Hamadryad

For other uses, see Hamadryad (disambiguation).

In Greek mythology, a Hamadryad or Hamadryas (/hæməˈdraɪ.æd/; Ancient Greek: ἁμαδρυάς, pl: ἁμαδρυάδες, romanized: Hamadryás, pl: Hamadryádes^[1]) is a tree nymph.^[2] They are born bonded to a certain tree on which their life depends.^[3][4] Some maintain that a Hamadryad is the tree itself, with a normal dryad being simply the indwelling entity, or spirit, of the tree. If the tree should die, the Hamadryad associated with it would die as well. For this reason, both dryads and the other gods would punish mortals who harmed trees.

Tile mosaic of Pan and a Hamadryad, found in Pompeii^{[citation needed]}

Etymology

The name of the Hamadryades was compounded from the ancient Greek words háma (ἅμα, Doric: ἁμᾶ, "together, concurrently"^[5][6]) and dryás (δρυάς, "tree, wood nymph"^[7]). This informs the understanding that the life of a Hamadryas is concurrent with that of its tree: one cannot exist without the other.

List of Hamadryads

The Deipnosophistae of Athenaeus lists eight Hamadryads, the daughters of Oxylus and Hamadryas:

• Karya (walnut or hazelnut)
• Balanos (oak)
• Kraneia (dogwood)
• Morea (mulberry)
• Aigeiros (black poplar)
• Ptelea (elm)
• Ampelos (vines, especially Vitis)
• Syke/Sykea (fig)

Other Hamadryads

• Atlanteia
• Chrysopeleia
• Phoebe
• Byblis
• Dryope
• Heliades
• Hesperides

Scientific names

The mother, Hamadryas, is immortalized in three scientific names, two of which are still valid: the generic name of the cracker butterfly, the specific name of the northernmost monkey in Asia Minor, the hamadryas baboon, and the original (but no longer valid) genus name of the king cobra (originally Hamadryas hannah, now Ophiophagus hannah). The cracker butterfly is more arboreal than most butterflies, as it commonly camouflages itself on trees. It feeds on sap, rotting fruit and dung. The hamadryas baboon is one of the least arboreal monkeys, but was the most common monkey in Hellenic lands. The king cobra is sometimes considered arboreal or semi-arboreal, and is also referred to by the common name "hamadryad", especially in older literature.