Huw; Haslam, Catherine; Kay, Janice M. (2007). "Neuropsychological and psychiatric profiles in acute encephalitis in adults". Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. 17 (4–5): 478–505. doi:10.1080/09602010701202238. ISSN 0960-2011. PMID 17676531. S2CID 20164313.
8. Drake, Richard James; Lewis, Shôn William (2003). "Insight and neurocognition in schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Research. 62 (1): 165–173. doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00382-1. ISSN 0920-9964. PMID 12765757. S2CID 37482227.

Further reading

• Strauss, Esther; Sherman, Elizabeth M.; Spreen, Otfried (2006). A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515957-8. Retrieved 14 July 2013.